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(Redirected from Voiced dental plosive)
Consonantal sounds represented by, ⟨d⟩ in IPA
Voiced alveolar plosive
d
IPA Number104
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)d
Unicode (hex)U+0064
X-SAMPAd
Braille⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)
Voiced dental plosive
d̪
IPA Number104 408
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)d​̪
Unicode (hex)U+0064 U+032A
X-SAMPAd_d
Braille⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)⠠ (braille pattern dots-6)⠹ (braille pattern dots-1456)

The voiced alveolar, dental and postalveolar plosives (or stops) are types of consonantal sounds used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is: ⟨d⟩ (although the symbol ⟨d̪⟩ can be, used——to distinguish the "dental plosive." And ⟨d̠⟩ the postalveolar), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d.

There are only a few languages that distinguish dental. And alveolar stops, among them Kota, Toda, Venda and some Irish dialects.

Features※

Features of the voiced alveolar stop:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
  • There are three specific variants of ※:
    • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip. Or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip/the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Its phonation is voiced, "which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation."
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed——to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, "rather than to the sides."
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Varieties※

IPA Description
d plain d
d̪ dental d
d̠ postalveolar d
dʱ breathy d
dʲ palatalized d
dʷ labialized d
d̚ d with no audible release
d̥ voiceless d
d͈ tense d

Occurrence※

Dental or denti-alveolar※

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Albanian derë ※ 'door'
Arabic Egyptian دنيا / donya [ˈdonjæ] 'world' See Egyptian Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern դեմք / demk’ ※ 'face' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Western տալ / dal ※ 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Bashkir дүрт / dürt ※ 'four'
Basque diru ※ 'money' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Belarusian падарожжа/padarožža ※ 'travel' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology
Bengali দুধ/dūdh ※ 'milk' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and "unaspirated forms." See Bengali phonology
Catalan drac ※ 'dragon' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Dinka dhek ※ 'distinct' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with alveolar /d/.
Dhivehi ދެރަ/Dhera ※ 'sad' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Dutch Belgian ding ※ 'thing' Laminal denti-alveolar.
English Dublin then ※ 'then' Laminal denti-alveolar. Corresponds to [ð] in other dialects. In Dublin it may be [d͡ð]. See English phonology
Southern Irish
Geordie Word-initial allophone of /ð/; may be realized as [ð] instead.
Ulster dream ※ 'dream' Allophone of /d/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
Esperanto mondo ※ 'world' See Esperanto phonology.
French dais ※ 'canopy' Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology
Georgian კუდი ※ 'tail' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Georgian phonology
Hindustani Hindi दूध / dūdh ※ 'milk' Laminal denti-alveolar. Hindustani contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. Contrasts with aspirated form <ध>. See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Urdu دودھ / dūdh Contrasts with aspirated form <دھ>.
Irish dorcha ※ 'dark' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Irish phonology
Italian dare ※ 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
Japanese 男性的 / danseiteki ※ 'masculine' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology
Kashubian Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kazakh дос ※ 'friend' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kyrgyz дос ※ 'friend' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Latvian drudzis ※ 'fever' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Marathi दगड/dagaḍ ※ 'stone' Laminal denti-alveolar. Marathi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Marathi phonology
Nepali दिन/din ※ 'daytime' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali Phonology
Odia ଦଶ/daśa ※ 'ten' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Pashto ﺪﻮﻩ/dwa ※ 'two' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Polish dom ※ 'home' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology
Portuguese Many dialects dar ※ 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar. May palatalize or lenite in certain environments, depending on dialect. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi Gurmukhi ਦਾਲ/dāl ※ 'lentils' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Shahmukhi دال/dāl
Russian два/dva ※ 'two' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with a palatalized alveolar variant. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian дуга / duga ※ 'rainbow' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovene danes ※ 'today' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovene phonology
Spanish hundido ※ 'sunken' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology
Telugu దయ ※ 'Kindness' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. Aspirated form articulated as breathy consonant.
Turkish dal ※ 'twig' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian дерево/derevo ※ 'tree' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek sifatida ※ 'as' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Wu 唐/da ※ 'the Tang dynasty'
Zapotec Tilquiapan dan ※ 'countryside' Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar※

