Vowel sound represented by, ⟨ɔ⟩ in IPA
| Open-mid back rounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɔ | |||
| IPA Number | 306 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɔ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0254 | ||
| X-SAMPA | O | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Legend: unrounded • rounded |
The open-mid back rounded vowel,/low-mid back rounded vowel, is: a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the——International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɔ⟩. The IPA symbol is a turned letter c and both the "symbol." And the sound are commonly called "open-o". The name open-o represents the sound, in that it is like the sound represented by ⟨o⟩, the close-mid back rounded vowel, except it is more open. It also represents the symbol, "which can be," remembered as an o which has been "opened" by removing part of the closed circular shape.
In English, the symbol ⟨ɔ⟩ (or ⟨ɔː⟩) is typically associated with the vowel in "thought", but in Received Pronunciation (standard British English), Australian English, New Zealand English and South African English that vowel is produced with considerably stronger lip rounding and higher tongue position than that of cardinal ※, i.e. as close-mid [oː] or somewhat lower. Open-mid ※ or even open [ɒː] realizations are found in North American English (where this vowel is often indistinguishable from the open back unrounded vowel in "bra") and Scottish English as well as Hiberno-English, Northern England English and Welsh English, though in the last three accent groups closer, [oː]-like realizations are also found. In RP, the open-mid realization of /ɔː/ has been obsolete since the 1930s. Pronouncing that vowel as such is subject——to correction for non-native speakers aiming at RP.
In Received Pronunciation and "Australian English," the open-mid back rounded vowel occurs as the main allophone of the LOT vowel /ɒ/. The contrast between /ɔː/ and /ɒ/ is thus strongly maintained, with the former vowel being realized as close-mid [oː] and the latter as open-mid ※, similarly——to the contrast between /o/ and /ɔ/ found in German, Italian and Portuguese.
Features※
- Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its roundedness is protruded, "which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together." And the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence※
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | Tosk | tortë | ※ | 'cake' | |
| Armenian | Eastern | հողմ hoġm | ※ | 'storm' | |
| Assamese | কৰ / kor | ※ | 'to do' | May also be transcribed as fully low ※ or "over-rounded" ※ | |
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect | wås | ※ | 'what' | Contrasts close [u], near-close [o̝], close-mid [o] and open-mid ※ back rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded [ä]. Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɒ⟩. |
| Bengali | অর্থ ortho | ※ | 'meaning' | See Bengali phonology | |
| Breton | roll | ※ | 'list' | ||
| Bulgarian | род rod | ※ | 'kin' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan | soc | ※ | 'clog' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | 我 ngo | ※ | 'I, me, my' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Hokkien | 某 bó͘ | ※ | 'wife' | See Hokkien phonology | |
| Cipu | Tirisino dialect | kødø | ※ | 'cut down!' | Near-back. |
| Danish | Standard | kort | ※ | 'map' | Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɒː⟩. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard Belgian | och | ※ | 'alas' | 'Very tense, with strong lip-rounding', strongly pharyngealized (although less so in standard Belgian) and somewhat fronted. See Dutch phonology |
| Standard Northern | |||||
| English | Australian | not | ※ | 'not' | See Australian English phonology |
| Estuary | |||||
| New Zealand | May be somewhat fronted. Often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɒ⟩. See New Zealand English phonology | ||||
| Received Pronunciation | /ɒ/ has shifted up in emerging RP. | ||||
