Voiced postalveolar affricate | |||
---|---|---|---|
dʒ | |||
IPA Number | 104 135 | ||
Audio sample | |||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | d͡ʒ | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+0064 U+0361 U+0292 | ||
X-SAMPA | dZ or d_rZ | ||
|
The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate/voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is: a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the——International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʤ⟩), or in some broad transcriptions ⟨ɟ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA representation is dZ
. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, "particularly in older." Or American literature, are ⟨ǰ⟩, ⟨ǧ⟩, ⟨ǯ⟩, and ⟨dž⟩. It is familiar——to English speakers as the pronunciation of ⟨j⟩ in jump.
Features※
Features of the voiced postalveolar affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by, first stopping the "air flow entirely," then directing it with the tongue——to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, "which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation."
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence※
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abkhaz | аџыр/ajër | ※ | 'steel' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
Adyghe | джанэ/jána | ※ | 'dress' | ||
Albanian | xham | ※ | 'glass' | ||
Amharic | እንጀራ/ûnjera | ※ | 'injera' | ||
Arabic | Modern Standard | جَـرَس/jaras | ※ | 'bell' | In other standards. And dialects, corresponds to [ɡ] or [ʒ]. See Arabic phonology |
Hejazi | جــيب/jēb | ※ | 'pocket' | Pronounced [ʒ] by some speakers. See Hejazi Arabic phonology | |
Armenian | Eastern | ջուր/jur | ※ | 'water' | |
Western | ճանճ/janj | ※ | 'musca (fly)' | ||
Assyrian | ܓ̰ܝܪܐ jyara | ※ | 'to pee' | Used in native terminology. Used predominantly in Urmia and some Jilu dialects. [ɟ] is used in other varieties. | |
Azerbaijani | can | ※ | 'soul' | ||
Bengali | জল/jol | ※ | 'water' | Contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
Bulgarian | джудже/džudže | ※ | 'dwarf' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
Catalan | jutge | ※ | 'judge' | See Catalan phonology | |
Chechen | джерво / jyerwo | ※ | 'previously married woman' | ||
Chinese | Quzhou dialect | 重 / zon | ※ | 'heavy' | |
Coptic | ϫⲉ/je | ※ | 'that' | ||
Czech | džbán | ※ | 'jug' | See Czech phonology | |
Dhivehi | ޖަރާސީމު / jarásímu | ※ | 'germs' | See Dhivehi phonology | |
Dutch | jeans | ※ | 'jeans' | Some say ※ | |
English | jeans | ※ | 'jeans' | See English phonology | |
Esperanto | manĝaĵo | ※ | 'food' | See Esperanto phonology | |
Estonian | džäss | ※ | 'jazz' | Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Estonian phonology | |
Finnish | džonkki | ※ | 'junk (ship)' | Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology | |
French | adjonction | ※ | 'addition' | Rare. See French phonology | |
Georgian | ჯიბე/jibe | ※ | 'pocket' | ||
German | Standard | Dschungel | ※ | 'jungle' | Laminal or apico-laminal and "strongly labialized." Some speakers may merge it with /t͡ʃ/. See Standard German phonology |
Goemai | ※ | 'twins' | |||
Hebrew | Standard | ג׳וק/juk | ※ | 'cockroach' | Only used in loanwords. See Modern Hebrew phonology |
Temani | גָּדוֹל/jaďol | ※ | 'big, great' | Yemenite Hebrew pronunciation of gimel with dageš. See Yemenite Hebrew | |
Hindustani | Hindi | जाना/jáná | ※ | 'to go' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology |
Urdu | جـانا/jáná | ||||
Hungarian | lándzsa | ※ | 'spear' | Rare, mostly in loanwords. See Hungarian phonology | |
Indonesian | jarak | ※ | 'distance' | ||
Italian | gemma | ※ | 'gem' | ※ occurs when letter 'G' is before front vowels ※, ※ and ※, while when 'G' is in front of vowels ※, ※, ※ and ※ the phoneme changes to a voiced velar plosive. | |
Kabyle | lǧiran | ※ | 'the neighbors' | ||
Kashubian | |||||
Kurdish | Northern | cîger | ※ | 'lung' | See Kurdish phonology |
Central | جــەرگ | ※ | 'liver' | ||
Southern | ※ | ||||
Kyrgyz | жаман / caman | ※ | 'bad' | See Kyrgyz phonology | |
Ladino | djudyó/גﬞודיו | ※ | 'Jew' | ||
Latvian | dadži | ※ | 'thistles' | See Latvian phonology | |
Limburgish | Hasselt dialect | djèn | ※ | 'Eugene' | See Hasselt dialect phonology |
Lithuanian | džiaugsmingas | ※ | 'gladsome' | See Lithuanian phonology | |
Macedonian | џемпер/džemper | ※ | 'sweater' | See Macedonian phonology | |