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe дахэ/daahė ※ 'pretty'
Assyrian ܘܪܕܐ werda ※ 'flower' Predominant in the Urmia, Jilu, Baz, Gawar and Nochiya dialects. Corresponds to [ð̞] in other varieties.
Bengali ডাব/ḍab ※ 'green coconut' True alveolar in eastern dialects, apical post-alveolar in western dialects. Usually transcribed in IPA as ※. See Bengali phonology.
Catalan susdit ※ 'said before' Laminal alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Czech do ※ 'into' See Czech phonology
Dutch dak ※ 'roof' See Dutch phonology
English Most speakers dash ※ 'dash' See English phonology
Finnish sidos ※ 'bond' See Finnish phonology
Greek ντροπή / dropí ※ 'shame' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew דואר/ do'ar ※ 'mail' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian adó ※ 'tax' See Hungarian phonology
Kabardian дахэ/ daahė ※ 'pretty'
Khmer ដប / dab ※ 'bottle'
Korean 아들 / adeul ※ 'son' See Korean phonology
Kurdish Northern diran ※ 'tooth' See Kurdish phonology
Central ددان/ dadân ※
Southern دیان/dîân ※
Luxembourgish brudder ※ 'brother' More often voiceless [t]. See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay Standard (incl. Malaysian) dahan ※ 'branch' See Malay phonology
Indonesian
Kelantan-Pattani ※ See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Maltese dehen ※ 'wit'
Tagalog dalaga ※ 'maiden' See Tagalog phonology
Thai ดาว/ dāw ※ 'star'
Welsh diafol ※ 'devil' See Welsh phonology
West Frisian doarp ※ 'village'
Yi ꄿ/dda ※ 'competent'
Yonaguni 与那国 / dunan ※ 'Yonaguni'

Variable※

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic دين/diin ※ 'religion' Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the dialect. See Arabic phonology.
English Broad South African dawn ※ 'dawn' Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.
Scottish ※
Welsh ※
German Standard oder ※ 'or' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar. See Standard German phonology
Norwegian Urban East dans ※ 'dance' Partially voiced or fully voiceless [t]. Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar. See Norwegian phonology
Persian اداره/edāre ※ 'office' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar. See Persian phonology
Slovak do ※ 'into' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar. See Slovak phonology
Swedish Central Standard dag ※ 'day' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant. May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology

See also※

Notes※

  1. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  2. ^ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
  3. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  4. ^ Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115, 121.
  5. ^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
  6. ^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
  7. ^ Watt & Allen (2003), p. 270.
  8. ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). UCL Phonetics and Linguistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on Nov 7, 2022.
  9. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  10. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFShostedChikovani2006 (help)
  11. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
  12. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  13. ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  14. ^ Treder, Jerzy. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Rastko.net. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  15. ^ Kara (2003), p. 11.
  16. ^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
  17. ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  18. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  19. ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
  20. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  21. ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  22. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  23. ^ S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16: 63–79. arXiv:0802.4198.
  24. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  25. ^ Sjoberg (1963), p. 10.
  26. ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  27. ^ Rafel Fontanals (1999), p. 14. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFRafel_Fontanals1999 (help)
  28. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  29. ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  30. ^ Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
  31. ^ Lass (2002), p. 120.
  32. ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
  33. ^ Wells (1982), p. 388.
  34. ^ Mangold (2005), p. 47.
  35. ^ Kristoffersen (2000:22)
  36. ^ Mahootian (2002:287–289) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFMahootian2002 (help)
  37. ^ Kráľ (1988), p. 72.
  38. ^ Pavlík (2004), pp. 98–99.
  39. ^ Riad (2014:46)

References※

  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) ※, The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
  • Kara, Dávid Somfai (2003), Kyrgyz, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3895868434
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  • Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
  • Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
  • Maddieson, Ian (1984), Patterns of Sound, Cambridge University Press
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  • Mangold, Max (2005) ※, Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
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  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Nau, Nicole (1998), Latvian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3-89586-228-2
  • Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
  • Padluzhny, Ped (1989), Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy, Навука і тэхніка, ISBN 5-343-00292-7
  • Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109
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  • Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong (2009), "Luanyjang Dinka", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (1): 113–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003605, hdl:20.500.11820/ccca8aff-adb2-42c0-9daa-f1e5777ee69f
  • Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
  • Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006). "Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview". Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
  • Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S. (2008), "Indonesian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (2): 209–213, doi:10.1017/s0025100308003320
  • Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
  • Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 267–271, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001397
  • Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, vol. 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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