(Redirected from Palatal lateral)
Consonantal sound represented by, ⟨ʎ⟩ in IPA
| Voiced palatal lateral approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʎ | |||
| IPA Number | 157 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʎ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+028E | ||
| X-SAMPA | L | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| Voiced alveolo-palatal lateral approximant | |
|---|---|
| l̠ʲ | |
| ʎ̟ |
The voiced palatal lateral approximant is: a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʎ⟩, a rotated lowercase letter ⟨y⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L.
Many languages that were previously thought——to have a palatal lateral approximant actually have a lateral approximant that is, "broadly," alveolo-palatal; that is——to say, it is articulated at a place in-between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate (excluded), and it may be, "variously described as alveolo-palatal," lamino-postalveolar,/postalveolo-prepalatal. None of the 13 languages investigated by Recasens (2013), many of them Romance, has a 'true' palatal. That is likely the "case for several other languages listed here." Some languages, like Portuguese. And Catalan, have a lateral approximant that varies between alveolar and "alveolo-palatal."
There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolo-palatal lateral approximant. If precision is desired, it may be transcribed ⟨l̠ʲ⟩ or ⟨ʎ̟⟩; they are essentially equivalent. Because the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is also a non-IPA letter U+0234 ȴ LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CURL; ⟨ȴ⟩ ("l", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ⟨ɕ, ʑ⟩) is used especially in Sinological circles.
The voiced palatal lateral approximant contrasts phonemically with its voiceless counterpart /ʎ̥/ in the Xumi language spoken in China.
Features※
Cased forms of the IPA letter in the Pilagá alphabet. The capital is not supported by Unicode.
Features of the voiced palatal lateral approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation. But not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle. Or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence※
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | Malsia e Madhe | lule | ※ | 'flower' | |
| Arbëresh | |||||
| Arvanitika | |||||
| Aragonese | agulla | ※ | 'needle' | ||
| Aromanian | ljepuri | ※ | 'rabbit' | ||
| Astur-Leonese | Asturian | llingua | ※ | 'language' | Where /ʎ/ is absent and replaced by different sounds (depending on dialect), a phenomenon known as che vaqueira, its corresponding sounds are spelled ⟨ḷḷ⟩. |
| Leonese | |||||
| Mirandese | lhéngua | ※ | |||
| Aymara | llaki | ※ | 'sad' | ||
| Basque | bonbilla | ※ | 'bulb' | ||
| Breton | familh | ※ | 'family' | ||
| Bulgarian | любов | ※ | 'love' | Alveolo-palatal. See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan | Standard | llac | ※ | 'lake' | Alveolo-palatal. See Catalan phonology |
| Eastern Aragon | clau | ※ | 'key' | Allophone of /l/ in consonant clusters. | |
| Chipaya | lloqa | ※ | 'bank' | See Chipaya languages | |
| English | Australian | million | ※ | 'million' | A frequent allophone of the sequence /lj/ |
| Canadian (Atlantic and Newfoundland) | |||||
| County Donegal | Allophone of the sequence /lj/. | ||||
| General American | A frequent allophone of the sequence /lj/; sometimes realized as ※. See English phonology | ||||
| Hiberno-English | A frequent allophone of the sequence /lj/ | ||||
| New England | |||||
| New York City | |||||
| New Zealand | |||||
| Received Pronunciation | |||||
| South African | |||||
| Southern American | |||||
| Philippine | gorilla | ※ | 'gorilla' | Common realization of ⟨ll⟩ between vowels due to Spanish influence. | |
| Enindhilyagwa | angalya | ※ | 'place' | Laminal post-alveolar | |
| Faroese | telgja | ※ | 'to carve' | Allophone of /l/ before palatal consonants. Sometimes voiceless [ʎ̥]. See Faroese phonology | |
| Franco-Provençal | balyi | ※ | 'give' | ||
| French | Some dialects | papillon | ※ | 'butterfly' | Corresponds to /j/ in modern standard French. See French phonology |
| Galician | Standard | illado | ※ | 'insulated' | Most Galician speakers, especially the urban and younger populations, are nowadays yeístas because of influence from Spanish |
| Greek | ήλιος | ※ | 'sun' | Postalveolar. See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hungarian | Northern dialects | lyuk | ※ | 'hole' | Alveolo-palatal. Modern Standard Hungarian has undergone a phenomenon akin to Spanish yeísmo, merging /ʎ/ into /j/. See Hungarian ly and Hungarian phonology |
| Irish | duille | ※ | 'leaf' | Alveolo-palatal. Some dialects contrast it with palatalized alveolar /lʲ/. See Irish phonology | |
| Italian | figlio | ※ | 'son' | Alveolo-palatal. Realized as fricative [ʎ̝] in a large number of accents. See Italian phonology | |
| Ivilyuat | Ivil̃uɂat | ※ | 'the speaking ※' ('Ivilyuat language') | ||
| Jaqaru | allaka | ※ | 'pumpkin' | See Jaqaru Language | |
| Jebero | llinllin | ※ | 'name' | See Jebero Language | |
| Korean | Seoul dialect | 천리마 / cheollima | ※ | 'qianlima' | /l/ is palatalized to ※ before /i, j/ and before palatal consonant allophones |
| Latvian | ļaudis | ※ | 'people' | See Latvian phonology | |
| Mapudungun | aylla | ※ | 'nine' | See Mapuche language | |
| Norwegian | Northern and central dialects | alle | ※ | 'all' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Occitan | Standard | miralhar | ※ | 'to reflect' | See Occitan phonology |
| Paiwan | Standard | veljevelj | ※ | 'banana' | See Paiwan language |
| Paez | silli | ※ | 'reed' | See Paezan languages | |
| Portuguese | Standard | alho | ※ | 'garlic' | Alveolo-palatal in European Portuguese. May instead be ※, [l] (Northeast) or [j] (Caipira), especially before unrounded vowels. See Portuguese phonology |
| Many dialects | sandália | ※ | 'sandal' | Possible realization of post-stressed /li/ plus vowel. | |
| Quechua | qallu | ※ | 'tongue' | ||
| Romanian | Transylvanian dialects | lingură | ※ | 'spoon' | Corresponds to [l] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Scottish Gaelic | till | ※ | 'return' | Alveolo-palatal. See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | љуљaшка / ljuljaška | ※ | 'swing (seat)' | Palato-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Sissano | piyl | ※ | 'fish' | ||
| Slovak | ľúbiť | ※ | 'to love' | Merges with /l/ in western dialects. See Slovak phonology | |
| Spanish | Andean (from Argentina to Colombia) | caballo | ※ | 'horse' | Found in traditional speakers in Peninsular Spanish. Also found in Andean countries and Paraguay. For most speakers, this sound has merged with /ʝ/, a phenomenon called yeísmo. See Spanish phonology. "Caballo" with yeísmo is pronounced ※ |
| Castilian, Aragonese and Catalonian outside of large cities | |||||
| Central areas in Extremadura | |||||
| Eastern and southwestern Manchego | |||||
| Murcian | |||||
| Paraguayan | |||||
| Philippine | |||||
| Very few areas in Andalusia | |||||
| Xumi | Lower | ※ | 'musk deer' | Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiceless /ʎ̥/. | |
| Upper | ※ | 'correct, right' | |||
See also※
- Yeísmo, a feature of Spanish dialects that have merged this sound with [ʝ]
- Index of phonetics articles
Notes※
- ^ Recasens (2013:2), citing Ladefoged (1997:602)
- ^ Recasens et al. (1993), p. 222.
- ^ Recasens (2013), p. 11.
- ^ Recasens (2013), pp. 10–13.
- ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.
- ^ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
- ^ Dedvukaj, Lindon; Ndoci, Rexhina (2023). "Linguistic variation within the Northwestern Gheg Albanian dialect". Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America. 8 (1). Linguistic Society of America: 7. doi:10.3765/plsa.v8i1.5501.
- ^ Stenson (1991), cited in Hickey (2004:71)
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 490.
- ^ Árnason (2011), p. 115.
- ^ Grevisse & Goosse (2011, §33, b), Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006:47)
- ^ Regueira, Xosé L. (December 1996). "Galician". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 26 (2): 119–122. doi:10.1017/S0025100300006162.
- ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.
- ^ Benkő (1972), p. ?.
- ^ Recasens (2013), p. 10.
- ^ Ashby (2011:64): "(...) in a large number of Italian accents, there is considerable friction involved in the pronunciation of ※, creating voiced palatal lateral fricative (for which there is no established IPA symbol)."
- ^ "Diccionario Shiwilu o Jebero (Pano-Tacanas) | PDF | Lengua española | Vocal". Scribd. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
- ^ Crosby, Drew; Dalola, Amanda (March 2021). "Phonetic variation in the Korean liquid phoneme". Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America. 6 (1): 706–707, 711. doi:10.3765/plsa.v6i1.5002. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
- ^ Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.
- ^ Teixeira et al. (2012), p. 321.
- ^ Stein (2011), p. 223.
- ^ Aragão (2009), p. 168.
- ^ "Considerações sobre o status das palato-alveolares em português". Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-04-06.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 149.
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
- ^ Oftedal (1956), p. ?.
- ^ Jazić (1977:?), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:188)
- ^ ※ Archived 2015-11-20 at the Wayback Machine ALPI
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
- ^ Peña Arce, Jaime (2015). "Yeísmo en el español de América. Algunos apuntes sobre su extensión" [Yeísmo in the Spanish spoken in America. Some notes on its extension]. Revista de Filología de la Universidad de la Laguna (in Spanish). 33: 175–199. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
References※
- Aragão, Maria do Socorro Silva de (2009), Os estudos fonético-fonológicos nos estados da Paraíba e do Ceará [The phonetic-phonological studies in Paraíba and Ceará states] (PDF) (in Portuguese), archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-11, retrieved 2017-08-10
- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
- Ashby, Patricia (2011), Understanding Phonetics, Understanding Language series, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-340-92827-1
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11
- Benkő, Loránd (1972), "The Hungarian Language", in Imre, Samu (ed.), Janua Linguarum, Series Practica, vol. 134, The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
- Fagyal, Zsuzsanna; Kibbee, Douglas; Jenkins, Fred (2006). French: a linguistic introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511791185. ISBN 978-0521528962.
- Grevisse, Maurice; Goosse, André (2011), Le Bon usage (in French), Louvain-la-Neuve: De Boeck Duculot, ISBN 978-2-8011-1642-5
- Hickey, Raymon (2004), "Irish English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 68–97, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
- Jazić, Đorđe (1977), Osnovi fonetike ruskog jezika: ruski glasovni sistem u poređenju sa srpskohrvatskim, Beograd: Naučna knjiga
- Oftedal, M. (1956), The Gaelic of Leurbost, Oslo: Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Ladefoged, Peter (1997), "Linguistic phonetic descriptions", in Harcastle, William J.; Laver, John (eds.), The handbook of the phonetic sciences, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 589–618
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Oxford: Blackwell
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Recasens, Daniel (2013), "On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 1–22, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000199, S2CID 145463946
- Recasens, Daniel; Farnetani, Edda; Fontdevila, Jordi; Pallarès, Maria Dolors (1993), "An electropalatographic study of alveolar and palatal consonants in Catalan and Italian" (PDF), Language and Speech, 36 (2–3): 213–234, doi:10.1177/002383099303600306, PMID 8277809, S2CID 2538069, archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-04-12, retrieved 2013-04-11
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Skjekkeland, Martin (1997), Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla, Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press)
- Stein, Cirineu Cecote (2011), O percurso acústico-articulatório da alofonia da consoante lateral palatal [The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophony] (in Portuguese)
- Stenson, Nancy (1991), "Code-switching vs. borrowing in Modern Irish", in Sture Ureland, P.; Broderick, George (eds.), Language Contact in the British Isles. Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Language Contact in Europe, Tübingen: Niemeyer, pp. 559–579, doi:10.1515/9783111678658.559, ISBN 978-3-484-30238-9
- Teixeira, António; Martins, Paula; Oliveira, Catarina; Silva, Augusto (2012), "Production and Modeling of the European Portuguese Palatal Lateral", Computational Processing of the Portuguese Language, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 7243, pp. 318–328, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28885-2_36, ISBN 978-3-642-28884-5
- Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English 3: Beyond The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 610–622, ISBN 978-0-521-28541-4
Co-articulated consonants
| Other |
|---|
|
Legend: unrounded • rounded | |
