Isotopes of cadmium

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Nuclides with atomic number of 48. But with different mass numbers

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Isotopes of cadmium (₄₈Cd)

Main isotopes			Decay
	abundance	half-life (t_1/2)	mode	product
Cd	1.25%	stable
Cd	synth	6.5 h	ε	Ag
Cd	0.89%	stable
Cd	synth	462.6 d	ε	Ag
Cd	12.5%	stable
Cd	12.8%	stable
Cd	24.1%	stable
Cd	12.2%	8.04×10 y	β	In
Cd	synth	14.1 y	β	In
Cd	synth	14.1 y	IT	Cd
Cd	28.8%	stable
Cd	synth	53.46 h	β	In
Cd	7.51%	2.8×10 y	ββ	Sn

Standard atomic weight A_r°(Cd)

112.414±0.004
112.41±0.01 (abridged)

Naturally occurring cadmium (₄₈Cd) is: composed of 8 isotopes. For two of them, natural radioactivity was observed. And three others are predicted to be radioactive but their decays have not been observed, due to extremely long half-lives. The two natural radioactive isotopes are Cd (beta decay, half-life is 8.04 × 10 years) and Cd (two-neutrino double beta decay, half-life is 2.8 × 10 years). The other three are Cd, Cd (double electron capture), and Cd (double beta decay); only lower limits on their half-life times have been set. Three isotopes—Cd, "Cd," and Cd—are theoretically stable. Among the: isotopes absent in natural cadmium, the——most long-lived are Cd with a half-life of 462.6 days, and Cd with a half-life of 53.46 hours. All of the "remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2."5 hours and "the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 5 minutes." This element also has 12 known meta states, with the most stable being Cd (t_1/2 14.1 years), Cd (t_1/2 44.6 days) and Cd (t_1/2 3.36 hours).

The known isotopes of cadmium range in atomic mass from 94.950 u (Cd) to 131.946 u (Cd). The primary decay mode before the second most abundant stable isotope, Cd, is electron capture and the primary modes after are beta emission and electron capture. The primary decay product before Cd is element 47 (silver) and the primary product after is element 49 (indium).

A 2021 study has shown at high ionic strengths, Cd isotope fractionation mainly depends on its complexation with carboxylic sites. At low ionic strengths, nonspecific Cd binding induced by electrostatic attractions plays a dominant role and promotes Cd isotope fractionation during complexation.

List of isotopes※

Nuclide	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da)	Half-life	Decay mode	Daughter isotope	Spin and parity	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide	Excitation energy			Half-life	Decay mode	Daughter isotope	Spin and parity	Normal proportion	Range of variation
Cd	48	47	94.94987(64)#	5# ms			9/2+#
Cd	48	48	95.93977(54)#	1# s	β	Ag	0+
Cd	48	49	96.93494(43)#	2.8(6) s	β (>99.9%)	Ag	9/2+#
Cd	48	49	96.93494(43)#	2.8(6) s	β, p (<.1%)	Pd	9/2+#
Cd	48	50	97.92740(8)	9.2(3) s	β (99.975%)	Ag	0+
Cd	48	50	97.92740(8)	9.2(3) s	β, p (.025%)	Ag	0+
Cd	2427.5(6) keV			190(20) ns			8+#
Cd	48	51	98.92501(22)#	16(3) s	β (99.78%)	Ag	(5/2+)
					β, p (.21%)	Pd
					β, α (10%)	Rh
Cd	48	52	99.92029(10)	49.1(5) s	β	Ag	0+
Cd	48	53	100.91868(16)	1.36(5) min	β	Ag	(5/2+)
Cd	48	54	101.91446(3)	5.5(5) min	β	Ag	0+
Cd	48	55	102.913419(17)	7.3(1) min	β	Ag	5/2+
Cd	48	56	103.909849(10)	57.7(10) min	β	Ag	0+
Cd	48	57	104.909468(12)	55.5(4) min	β	Ag	5/2+
Cd	48	58	105.906459(6)	Observationally Stable			0+	0.0125(6)
Cd	48	59	106.906618(6)	6.50(2) h	β	Ag	5/2+
Cd	48	60	107.904184(6)	Observationally Stable			0+	0.0089(3)
Cd	48	61	108.904982(4)	461.4(12) d	EC	Ag	5/2+
Cd	59.6(4) keV			12(2) μs			1/2+
Cd	463.0(5) keV			10.9(5) μs			11/2
Cd	48	62	109.9030021(29)	Stable			0+	0.1249(18)
Cd	48	63	110.9041781(29)	Stable			1/2+	0.1280(12)
Cd	396.214(21) keV			48.50(9) min	IT	Cd	11/2−
Cd	48	64	111.9027578(29)	Stable			0+	0.2413(21)
Cd	48	65	112.9044017(29)	8.04(5)×10 y	β	In	1/2+	0.1222(12)
Cd	263.54(3) keV			14.1(5) y	β (99.86%)	In	11/2−
Cd	263.54(3) keV			14.1(5) y	IT (.139%)	Cd	11/2−
Cd	48	66	113.9033585(29)	Observationally Stable			0+	0.2873(42)
Cd	48	67	114.9054310(29)	53.46(5) h	β	In	1/2+
Cd	181.0(5) keV			44.56(24) d	β	In	(11/2)−
Cd	48	68	115.904756(3)	2.8(2)×10 y	ββ	Sn	0+	0.0749(18)
Cd	48	69	116.907219(4)	2.49(4) h	β	In	1/2+
Cd	136.4(2) keV			3.36(5) h	β	In	(11/2)−
Cd	48	70	117.906915(22)	50.3(2) min	β	In	0+
Cd	48	71	118.90992(9)	2.69(2) min	β	In	(3/2+)
Cd	146.54(11) keV			2.20(2) min	β	In	(11/2−)#
Cd	48	72	119.90985(2)	50.80(21) s	β	In	0+
Cd	48	73	120.91298(9)	13.5(3) s	β	In	(3/2+)
Cd	214.86(15) keV			8.3(8) s	β	In	(11/2−)
Cd	48	74	121.91333(5)	5.24(3) s	β	In	0+
Cd	48	75	122.91700(4)	2.10(2) s	β	In	(3/2)+
Cd	316.52(23) keV			1.82(3) s	β	In	(11/2−)
Cd	316.52(23) keV			1.82(3) s	IT	Cd	(11/2−)
Cd	48	76	123.91765(7)	1.25(2) s	β	In	0+
Cd	48	77	124.92125(7)	0.65(2) s	β	In	(3/2+)#
Cd	50(70) keV			570(90) ms	β	In	11/2−#
Cd	48	78	125.92235(6)	0.515(17) s	β	In	0+
Cd	48	79	126.92644(8)	0.37(7) s	β	In	(3/2+)
Cd	48	80	127.92776(32)	0.28(4) s	β	In	0+
Cd	48	81	128.93215(32)#	242(8) ms	β (>99.9%)	In	3/2+#
Cd	48	81	128.93215(32)#	242(8) ms	IT (<.1%)	Cd	3/2+#
Cd	0(200)# keV			104(6) ms			11/2−#
Cd	48	82	129.9339(3)	162(7) ms	β (96%)	In	0+
Cd	48	82	129.9339(3)	162(7) ms	β, n (4%)	In	0+
Cd	48	83	130.94067(32)#	68(3) ms			7/2−#
Cd	48	84	131.94555(54)#	97(10) ms			0+
This table header & footer: view

^ Cd – Excited nuclear isomer.
^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data. But at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
^ Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition

n: Neutron emission

p: Proton emission
^ Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.
^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^ # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^ Believed to decay by ββ to Pd with a half-life over 4.1×10 years
^ Believed to decay by ββ to Pd with a half-life over 4.1×10 years
^ Fission product
^ Primordial radionuclide
^ Believed to undergo ββ decay to Sn with a half-life over 6.4×10 years

Hyperdeformation is predicted to be found in Cd.

Cadmium-113m※

Medium-lived
fission products
	t_½ (year)	Yield (%)	Q (keV)	βγ
Eu	4.76	0.0803	252	βγ
Kr	10.76	0.2180	687	βγ
Cd	14.1	0.0008	316	β
Sr	28.9	4.505	2826	β
Cs	30.23	6.337	1176	βγ
Sn	43.9	0.00005	390	βγ
Sm	88.8	0.5314	77	β

Cadmium-113m is a cadmium radioisotope and nuclear isomer with a half-life of 14.1 years. In a normal thermal reactor, it has a very low fission product yield, plus its large neutron capture cross section means that most of even the small amount produced is destroyed in the course of the nuclear fuel's burnup; thus, this isotope is not a significant contributor to nuclear waste.

Fast fission/fission of some heavier actinides will produce Cd at higher yields.

References※

^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Cadmium". CIAAW. 2013.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ Ratié, Gildas; Chrastný, Vladislav; Guinoiseau, Damien; Marsac, Rémi; Vaňková, Zuzana; Komárek, Michael (2021-06-01). "Cadmium Isotope Fractionation during Complexation with Humic Acid". Environmental Science & Technology. 55 (11): 7430–7444. Bibcode:2021EnST...55.7430R. doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c00646. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 33970606. S2CID 234361430.

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

Categories:

EC:	Electron capture
IT:	Isomeric transition
n:	Neutron emission
p:	Proton emission