Vowel sound represented by, ⟨ɛ⟩ in IPA
Open-mid front unrounded vowel | |||
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ɛ | |||
IPA Number | 303 | ||
Audio sample | |||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ɛ | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+025B | ||
X-SAMPA | E | ||
Braille | ![]() | ||
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IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Spectrogram_of_open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel_%28IPA_%C9%9B%29.png/220px-Spectrogram_of_open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel_%28IPA_%C9%9B%29.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/IPA_%C6%90_Sagittal_Section.svg/220px-IPA_%C6%90_Sagittal_Section.svg.png)
The open-mid front unrounded vowel,/low-mid front unrounded vowel, is: a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is the Latin epsilon, a Latinized variant of the Greek lowercase epsilon, ⟨ɛ⟩.
Features※
- Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the "tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating constriction that would be," classified as a consonant.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence※
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akan (Twi) | ɛyɛ | ※ | 'it is good/fine' | See Akan phonology | |
Arabic | See Imāla | ||||
Armenian | Eastern | էջ/ēj | ※ | 'page' | |
Bavarian | Amstetten dialect | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩. | |||
Bengali | এক/ek | ※ | 'one' | Alternative transcription and phonetic realisation of ※ and an allophone of ※. See Bengali phonology | |
Breton | gwenn | ※ | 'white' | ||
Bulgarian | пет/pet | ※ | 'five' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
Catalan | set | ※ | 'seven' | See Catalan phonology | |
Chinese | Mandarin | 天 / tiān | ※ | 'sky' | Height varies between mid. And open depending on the speaker. See Standard Chinese phonology |
Chuvash | ҫепĕç | ※ | 'gentle, tender' | ||
Czech | led | ※ | 'ice' | In Bohemian Czech, this vowel varies between open-mid front ※, open-mid near-front ※ and mid near-front [ɛ̝̈]. See Czech phonology | |
Danish | Standard | frisk | ※ | 'fresh' | Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩. See Danish phonology |
Dutch | Standard | bed | ※ | 'bed' | See Dutch phonology |
The Hague | jij | ※ | 'you' | Corresponds——to ※ in standard Dutch. | |
English | General American | bed | ※ | 'bed' | |
Northern England | May be somewhat lowered. | ||||
Received Pronunciation | Older RP speakers pronounce a closer vowel [e̞]. See English phonology | ||||
Younger General Australian speakers | Realization of /e/ due——to an ongoing short-front vowel chain shift. See Australian English phonology | ||||
Scottish | |||||
Cockney | fat | ※ | 'fat' | ||
Singaporean | |||||
New Zealand | See New Zealand English phonology | ||||
Broad Australian | Realization of /æ/. General Australian speakers realize this vowel as [æ] or [a]. See Australian English phonology | ||||
Some Broad South African speakers |
Other speakers realize this vowel as [æ] or [a]. See South African English phonology | ||||
Belfast | days | ※ | 'days' | Pronounced ※ in closed syllables; corresponds to ※ in RP. | |
Zulu | mate | ※ | 'mate' | Speakers exhibit a met-mate merger. | |
Faroese | frekt | ※ | 'greedy' | See Faroese phonology | |
French | bête | ※ | 'beast' | See French phonology | |
Galician | ferro | ※ | 'iron' | See Galician phonology | |
Georgian | გედი/gedi | ※ | 'swan' | ||
German | Standard | Bett | ※ | 'bed' | Also described as mid [ɛ̝]. See Standard German phonology |
Franconian accent | oder | ※ | 'or' | Used instead of [ɐ]. See Standard German phonology | |
Coastal Northern accents | |||||
Swabian accent | fett | ※ | 'fat' | Contrasts with the close-mid [e]. See Standard German phonology | |
Western Swiss accents | See | ※ | 'lake' | Close-mid [eː] in other accents; contrasts with the near-open [æː]. See Standard German phonology | |
Hindustani | Hindi | रहना | ※ | 'to stay' | See Hindustani phonology |
Urdu | رہنا | ||||
Hungarian | lesz | ※ | 'will be' | Allophone of ※. | |
Italian | bene | ※ | 'good' | See Italian phonology | |
Kaingang | mbre | ※ | 'with' | ||
Korean | 매미 / maemi | ※ | 'cicada' | See Korean phonology | |
Kurdish | Kurmanji (Northern) | hevde | ※ | 'seventeen' | See Kurdish phonology |
Sorani (Central) | ههڤده/hevde | ※ | |||
Pehlewî (Southern) | ※ | ||||
Limburgish | crème | ※ | 'cream' | The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. | |
Lithuanian | mesti | ※ | 'throw' | See Lithuanian phonology | |
Lower Sorbian | serp | ※ | 'sickle' | ||
Luxembourgish | Stär | ※ | 'star' | Allophone of /eː/ before /ʀ/. See Luxembourgish phonology | |
Macedonian | Standard | мед/med | ※ | 'honey' | See Macedonian language § Vowels |
Malay | Standard | paling | ※ | 'to play' | Possible realisation of /i/ and /e/ in closed final syllables. See Malay phonology |
Negeri Sembilan | cepat | ※ | 'quick' | See Negeri Sembilan Malay | |
Kelatan-Pattani | ayam | ※ | 'chicken' | See Kelatan-Pattani | |
Terengganu | biasa | ※ | 'normal' | See Terengganu Malay | |
Perak | mata | ※ | 'eye' | See Perak Malay | |
Norman | Jersey | affaûrder | ※ | 'to afford' | |
Norwegian | Sognamål | pest | ※ | 'plague' | See Norwegian phonology |
Occitan | grèga | ※ | 'Greek' | See Occitan phonology | |
Polish | ten | ※ | 'this one' (nom. m.) | See Polish phonology | |
