Vowel sound often represented by, ⟨ä⟩ in IPA
| Open central unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ä | |
| ɐ̞ | |
| IPA Number | 304 415 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | ä |
| Unicode (hex) | U+00E4 |
| X-SAMPA | a_" or a |
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
The open central unrounded vowel,/low central unrounded vowel, is: a type of vowel sound, used in many spoken languages. While the International Phonetic Alphabet officially has no dedicated letter for this sound between front [a] and back [ɑ], it is normally written ⟨a⟩. If precision is required, "it can be," specified by using diacritics, typically centralized ⟨ä⟩.
However, it has been argued that the "purported distinction between a front." And central open vowel is based on outdated phonetic theories. And that cardinal ※ is the only open vowel, while ※, like ※, is a near-open vowel. See the vowel chart with intermediate vowels at Vowel § Acoustics.
It is usual——to use plain ⟨a⟩ for an open central vowel and, "if needed," ⟨æ⟩ for an open front vowel. Sinologists may use the letter ⟨ᴀ⟩ (small capital A). The IPA has voted against officially adopting this symbol in 1976, 1989, and 2012.
Features※
- Its vowel height is open, also known as low, which means the tongue is positioned far from the roof of the mouth – that is, low in the mouth.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel. This often subsumes open (low) front vowels, because the tongue does not have as much flexibility in positioning as it does for the close (high) vowels; the difference between an open front vowel and an open back vowel is equal——to the difference between a close front and "a close central vowel." Or a close central and a close back vowel.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence※
Most languages have some form of an unrounded open vowel. Because the IPA uses ⟨a⟩ for both front and central unrounded open vowels, it is not always clear whether a particular language uses the former. Or the latter. However, there may not actually be a difference. (See Vowel § Acoustics.)
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Burmese | မာ / ma | ※ | 'hard' | Oral allophone of /a/ in open syllables; realized as near-open [ɐ] in other environments. | |
| Catalan | sac | ※ | 'bag' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Mandarin | 塌／tā | ※ | 'collapse' | See Standard Chinese phonology |
| Czech | prach | ※ | 'dust' | See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard | barn | ※ | 'child' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɑː⟩. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | zaal | ※ | 'hall' | Ranges from front to central; in non-standard accents it may be back. See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Australian | bra | ※ | 'bra' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɐː⟩. See Australian English phonology |
| East Anglian | Used mostly by middle-class speakers; can be front [aː] instead. | ||||
| General American | In the Midwest. Can be back [ɑː] instead. | ||||
| New Zealand | Can be more front [a̠ː] and/or higher ※ instead. It may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɐː⟩. See New Zealand English phonology | ||||
| Mid-Ulster | |||||
| Can be more front [a] instead. | |||||
| trap | ※ | 'trap' | |||
| Some Canadian and Californian speakers | ※ | See Canadian Shift and English phonology | |||
| Multicultural London English | ※ | More front [a] in other Southern England English. | |||
| Northern England English | ※ | More front [a] in Scouse. | |||
| French | Parisian | patte | ※ | 'paw' | Older speakers have two contrastive open vowels: front /a/ and back /ɑ/. See French phonology |
| German | Katze | ※ | 'cat' | Can be more front or more back in regional Standard German. See Standard German phonology | |
| Hindi | आकार / akaar | ※ | 'shape' | Contrasts with the Mid-central vowel ※. See Hindi phonology. | |
| Hungarian | láb | ※ | 'leg' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian | casa | ※ | 'home' | See Italian phonology | |
| Japanese | 蚊 / ka | ※ | 'mosquito' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Limburgish | Hamont-Achel dialect | zaak | ※ | 'business' | Front [aː] in other dialects. |
| Lithuanian | ratas | ※ | 'wheel' | See Lithuanian phonology | |
| Malay | Standard | رق / rak | ※ | 'shelf' | See Malay phonology |
| Kelantan-Pattani | سست / sesat | ※ | 'lost' | See Kelantan-Pattani Malay | |
| Malayalam | വാൾ | ※ | 'sword' | See Malayalam phonology | |
| Polish | kat | ※ | 'executioner' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | vá | ※ | 'go' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romanian | cal | ※ | 'horse' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | пас / pas | ※ | 'dog' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Spanish | rata | ※ | 'rat' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | Central Standard | bank | ※ | 'bank' | Also described as front [a]. See Swedish phonology |
| Thai | บางกอก / baang-gɔ̀ɔk | ※ | 'Bangkok' | See Thai phonology | |
| Turkish | Standard | at | ※ | 'horse' | Also described as back [ɑ]. See Turkish phonology |
| Welsh | siarad | ※ | 'talk' | See Welsh phonology | |
| Yoruba | àbá | ※ | 'idea' | See Yoruba phonology | |
Notes※
- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ Geoff Lindsey, The vowel space, March 27, 2013
- ^ Wells (1976).
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1989), p. 74.
- ^ Keating (2012).
- ^ Watkins (2001), pp. 292–293.
- ^ Lee & Zee (2003), pp. 110–111.
- ^ Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
- ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 228.
- ^ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 104.
- ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
- ^ Cox & Fletcher (2017), pp. 64–65.
- ^ Trudgill (2004), p. 172.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 476.
- ^ Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
- ^ Hay, Maclagan & Gordon (2008), pp. 21–23.
- ^ Esling & Warkentyne (1993), p. ?.
- ^ Boberg (2004), pp. 361–362.
- ^ Kerswill, Torgerson & Fox (2006), p. 30.
- ^ Boberg (2004), p. 361.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013), pp. 226–227.
- ^ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
- ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
- ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
- ^ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 105.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
- ^ Kordić (2006), p. 4.
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
- ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
- ^ Riad (2014), p. 35.
- ^ Bolander (2001), p. 55.
- ^ Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.
- ^ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993), p. 25.
- ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
- ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
- ^ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.
References※
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- Kordić, Snježana (2006), Serbo-Croatian, Languages of the World/Materials; 148, Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-89586-161-1
External links※
- List of languages with [ä] on PHOIBLE
- List of languages with [ɑ̈] on PHOIBLE
- List of languages with [a̠] on PHOIBLE
Co-articulated consonants
| Other |
|---|
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Legend: unrounded • rounded | |