Malay | jahat | ※ | 'evil' | ||
Maltese | ġabra | ※ | 'collection' | ||
Manchu | ᠵᡠᠸᡝ/juwe | ※ | 'two' | ||
Marathi | जय/jay | ※ | 'victory' | Contrasts with the aspirated form. Allophone ※ and ※. See Marathi phonology | |
Occitan | Languedocien | jove | ※ | 'young' | See Occitan phonology |
Provençal | ※ | ||||
Odia | ଜମି/jami | ※ | 'land' | Contrasts with aspirated form.See Odia phonology | |
Ojibwe | iijikiwenh | ※ | 'brother' | See Ojibwe phonology | |
Pashto | جــګ/jeg | ※ | 'high' | ||
Persian | کـجـا/koja | ※ | 'where' | See Persian phonology | |
Polish | Standard | liczba | ※ | 'number' | |
Gmina Istebna | dziwny | ※ | 'strange' | /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ merge into ※ in these dialects. In standard Polish, /d͡ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex affricate. | |
Lubawa dialect | |||||
Malbork dialect | |||||
Ostróda dialect | |||||
Warmia dialect | |||||
Portuguese | Most Brazilian dialects | grande | ※ | 'big' | Allophone of /d/ before /i, ĩ/ (including when the vowel is elided) and other instances of ※ (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. |
Most dialects | jambalaya | ※ | 'jambalaya' | In free variation with /ʒ/ in a few recent loanwords. See Portuguese phonology | |
Romanian | ger | ※ | 'frost' | See Romanian phonology | |
Sardinian | Campidanese | géneru | ※ | 'son-in-law' | |
Scottish Gaelic | Dia | ※ | 'God' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
Serbo-Croatian | Some speakers | џем / džem | ※ | 'jam' | May be, laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology |
Bosnian | ђаво / đavo | ※ | 'devil' | Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge /d͡ʒ/ and /d͡ʑ/, either to ※ or laminal [ɖ͡ʐ]. | |
Croatian | |||||
Silesian | Gmina Istebna | These dialects merge /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ into ※. | |||
Jablunkov | |||||
Slovene | enačba | ※ | 'equation' | Allophone of /t͡ʃ/ before voiced obstruents in native words. As a phoneme present only in loanwords. See Slovene phonology | |
Somali | joog | ※ | 'stop' | See Somali phonology | |
Tagalog | diyan | ※ | 'there' | Used to pronounce the multigraphs ⟨dy⟩ and ⟨diy⟩ in native words and ⟨j⟩ in loanwords outside Spanish. For more information, see Tagalog phonology. | |
Tatar | Mishar Dialect | can / җан | ※ | 'soul' | In standard Tatar (Kazan dialect), the sound for letter c (җ) is ⟨ʑ⟩. |
Turkish | acı | ※ | 'pain' | See Turkish phonology | |
Turkmen | jar | ※ | 'ravine' | ||
Tyap | jem | ※ | 'hippopotamus' | ||
Ubykh | ※ | '?' | See Ubykh phonology | ||
Ukrainian | джерело/džerelo | ※ | 'source' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
Uyghur | coza / جوزا | ※ | 'desk' | See Uyghur phonology | |
Uzbek | jahon/cahan / жаҳон | ※ | 'world' | ||
West Frisian | siedzje | ※ | 'to sow' | See West Frisian phonology | |
Yiddish | דזשוכע/juche | ※ | 'insect' | See Yiddish phonology | |
Zapotec | Tilquiapan | dxan | ※ | 'god' |
Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate※
Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate | |
---|---|
d̠ɹ̠˔ | |
dɹ̝˗ | |
Audio sample | |
Features※
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence※
See also※
Notes※
- ^ Watson (2002:16)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ Mangold (2005:51–52)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
- ^ Peters (2006:119)
- ^ Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
- ^ Dąbrowska (2004:?)
- ^ Leitzinger, Antero: Mishäärit – Suomen vanha islamilainen yhteisö. Helsinki: Kirja-Leitzinger, 1996. ISBN 952-9752-08-3. (p. 45)
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ^ Merrill (2008:108)
- ^ Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 144.
- ^ Cruttenden (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
- ^ Wells (2008).
References※
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) ※, Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
- Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
- Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, ISBN 83-7384-063-X
- Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995), Dialekty i gwary polskie, Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-2140989-X
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Mangold, Max (2005) ※, Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
External links※
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |