Voiced velar fricative | |||
---|---|---|---|
ɣ | |||
IPA Number | 141 | ||
Audio sample | |||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ɣ | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+0263 | ||
X-SAMPA | G | ||
Braille | |||
|
The voiced velar fricative is: a type of consonantal sound that is used in various spoken languages. It is not found in most varieties of Modern English but existed in Old English. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɣ⟩, a Latinized variant of the Greek letter gamma, ⟨γ⟩, which has this sound in Modern Greek. It should not be, confused with the graphically-similar ⟨ɤ⟩, the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel, which some writings use for the "voiced velar fricative."
The symbol ⟨ɣ⟩ is also sometimes used——to represent the velar approximant, which, "however," is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: ※/※. The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant, ※.
There is also a voiced post-velar fricative, also called pre-uvular, in some languages. For the voiced pre-velar fricative, also called post-palatal, see voiced palatal fricative.
A voiced velar tapped fricative has been reported in Dàgáárè, which is a previously unattested sound in human language.
Features※
Features of the voiced velar fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, "which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation."
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed——to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence※
Some of the consonants listed as post-velar may actually be trill fricatives.
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abaza | бгъьы/bg"'ı | ※ | 'leaf' | ||
Adyghe | чъыгы/ch"'gy | ※ | 'tree' | ||
Albanian | Arbëresh
Moresian (Pelloponesian) dialects of Arvanitika |
gliata | ※ | 'tall' | |
Alekano | gamó | ※ | 'cucumber' | ||
Aleut | agiitalix | ※ | 'with' | ||
Angor | ranih |
※ | 'brother' | ||
Angas | γür | ※ | 'to pick up' | ||
Arabic | Modern Standard | غريب/ġarīb | ※ | 'stranger' | May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect. See Arabic phonology |
Aragonese | augua | ※ | 'water' | Allophone of /ɡ/ | |
Aromanian | ghini | ※ | 'well' | Allophone of /ɡ/ | |
Aramaic | Eastern | ܦܓ̣ܪܐ paġrā | ※ | 'body' | Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants. |
Western | ※ | ||||
Asturian | gadañu | ※ | 'scythe' | Allophone of /ɡ/ in almost all positions | |
Azerbaijani | Northern | oğul | ※ | 'son' | |
Southern | اوغول/oghul | ||||
Basque | hego | ※ | 'wing' | Allophone of /ɡ/ | |
Belarusian | галава | ※ | 'head' | ||
Catalan | agrat | ※ | 'liking' | Fricative or approximant. Allophone of /ɡ/. See Catalan phonology | |
Central Alaskan Yup'ik | auga | ※ | 'his/her/its blood' | Never occurs in word-initial positions. | |
Chechen | гӀала / ġala | ※ | 'town' | ||
Chinese | Mandarin (Dongping dialect) | 俺/Ǎn | ※ | 'I' | |
Xiang | 湖南/húnán | ※ | 'Hunan (province)' | ||
Czech | bych byl | ※ | 'I would be' | Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants. See Czech phonology. Occurs only in few Moravian dialects. And even there it is rather /ɦ/ | |
Dàgáárè | ※ | 'woman' | May be a velar with strong tap-like features. | ||
Dinka | ɣo | ※ | 'us' | ||
Dogrib | weqa | ※ | 'for' | ||
Dutch | Standard Belgian | gaan | ※ | 'to go' | May be post-palatal [ʝ̠] instead. See Dutch phonology |
Southern accents | |||||
English | Scouse | grass | ※ | 'grass' | Allophone of /g/. See British English phonology |
Northumbrian | Burr | ||||
Georgian | ღარიბი/ġaribi | ※ | 'poor' | May actually be post-velar or uvular | |
German | Austrian | damalige | ※ | 'former' | Intervocalic allophone of /ɡ/ in casual speech. See Standard German phonology |
Ghari | cheghe | ※ | 'five' | ||
Greek | γάλα/gála | ※ | 'milk' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
Gujarati | વાઘણ/vāghaṇ | ※ | 'tigress' | See Gujarati phonology | |
Gweno | ndeghe | ※ | 'bird' | ||
Gwich’in | videeghàn | ※ | 'his/her chest' | ||
Haitian Creole | diri | ※ | 'rice' | ||
Hän | dëgëghor | ※ | 'I am playing' | ||
Hebrew | Classical | מִגְדָּל/mighdāl | ※ | '※ tower' | |
Some Modern speakers (usually with a difficulty pronouncing ※) | שׁוֹמֵר/shomer | ※ | '※ guard', '※ guards' | ※ by other Modern speakers | |
Hindustani | Hindi | ग़रीब | ※ | 'poor' | Post-velar, conservative Hindi speakers usually replace it with /g/. See Hindustani phonology |
Urdu | غریب | ||||
Icelandic | saga | ※ | 'saga' | See Icelandic phonology | |
Irish | a dhorn | ※ | 'his fist' | See Irish phonology | |
Istro-Romanian | gură | ※ | 'mouth' | Corresponds to [ɡ] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology | |
Iwaidja | ※ | 'hermit crab' | |||
Japanese | はげ/hage | ※ | 'baldness' | Allophone of /ɡ/, especially in fast. Or casual speech. See Japanese phonology | |
Judeo-Spanish | gato | ※ | 'cat' | ||
Kabardian | гын/gyn | ※ | 'powder' | ||
Komering | harong | ※ | 'charcoal' | ||
Lezgian | гъел/ghel | ※ | 'sleigh' | ||
Limburgish | gaw | ※ | 'quick' | The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. | |
Lishan Didan | Urmi Dialect | עוטג/otogh | ※ | 'room' | Generally post-velar |
Lithuanian | humoras | ※ | 'humor' | Preferred over ※. See Lithuanian phonology | |
Low German | gaan | ※ | 'to go' | Increasingly replaced with High German ※ | |
Malay | Standard | ghaib | ※ | 'unseen' | Mostly in loanwords from Arabic. Indonesians tend to replace the sound with /ɡ/. |
Johor-Riau | ramai | ※ | 'crowded (with people)' | /r/ before a vowel was traditionally a ※ but now the alveolar tap ※ is quite common amongst younger speakers possibly due to influence by Standard Malay. See Malay phonology | |
Kelantan-Pattani | ※ | /r/ in Standard Malay is barely articulated in almost all of the Malay dialects in Malaysia. Usually it is uttered as guttural R at initial and "medial position of a word." See Malay phonology | |||
Terengganu | |||||
Negeri Sembilan | ※ | ||||
Pahang | ※ | ||||
Sarawak | ※ | ||||
Macedonian | Berovo accent | дувна/duvna | ※ | 'it blew' | Corresponds to etymological /x/ of other dialects, before sonorants. See Maleševo-Pirin dialect and Macedonian phonology |
Bukovo accent | глава/glava | ※ | 'head' | Allophone of /l/ instead of usual [ɫ]. See Prilep-Bitola dialect | |
Mi'kmaq | nisaqan | ※ | 'weir' | Allophone of /x/ between sonorants. See Mi'kmaq language § Phonology. | |
Navajo | ’aghá | ※ | 'best' | ||
Neapolitan | Central Lucanian (Accettura dialect) | chiahäte | ※ | 'wounded' | Corresponds to /g/ in Standard Italian. The example "chiahäte" translates to "piagato" in Italian. |
Nepali | कागज | ※ | 'paper' | Allophone of /ɡ/ and /ɡʱ/ in intervocalic positions. See Nepali phonology | |
Ngwe | Mmockngie dialect | ※ | 'sun' | ||
Northern Qiang | hhnesh | ※ | 'February' | ||
Norwegian | Urban East | å ha | ※ | 'to have' | Possible allophone of /h/ between two back vowels; can be voiceless [x] instead. See Norwegian phonology |
Occitan | Gascon | digoc | ※ | 'said' (3rd pers. sg.) | |
Pashto | غاتر/ğātər | ※ | 'mule' | ||
Persian | باغ/Bâġ | ※ | 'garden' | ||
Polish | niechże | ※ | 'let' (imperative particle) | Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants. See Polish phonology | |
Portuguese | European | agora | ※ | 'now' | Allophone of /ɡ/. See Portuguese phonology |
Some Brazilian dialects | mármore | ※ | 'marble', 'sill' | Allophone of rhotic consonant (voiced equivalent to ※, itself allophone of /ʁ/) between voiced sounds, most often as coda before voiced consonants. | |
Punjabi | Gurmukhi | ਗ਼ਰੀਬ/ġarrīb | ※ | 'poor' | |
Shahmukhi | غریب/ġarrīb | ||||
Romani | γoines | ※ | 'good' | ||
Russian | Southern | дорога/doroga | ※ | 'road' | Corresponds to /ɡ/ in standard |
Standard | угу/ugu | ※ | 'uh-huh' | Usually nasal, /ɡ/ is used when spoken. See Russian phonology | |
горох же / gorokh zhe | ※ | 'the peas' | Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants. | ||
Sakha | аҕа/aǧa | ※ | 'father' | ||
Sardinian | Nuorese dialect | súghere | ※ | 'to suck' | Allophone of /ɡ/ |
Scottish Gaelic | laghail | ※ | 'lawful' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
Serbo-Croatian | ovih bi | ※ | 'of these would' | Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
S'gaw Karen | ဂ့ၤ/ghei | ※ | 'good' | ||
Sindhi | غم/ghvmu | ※ | 'sadness' | ||
Slovene | Standard | h gori | ※ | 'to the mountain' | Allophone of /x/ before voiced obstruents. See Slovene phonology |
Some dialects | gajba | ※ | 'crate' | Corresponds to /ɡ/ in Standard Slovene. See Slovene phonology | |
Spanish | amigo | ※ | 'friend' | Ranges from close fricative to approximant. Allophone of /ɡ/, see Spanish phonology | |
Swahili | ghali | ※ | 'expensive' | ||
Swedish | Västerbotten Norrland dialects | meg | ※ | 'me' | Allophone of /ɡ/. Occurs between vowels and in word-final positions. Here also /∅/ in Kalix. |
Tadaksahak | zog | ※ | 'war' | ||
Tajik | ғафс/ƣafs | ※ | 'thick' | ||
Tamazight | aɣilas (aghilas) | ※ | 'leopard' | ||
Tamil | Brahmin Tamil (non-standard) | முகம் | ※ | 'face' | Not very common |
Turkish | Non-standard | ağaç | ※ | 'tree' | Deleted in most dialects. See Turkish phonology |
Tutchone | Northern | ihghú | ※ | 'tooth' | |
Southern | ghra | ※ | 'baby' | ||
Tyap | ghan | ※ | 'to hurry' | ||
Uzbek | ёмғир / yomgʻir | ※ | 'rain' | Post-velar. | |
Vietnamese | ghế | ※ | 'chair' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
West Frisian | drage | ※ | 'to carry' | Never occurs in word-initial positions. | |
Yi | ꊋ/we | ※ | 'win' | ||
Zhuang | Lwg roegbit | ※ | 'Wild duckling' |
See also※
Notes※
- ^ Baker, Peter Stuar (2012). Introduction to Old English (3rd ed.). pp. 15. ISBN 9781444354195. OCLC 778433078 – via Internet Archive.
Between voiced sounds dotless g is pronounced ※, a voiced velar spirant. This sound became ※ in Middle English, so English no longer has it.
- ^ Such as Booij (1999) and Nowikow (2012).
- ^ Watson (2002), pp. 17 and 19-20.
- ^ Watson (2002), pp. 17, 19–20, 35-36 and 38.
- ^ Hualde (1991), pp. 99–100.
- ^ Wheeler (2005), p. 10.
- ^ Angsongna, Alexander; Akinbo, Samuel (2022). "Dàgáárè (Central)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 52 (2): 341–367. doi:10.1017/S0025100320000225. S2CID 243402135.
- ^ Verhoeven (2005:243)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:191)
- ^ Watson, Kevin (2007). Illustrations of the IPA: Liverpool English (Cambridge University Press ed.). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37. pp. 351–360.
- ^ Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 368. ISBN 0-521-24224-X.
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
- ^ Krech et al. (2009:108)
- ^ Sylvia Moosmüller (2007). "Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
- ^ Kachru (2006), p. 20.
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
- ^ Okada (1999), p. 118.
- ^ Gabriel, Christoph; Gess, Randall; Meisenburg, Trudel, eds. (2021-11-22), Manual of Romance Phonetics and Phonology, De Gruyter, doi:10.1515/9783110550283, hdl:1983/44e3b3cd-164e-496b-a7a6-6b3a492e4c48, ISBN 978-3-11-055028-3, retrieved 2023-12-17
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
- ^ Peters (2006:119)
- ^ R.E. Keller, German Dialects. Phonology and Morphology, Manchester 1960
- ^ Volpi, Luigi (2011). La lingua dei Masciaioli - Dizionario del dialetto di Accettua cittadina lucana in Prov. di Matera (in Italian). Potenza (Italy): EditricErmes. p. 92.
- ^ Vanvik (1979), p. 40.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 92.
- ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000), p. 11.
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 228.
- ^ Jones, Daniel & Ward, Dennis (1969) The Phonetics of Russian. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Landau et al. (1999:67)
- ^ Phonetic studies such as Quilis (1981) have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations. But range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization
- ^ "685-686 (Nordisk familjebok / 1800-talsutgåvan. 17. V - Väring)". 1893.
- ^ Sjoberg (1963), p. 13.
- ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
References※
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Booij, Geert (1999), The phonology of Dutch, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) ※, The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
- Hualde, José Ignacio (1991), Basque phonology, New York: Routledge, ISBN 9780203168004
- Kachru, Yamuna (2006), Hindi, John Benjamins Publishing, ISBN 90-272-3812-X
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000), The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823581-X
- Nowikow, Wieczysław (2012) ※, Fonetyka hiszpańska (3rd ed.), Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, ISBN 978-83-01-16856-8
- Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Quilis, Antonio (1981), Fonética acústica de la lengua española, Gredos, ISBN 9788424901325
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Watson, Janet C. E. (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Wheeler, Max W (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7
External links※
Other |
---|
Legend: unrounded • rounded |