Portuguese | Most dialects | pé | ※ | 'foot' | Stressed vowel might be lower [æ]. The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨e⟩ allophones, such as ※, varies according to dialect. |
Some speakers | tempo | ※ | 'time' | Timbre differences for nasalized vowels are mainly kept in European Portuguese. See Portuguese phonology | |
Romanian | Transylvanian dialects | vede | ※ | '(he) sees' | Corresponds to mid [e̞] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
Russian | это/eto | ※ | 'this' | See Russian phonology | |
Shiwiar | Allophone of /a/. | ||||
Slovene | met | ※ | 'throw' (n.) | See Slovene phonology | |
Spanish | Eastern Andalusian | las madres | ※ | 'the mothers' | Corresponds to [e̞] in other dialects. But in these dialects they are distinct. See Spanish phonology |
Murcian | |||||
Swahili | shule | ※ | 'school' | ||
Swedish | Central Standard | ät | ※ | 'eat' (imp.) | Somewhat retracted. See Swedish phonology |
Tagalog | peke | ※ | 'fake' | See Tagalog phonology | |
Telugu | చేప | ※ | 'Fish' | ||
మేక | ※ | 'Goat' | |||
Thai | แตร / trae | ※ | 'horn (instrument)' | ||
Turkish | ülke | ※ | 'country' | Allophone of /e/ described variously as "word-final" and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase". See Turkish phonology | |
Ukrainian | день/den' | ※ | 'day' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
Upper Sorbian | čelo | ※ | 'calf' | ||
Welsh | nesaf | ※ | 'next' | See Welsh phonology | |
West Frisian | beppe | ※ | 'grandma' | See West Frisian phonology | |
Yoruba | ẹsẹ̀ | ※ | 'leg' |
See also※
Notes※
- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
- ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ Khan (2010), p. 222.
- ^ Mikael Madeg, Traité de prononciation du breton du Nord-Ouest à l’usage des bretonnants, "Emgleo Breiz," Brest, 2010
- ^ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
- ^ Lin (2007), p. 65.
- ^ Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
- ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 228.
- ^ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
- ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 45.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 136.
- ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a).
- ^ Lodge (2009), p. 163.
- ^ Schmitt (2007), pp. 322–323.
- ^ "Received Pronunciation". British Library. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
- ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
- ^ Hughes & Trudgill (1979), p. 35.
- ^ Bet Hashim & Brown (2000).
- ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b).
- ^ Lanham (1967), p. 9.
- ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-26.
- ^ "Rodrik Wade, "MA Thesis," Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English". Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
- ^ Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 75.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), pp. 261–262.
- ^ Hall (2003), pp. 82, 107.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
- ^ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 40.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 65.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
- ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
- ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
- ^ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
- ^ Stone (2002), p. 600.
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
- ^ Friedman (2001:10)
- ^ Lunt (1952:10–11)
- ^ Haugen (2004), p. 30.
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 105.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira Archived 2014-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 41.
- ^ Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 2.
- ^ Zamora Vicente (1967), p. ?.
- ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
- ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
- ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 20.
- ^ Tiersma (1999), p. 10.
- ^ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.
References※
- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
- Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, ※, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Bet Hashim, Suzanna; Brown, Adam (2000), "The ※ and ※ vowels in Singapore English", in Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Ling, Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 84–92, ISBN 981-04-2598-8
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- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) ※, The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) ※, Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
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- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
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- Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
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- Friedman, Victor (2001), "Macedonian", in Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl (eds.), Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the Worlds Major Languages, Past and Present, New York: Holt, pp. 435–439
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{{citation}}
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External links※
Co-articulated consonants
Other |
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |