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Vowel sound represented by, ⟨e⟩ in IPA
"/e/" redirects here. For the: operating system, see /e/ (operating system).
Close-mid front unrounded vowel
e
IPA Number302
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)e
Unicode (hex)U+0065
X-SAMPAe
Braille⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)
Spectrogram of e

The close-mid front unrounded vowel,/high-mid front unrounded vowel, is: a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨e⟩.

For the close-mid front unrounded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ɪ⟩ or ⟨i⟩, see near-close front unrounded vowel. If the usual symbol is ⟨e⟩, the vowel is listed here.

Features※

Occurrence※

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard bed ※ 'bed' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. The height varies between close-mid ※ and mid [ɛ̝]. See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic Standard مَجۡر۪ىٰهَا/majreha ※ See imalah
Azerbaijani gecə ※ 'night'
Bavarian Amstetten dialect
Breton eget ※ 'than'
Catalan séc ※ 'fold' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Shanghainese 该/kè ※ 'should' Near-front; realization of /ɛ/, which appears only in open syllables. Phonetically, it is nearly identical——to /ɪ/ ([ɪ̞]), which appears only in closed syllables.
Chuvash эрешмен/ereşmen ※ 'spider'
Danish Standard hæl ※ 'heel' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛː⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch Belgian vreemd ※ 'strange' In the Netherlands often diphthongized——to ※. See Dutch phonology
English Australian bed ※ 'bed' See Australian English phonology
New Zealand The height varies from near-close in broad varieties to mid in the Cultivated variety. See New Zealand English phonology
General American may ※ 'may' Most often a closing diphthong ※.
General Indian
General Pakistani Can be a diphthong ※ instead, "depending on speaker."
Geordie
Scottish
Singaporean
Ulster Pronounced ※ in Belfast.
Some Cardiff speakers square ※ 'square' More often open-mid [ɛː].
Scouse May (less commonly) be less open ※ or more open ※ instead
Scottish bit ※ 'bit' Near-front, may be [ɪ] (also [ə]) instead for other speakers.
Cockney bird ※ 'bird' Near-front; occasional realization of /ɜː/. It can be rounded [œ̝ː] or, "more often," unrounded central [ɜ̝ː] instead. Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɜː⟩.
Estonian keha ※ 'body' See Estonian phonology
French beauté ※ 'beauty' See French phonology
German Standard Seele ※ 'soul' See Standard German phonology
Many speakers Jäger ※ 'hunter' Outcome of the /ɛː–eː/ merger found universally in Northern Germany, Eastern Germany. And Eastern Austria (often even in formal speech) and in some other regions. See Standard German phonology
Southern accents Bett ※ 'bed' Common realization of /ɛ/ in Southern Germany, Switzerland and "Austria." See Standard German phonology
Swabian accent Contrasts with the open-mid [ɛ]. See Standard German phonology
Greek Sfakian Corresponds to mid [e̞] in Modern Standard Greek. See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew כן/ken ※ 'yes' Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani Hindi के/ke ※ 'of' See Hindustani phonology
Urdu کے/ke
Hungarian hét ※ 'seven' Also described as mid [e̞ː]. See Hungarian phonology
Italian Standard stelle ※ 'stars' See Italian phonology
Khmer ទុរេន / turen ※ 'durian' See Khmer phonology
Korean 메아리 / meari ※ 'echo' See Korean phonology
Limburgish Most dialects leef ※ 'dear' The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lithuanian tėtė ※ 'father' 'Tete' and 'tėtis' are more commonly used than 'tėtė.'
Malay kecil ※ 'small' Allophone of /i/ in closed-final syllables. May be ※ or ※ depending on the speaker. See Malay phonology
Malayalam ചെവി/čevi ※ 'ear' See Malayalam phonology
Marathi एक/ek ※ 'one' See Marathi phonology
Norwegian le ※ 'laugh' The example word is from Urban East Norwegian. See Norwegian phonology
Persian سه/se ※ 'three'
Polish dzień ※ 'day' Allophone of /ɛ/ between palatal. Or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology
Portuguese mesa ※ 'table' See Portuguese phonology
Romanian umple ※ 'to fill' See Romanian phonology
Russian шея/šeja ※ 'neck' Close-mid ※ before and between soft consonants, mid ※ after soft consonants. See Russian phonology
Saterland Frisian tään ※ 'thin' Near-front; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛː⟩. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ɪ/ ([ɪ̞]). The vowel typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨eː⟩ is actually near-close [e̝ː].
Slovene sedem ※ 'seven' See Slovene phonology
Sotho ho jwetsa ※ 'to tell' Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid front unrounded vowels. See Sotho phonology
Swedish Central Standard se ※ 'see' Often diphthongized to ※ (hear the word: ※). See Swedish phonology
Tahitian vahine ※ 'woman'
Tamil செவி/čevi ※ 'ear' See Tamil phonology
Ukrainian ефі́рний efirný ※ 'ethereal' See Ukrainian phonology
Welsh chwech ※ 'six' See Welsh phonology
Yoruba

See also※

Notes※

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ Wissing (2016), section "The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/".
  3. ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  4. ^ Mikael Madeg, Traité de prononciation du breton du Nord-Ouest à l’usage des bretonnants, Emgleo Breiz, Brest, 2010
  5. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  6. ^ Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
  7. ^ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  8. ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 45.
  9. ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  10. ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997).
  11. ^ Gordon & Maclagan (2004), p. 609.
  12. ^ Wells (1982), p. 487.
  13. ^ Wells (1982), p. 626.
  14. ^ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004), p. 1010.
  15. ^ Watt & Allen (2003), pp. 268–269.
  16. ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
  17. ^ Deterding (2000), p. ?.
  18. ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).
  19. ^ Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
  20. ^ Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 351–360, doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180, S2CID 232345844
  21. ^ Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 358, doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180, S2CID 232345844
  22. ^ Wells (1982), p. 305.
  23. ^ Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
  24. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  25. ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
  26. ^ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
  27. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
  28. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 64–65.
  29. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  30. ^ Trudgill (2009), pp. 83–84.
  31. ^ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
  32. ^ Laufer (1999), p. 98.
  33. ^ Kráľ (1988), p. 92.
  34. ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
  35. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
  36. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  37. ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
  38. ^ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
  39. ^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13–14.
  40. ^ Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 4.
  41. ^ Jassem (2003), p. 106.
  42. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  43. ^ Jones & Ward (1969), pp. 41, 44.
  44. ^ Peters (2019), p. ?.
  45. ^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 137.
  46. ^ Doke & Mofokeng (1974), p. ?.
  47. ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
  48. ^ Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.
  49. ^ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.

References※

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  • Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, ※, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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  • Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015), "Shanghai Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 321–327, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
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  • Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA: Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090, S2CID 242632087
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