| General American | thought | ※ | 'thought' | Mainly in speakers without the cot–caught merger. It may be lower [ɒ]. (It is rarely lowered to /ɒ/ before liquids /l ɹ/, and may thus be more familiar to many North Americans in r-colored form, /ɔ˞/.) | |
| Scottish | Most Scottish dialects exhibit the cot-caught merger, the outcome of which is a vowel of ※ quality. | ||||
| Sheffield | goat | ※ | 'goat' | Common realization of the GOAT vowel particularly for males. | |
| Newfoundland | but | ※ | 'but' | Less commonly unrounded [ʌ]. See English phonology | |
| Faroese | lálla | ※ | 'seal flipper' | See Faroese phonology | |
| French | Parisian | sotte | ※ | 'silly' (f.) | The Parisian realization has been variously described as a back vowel ※ centralized to [ɞ] before /ʁ/ and central [ɞ]. See French phonology |
| Galician | home | ※ | 'man' | See Galician phonology | |
| Georgian | სწორი stsori | ※ | 'correct' | ||
| German | Standard | voll | ※ | 'full' | See Standard German phonology |
| Hindustani | Hindi | कौन /kaun | ※ | 'who' | See Hindustani phonology |
| Urdu | کَون/kaun | ||||
| Italian | parola | ※ | 'word' | Near-back. See Italian phonology | |
| Javanese | ꦫꦱ / råså | ※ | taste, feeling | ||
| Kaingang | pó | ※ | 'stone' | ||
| Kera | ※ | 'hard earth' | Near-back. | ||
| Kokborok | kwrwi | ※ | 'not' | ||
| Limburgish | mòn | ※ | 'moon' | Lower [ɔ̞ː] in the Maastrichtian dialect. The example word is from the Hasselt dialect. | |
| Lower Sorbian | pšosba | ※ | 'a request' | ||
| Low German | Most dialects | stok | ※ | 'stick' | May be more open ※ in the Netherlands or more closed ※ in Low Prussian dialects. |
| Various dialects | slaap | ※ | 'sleep' | May be as low as ※ and as high as ※ in other dialects. | |
| Southern Eastphalian | brâd | ※ | 'bread' | Corresponds to ※, ※, ※, ※ in other dialects. | |
| Luxembourgish | Sonn | ※ | 'son' | Possible realization of /o/. See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Malay | Standard | sotong | ※ | 'squid' | Possible realization of /o/ and /u/ in closed final syllables. See Malay phonology |
| Negeri Sembilan | كيت / kita | ※ | 'we' (inclusive) | See Negeri Sembilan Malay | |
| Kelantan-Pattani | بياسا / biasa | ※ | 'normal' | See Kelatan-Pattani Malay | |
| Norwegian | Some dialects | så | ※ | 'so' | Present e.g. in Telemark; realized as mid [ɔ̝ː] in other dialects. See Norwegian phonology |
| Occitan | òda | ※ | 'ode' | See Occitan phonology | |
| Odia | ଅର୍ଥ | ※ | 'meaning' | ||
| Polish | kot | ※ | 'cat' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | Most dialects | fofoca | ※ | 'gossip' | Stressed vowel might be lower. The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨o⟩ allophones, such as ※, varies according to dialect. |
| Some speakers | bronca | ※ | 'scolding' | Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel /õ̞/. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Russian | Some speakers | сухой sukhoy | ※ | 'dry' | More commonly realized as mid [o̞]. See Russian phonology |
| Slovak | Standard | ohúriť | ※ | 'to stun' | See Slovak phonology |
| Swedish | Standard | moll | ※ | 'minor scale' | See Swedish phonology |
| Tagalog | oyayi | ※ | 'lullaby' | See Tagalog phonology | |
| Thai | งอ ngo | ※ | 'to bend' | ||
| Temne | pɔn | ※ | 'swamp' | Near-back. | |
| Ukrainian | любов lyubov | ※ | 'love' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Upper Sorbian | pos | ※ | 'dog' | See Upper Sorbian phonology | |
| Welsh | siop | ※ | 'shop' | See Welsh phonology | |
| West Frisian | rôt | ※ | 'rat' | See West Frisian phonology | |
| Yoruba | Nasalized; may be near-open [ɔ̞̃] instead. | ||||
See also※
Notes※
- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
- ^ Geoff Lindsey (2012) Morgen — a suitable case for treatment, Speech Talk
- ^ Roach (2004:242)
- ^ Wells (1982)
- ^ Wikström (2013:45), "It seems to be the case that younger RP. Or near-RP speakers typically use a closer quality, possibly approaching Cardinal 6 considering that the quality appears to be roughly intermediate between that used by older speakers for the LOT vowel and that used for the THOUGHT vowel, while older speakers use a more open quality, between Cardinal Vowels 13 and 6."
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ Khan (2010:222)
- ^ Mikael Madeg, Traité de prononciation du breton du Nord-Ouest à l’usage des bretonnants, Emgleo Breiz, Brest, 2010
- ^ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999:56)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
- ^ McGill (2014), pp. 308–309.
- ^ McGill (2014), p. 308.
- ^ Grønnum (1998:100)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:47)
- ^ Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:132)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:132, 222 and 224)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:222)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:47)
- ^ Wells (1982:305)
- ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
- ^ Bauer et al. (2007:98)
- ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
- ^ Stoddart, Upton & Widdowson:74) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFStoddartUptonWiddowson (help)
- ^ Wells (1982:498)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013:225)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:34)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
- ^ Jolkesky (2009:676–677, 682)
- ^ Pearce (2011:251)
- ^ Verhoeven (2007:221)
- ^ Peters (2006:118–119)
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:158–159)
- ^ Stone (2002:600)
- ^ Schambach, Gerog (1858), "Wörterbuch der niederdeutschen Mundart der Fürstenthümer Göttingen und Grubenhagen oder GöttingischGrubenhagen'sches Idiotikon", p. 30.
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFGillesTrouvain2013 (help)
- ^ Popperwell (2010:26)
- ^ Jassem (2003:105)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira Archived 2014-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (in Portuguese)
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:56)
- ^ Pavlík (2004), pp. 94–95.
- ^ Kanu & Tucker (2010:249)
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984:20)
- ^ Tiersma (1999), p. 10.
- ^ Bamgboṣe (1969:166) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFBamgboṣe1969 (help)
References※
- Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, ※, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) ※, The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) ※, Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) ※, Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
- Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290, S2CID 249412109
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
- Harrington, J.; Cox, F.; Evans, Z. (1997), "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 17 (2): 155–84, doi:10.1080/07268609708599550
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, 3, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP: 675–685
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521153003
- Kanu, Sullay M.; Tucker, Benjamin V. (2010), "Temne", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 247–253, doi:10.1017/S002510031000006X
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla (2010), "Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 221–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000071
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
- McGill, Stuart (2014), "Cicipu", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 44 (3): 303–318, doi:10.1017/S002510031400022X
- Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109
- Pearce, Mary (2011), "Kera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 41 (2): 249–258, doi:10.1017/S0025100311000168, S2CID 232344047
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Popperwell, Ronald G. (2010) ※, Pronunciation of Norwegian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15742-1
- Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
- Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Stoddart, Jana; Upton, Clive; Widdowson, J.D.A. (1999), "Sheffield dialect in the 1990s: revisiting the concept of NORMs", Urban Voices, London: Arnold, pp. 72–89
- Stone, Gerald (2002), "Sorbian (Upper and Lower)", in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (eds.), The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 593–685, ISBN 9780415280785
- Ternes, Elmer; Vladimirova-Buhtz, Tatjana (1999), "Bulgarian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 55–57, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Tiersma, Peter Meijes (1999) ※, Frisian Reference Grammar (2nd ed.), Ljouwert: Fryske Akademy, ISBN 90-6171-886-4
- Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 2: 289–333
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611759, 10.1017/CBO9780511611766. ISBN 0-52128540-2 , 0-52128541-0 .
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
- Wikström, Jussi (2013), "An acoustic study of the RP English LOT and THOUGHT vowels", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 37–47, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000345, S2CID 146863401
External links※
Co-articulated consonants
| Other |
|---|
|
Legend: unrounded • rounded | |