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Earth's ocean, showing common divisions Earth's thermohaline circulation seawater flow Map with five-oceans (approximate boundaries)
Earth's ocean
Main five oceans division: Antarctic/Southern Arctic Atlantic Indian Pacific Further subdivision: Marginal seas
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The ocean is the body of salt water that covers approx. 70.8% of Earth. In English, the term ocean also refers to any of the large bodies of water into which the world ocean is conventionally divided. The following names describe five different areas of the ocean: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic/Southern, and Arctic. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water and is the primary component of Earth's hydrosphere; thus the ocean is essential to life on Earth. The ocean influences climate and weather patterns, the carbon cycle, and the water cycle by acting as a huge heat reservoir. (Full article...)

A sea is a large body of salty water. There are particular seas and the sea. The sea commonly refers to the ocean, the wider body of seawater. Particular seas are either marginal seas, second-order sections of the oceanic sea (e.g. the Mediterranean Sea),/certain large, nearly landlocked bodies of water. (Full article...)

Oceanography (from Ancient Greek ὠκεανός (ōkeanós) 'ocean', and γραφή (graphḗ) 'writing'), also known as oceanology, sea science, ocean science, and marine science, is the scientific study of the oceans. It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and seabed geology; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers utilize to glean further knowledge of the world ocean, including astronomy, biology, chemistry, geography, geology, hydrology, meteorology and physics. Paleoceanography studies the history of the oceans in the geologic past. An oceanographer is a person who studies many matters concerned with oceans, including marine geology, physics, chemistry, and biology. (Full article...)

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Selected article - show another

Satellite image of the Caribbean Sea

The Caribbean Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere. It is bounded by Mexico and Central America to the west and southwest, to the north by the Greater Antilles starting with Cuba, to the east by the Lesser Antilles, and to the south by the northern coast of South America. The Gulf of Mexico lies to the northwest. The entire Caribbean Sea area, the numerous islands of the West Indies, and adjacent mainland coastal regions are collectively known as the Caribbean.

The Caribbean Sea is one of the largest seas on Earth and has an area of about 2,754,000 km (1,063,000 sq mi). The sea's deepest point is the Cayman Trough, between the Cayman Islands and Jamaica, at 7,686 m (25,217 ft) below sea level. The Caribbean coastline has many gulfs and bays: the Gulf of Gonâve, the Gulf of Venezuela, the Gulf of Darién, Golfo de los Mosquitos, the Gulf of Paria and the Gulf of Honduras. (Full article...)

List of selected articles

Sea Resolution Guyot 2002 Pacific typhoon season Gulf Stream Sea surface temperature List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes William Speirs Bruce Ocean acidification Norwegian Sea Barents Sea Seawater Ocean deoxygenation Effects of climate change on oceans South China Sea Tide Sea level rise Wind wave Coast Tsunami Sea level Marine habitats Mid-ocean ridge Intertidal ecology Marine life Ancient maritime history Estuary Marine microorganisms Piracy Marine viruses Marine prokaryotes Seafood Marine invertebrates Adriatic Sea Sea of Japan naming dispute Marine fungi Abyssal plain Weather ship History of navigation Estuaries of Texas Ocean liner Gulf of Finland Philippine Sea Cruise ship Marine biology Labrador Sea Marine debris Coral reef Rogue wave Marine pollution Environmental issues with coral reefs Cobb Seamount Mediterranean Sea Marine protected area Blue carbon Deep-water coral Somali Current Principality of Sealand Cold seep Aegean Sea List of largest cruise ships Iceberg Sea ice Tidal power Marine mammal Marine art Challenger Deep Panthalassa Ring of Fire Seamount Great Pacific garbage patch Northwest Passage Titanic Sea anemone Larsen Ice Shelf Whaling in Japan Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Swell (ocean) Marine food web Deep-sea exploration Offshore drilling Antarctic Circumpolar Current Bermuda Triangle Agulhas Current Ship Deep sea fish Deep sea Thermohaline circulation Whale Age of Discovery Clipper route Marine snow Hydrothermal vent Allison Guyot Paleo-Tethys Ocean Central American Seaway Sargasso Sea Ekman transport Argo (oceanography) Ocean acoustic tomography Moby-Dick Baltic Sea Bay of Bengal Yellow Sea Ross Sea Hudson Bay Strait of Hormuz Red Sea Persian Gulf Vikings Ming treasure voyages Portuguese discoveries Cetacean surfacing behaviour Gulf of Aden Gulf of Mexico Oceanic carbon cycle Law of the sea Hanseatic League

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Interesting facts - show different entries

• The European Maritime Safety Agency was founded in 2002 to help prevent maritime accidents and marine pollution, in response to the Estonia, Erika and Prestige sea disasters.

• The Oceanography Society gives out the Jerlov Award "in Recognition of Contribution Made to the Advancement of Our Knowledge of the Nature and Consequences of Light in the Ocean".

• The voyages of the Otter crossing the Pacific Ocean from Australia and becoming the first vessel of the United States to enter a Californian port in 1796 were chronicled by French traveler Pierre François Péron.

More facts

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Selected list articles and Marine habitat topics

Marine habitats
Coastal habitats
Littoral zone Intertidal zone Estuaries Mangrove forests Seagrass meadows Kelp forests Coral reefs Continental shelf Neritic zone
Ocean surface
Surface microlayer Epipelagic zone
Open ocean
Pelagic zone Oceanic zone
Sea floor
Seamounts Hydrothermal vents Cold seeps Demersal zone Benthic zone Marine sediment
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• List of oceans
• List of ancient oceans
• List of seas
• List of circumnavigations
• List of cruise lines
• List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System
• List of marine biologists
• List of marine ecoregions
• List of maritime explorers
• List of naval battles
• List of ocean liners
• List of oceanographic institutions and programs
• List of oldest surviving ships
• List of rogue waves
• List of seafood dishes
• List of submarine topographical features

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Tasks

edit tasks

Here are some tasks awaiting attention: Article requests : List of oceanographers, create a comprehensive article on Concentrations of marine debris out of all the gyre and "garbage patch" articles Copyedit : Draft:Terrance (octopus) Expand : Coral Sea, Endeavour Strait, Greenland Sea, Solomon Sea Photo : find images for Category:XIV requested photographs in the oceans Stubs : Oceanography stub articles, Marine geography stub articles, Aleutian Trench, Bellingshausen Sea, Caernarfon Bay, Gerlache Strait, Gulf of Oman, Iceland Sea, Draft:Terrance (octopus) Update : Botany Bay, Wilkins Sound, Mariana Trench, Challenger Deep Verify : Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Bering Sea, Gulf of Aden, Iceberg B-15, Ionian Sea, Japan Trench, Moreton Bay, Sound (geography), Timor Sea Other : add ISBNs and remove excessive. Or inappropriate external links from Aral Sea; check La Belle (ship) for GA status; improve citations or footnotes and remove excessive or inappropriate external links from MS Estonia

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General images - show new batch

The following are images from various ocean-related articles on XIV.

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  Image 1The Arctic Ocean, with borders as delineated by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), including Hudson Bay (some of which is south of 57°N latitude, off the map) and all other marginal seas. (from Arctic Ocean)
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  Image 2Coral reefs of the Maldives (from Indian Ocean)
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  Image 3USS Vincennes at Disappointment Bay, Antarctica in early 1840 (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 4Minke whale (from Arctic Ocean)
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  Image 5Emanuel Bowen's 1780s map of the Arctic features a "Northern Ocean". (from Arctic Ocean)
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  Image 6British invasion of Mauritius during the Napoleonic Wars on 29 November 1810 (from Indian Ocean)
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  Image 7Manganese nodule (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 8Typhoon Tip at global peak intensity on 12 October 1979 (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 9Maris Pacifici by Ortelius (1589). One of the first printed maps to show the Pacific Ocean (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 101937 delineation (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 11An exclusive economic zone (EEZ) map of the Pacific which excludes non-tropical islands. (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 12Distribution of the major water mass in the Arctic Ocean. The section sketches the different water masses along a vertical section from Bering Strait over the geographic North Pole to Fram Strait. As the stratification is stable, deeper water masses are denser than the layers above. (from Arctic Ocean)
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  Image 13An adult and sub-adult Minke whale are dragged aboard the Japanese whaling vessel Nisshin Maru. (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 14The Arctic region showing the Northeast Passage, the Northern Sea Route within it, and the Northwest Passage. (from Arctic Ocean)
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  Image 15Fish of the Notothenioidei suborder, such as this young icefish, are mostly restricted to the Antarctic and Subantarctic. (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 16The Arctic region; of note, the region's southerly border on this map is depicted by a red isotherm, with all territory to the north having an average temperature of less than 10 °C (50 °F) in July. (from Arctic Ocean)
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  Image 17Aldabra giant tortoise from the islands of the Aldabra Atoll in the Seychelles (from Indian Ocean)
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  Image 18On the sea ice of the Arctic Ocean temporary logistic stations may be installed, Here, a Twin Otter is refueled on the pack ice at 86°N, 76°43‘W. (from Arctic Ocean)
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  Image 19For most of the 16th century, the Portuguese dominated the Indian Ocean trade. (from Indian Ocean)
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  Image 20Portrait of Edmund Halley by Godfrey Kneller (before 1721) (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 21The island geography of the Pacific Ocean Basin (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 22Capture of Atlantic northwest cod in million tons (from Atlantic Ocean)
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  Image 23Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) are the most southerly of Antarctic mammals. (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 24A stratovolcano in Ulawun on the island of New Britain in Papua New Guinea (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 25Banks of the northeast Atlantic (from Atlantic Ocean)
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  Image 26Map showing the proposal presented by the thesis entitled "Natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans by the Shackleton Fracture Zone". (from Atlantic Ocean)
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  Image 271928 delineation (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 28During summer, warm continental masses draw moist air from the Indian Ocean hence producing heavy rainfall. The process is reversed during winter, resulting in dry conditions. (from Indian Ocean)
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  Image 29Iceberg A22A in the South Atlantic Ocean (from Atlantic Ocean)
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  Image 301911 South Polar Regions exploration map (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 31Banks of the northwest Atlantic (from Atlantic Ocean)
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  Image 32The economically important Silk Road was blocked from Europe by the Ottoman Empire in c. 1453 with the fall of the Byzantine Empire. This spurred exploration, and a new sea route around Africa was found, triggering the Age of Discovery. (from Indian Ocean)
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  Image 33The Kennedy Channel. (from Arctic Ocean)
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  Image 34Impact of El Niño and La Niña on North America (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 35Regional Working Group zones for SOOS (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 36The International Hydrographic Organization's delineation of the "Southern Ocean" has moved steadily southward since the original 1928 edition of its Limits of Oceans and Seas. (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 37A general delineation of the Antarctic Convergence, sometimes used by scientists as the demarcation of the Southern Ocean (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 38Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) are a keystone species of the food web. (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 39A Ring of Fire; the Pacific is ringed by many volcanoes and oceanic trenches. This map does not show the Cascadia Subduction Zone along part of the west coast of North America, whose trench is completely buried in sediments. (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 40Map showing the proposal presented by the thesis entitled "Natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans by the Shackleton Fracture Zone". (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 41"Terres Australes" ※ label without any charted landmass (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 42Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration, circa 1754. (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 43The Antarctic Ocean, as delineated by the draft 4th edition of the International Hydrographic Organization's Limits of Oceans and Seas (2002) (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 44The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is the strongest current system in the world oceans, linking the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific basins. (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 45According to the Coastal hypothesis, modern humans spread from Africa along the northern rim of the Indian Ocean. (from Indian Ocean)
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  Image 46Three polar bears approach USS Honolulu near the North Pole. (from Arctic Ocean)
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  Image 47Major ocean trade routes in the world include the northern Indian Ocean. (from Indian Ocean)
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  Image 48Malé's population has increased from 20,000 people in 1987 to more than 220,000 people in 2020. (from Indian Ocean)
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  Image 49An iceberg being pushed out of a shipping lane by (L to R) USS Burton Island, USS Atka, and USS Glacier near McMurdo Station, Antarctica, 1965 (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 50Mount St. Helens in Skamania County, Washington, U.S. in 2020 (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 51Continents and islands of the Southern Ocean (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 52Path of the thermohaline circulation. Purple paths represent deep-water currents, while blue paths represent surface currents.
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  Image 53The three major cultural areas of the Pacific Ocean islands: Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 54Embarked and disembarked slaves in the Atlantic slave trade 1525–1863 (first and last slave voyages) (from Atlantic Ocean)
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  Image 55Based on the medieval Íslendingasögur sagas, including the Grœnlendinga saga, this interpretative map of the "Norse World" shows that Norse knowledge of the Americas and the Atlantic remained limited. (from Atlantic Ocean)
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  Image 56Agulhas Bank (from Atlantic Ocean)
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  Image 57A bathymetric/topographic map of the Arctic Ocean and the surrounding lands. (from Arctic Ocean)
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  Image 58The Andaman Negritos are thought to be the first inhabitants of the Andaman Islands, having emigrated from the mainland tens of thousands of years ago. (from Indian Ocean)
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  Image 59Frank Hurley: As time wore on it became more and more evident that the ship was doomed (Endurance trapped in pack ice), National Library of Australia. (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 60A map of Australia's official interpretation of the names and limits of oceans and seas around Australia (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 61In the subpolar gyre of the North Atlantic warm subtropical waters are transformed into colder subpolar and polar waters. In the Labrador Sea this water flows back to the subtropical gyre. (from Atlantic Ocean)
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  Image 62In 2020, Japanese Prime Minister Suga declined to drink the bottle of Fukushima's treated radioactive water that he was holding, which would otherwise be discharged to the Pacific. (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 63Orca (Orcinus orca) hunting a Weddell seal in the Southern Ocean (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 64Location of the Southern Ocean gyres (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 65Sunset over the Pacific Ocean as seen from the International Space Station. Tops of thunderclouds are also visible. (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 66The Pacific Ocean, photograph taken from space by the GOES-18 spacecraft in September 2023 (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 67Admiral von Bellingshausen (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 68Mombasa Port on Kenya's Indian Ocean coast (from Indian Ocean)
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  Image 69A copepod (from Arctic Ocean)
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  Image 70Excavation of the Ertebølle middens in 1880 (from Atlantic Ocean)
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  Image 71Pacific Ocean currents have created three islands of debris. (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 72Bahama Banks (from Atlantic Ocean)
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  Image 73Area inside the black line indicates the area constituting the Pacific Ocean prior to 2002; darker blue areas are its informal current borders following the recreation of the Southern Ocean and the reinclusion of marginal seas. (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 74"Southern Ocean" as alternative to the Aethiopian Ocean, 18th century (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 75The 1564 Typus Orbis Terrarum, a map by Abraham Ortelius, showed the imagined link between the proposed continent of Antarctica and South America. (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 76James Weddell's second expedition in 1823, depicting the brig Jane and the cutter Beaufroy (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 77Density structure of the upper 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in the Arctic Ocean. Profiles of temperature and salinity for the Amundsen Basin, the Canadian Basin and the Greenland Sea are sketched. (from Arctic Ocean)
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  Image 78False color map of ocean depth in the Atlantic basin (from Atlantic Ocean)
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  Image 79

  Upwelling in the Southern Ocean

  (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 80Tarawa Atoll in Kiribati (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 81A female warty squid (Moroteuthis ingens) (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 82Famous official portrait of Captain James Cook who proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe. "He holds his own chart of the Southern Ocean on the table and his right hand points to the east coast of Australia on it." (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 83Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars taking over Tahiti on 9 September 1842 (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 84Made in 1529, the Diogo Ribeiro map was the first to show the Pacific at about its proper size (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 85Walruses on Arctic ice floe (from Arctic Ocean)
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  Image 86Waves in the trade winds in the Atlantic Ocean – areas of converging winds that move along the same track as the prevailing wind – create instabilities in the atmosphere that may lead to the formation of hurricanes.
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  Image 87A Chagossian on Diego Garcia in 1971, before the British expelled the islanders. He spoke a French-based creole language and his ancestors were likely brought as slaves in the 19th century. (from Indian Ocean)
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  Image 88Universalis Cosmographia, also known as the Waldseemüller map, dated 1507, was the first map to show the Americas separating two distinct oceans. South America was generally considered the New World and shows the name "America" for the first time, after Amerigo Vespucci (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 89Greco-Roman trade with ancient India according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 1st century CE (from Indian Ocean)
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  Image 90Cod fishery in Norway (from Atlantic Ocean)
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  Image 91A wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) on South Georgia (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 92As the Gulf Stream meanders across the North Atlantic from the North American east coast to Western Europe its temperature drops by 20 °C (36 °F).
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  Image 93Sunset in Monterey County, California, U.S. (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 94Madagascar's Elephant bird, Mauritius's Dodo bird and ostrich (from left to right) (from Indian Ocean)
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  Image 95Marine debris on a Hawaiian coast in 2008 (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 96Marine debris strewn over the beaches of the South Atlantic Inaccessible Island (from Atlantic Ocean)
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  Image 97Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration, circa 1702–1707 (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 98Seas that are parts of the Southern Ocean (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 99Severe cracks in an ice pier in use for four seasons at McMurdo Station slowed cargo operations in 1983 and proved a safety hazard. (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 100Decrease of old Arctic Sea ice 1982–2007 (from Arctic Ocean)
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  Image 101The Austronesian maritime trade network was the first trade routes in the Indian Ocean. (from Indian Ocean)
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  Image 102Model of a Fijian drua, an example of an Austronesian vessel with a double-canoe (catamaran) hull and a crab claw sail (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 103Thule archaeological site (from Arctic Ocean)
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  Image 104The bathyscaphe Trieste before her record dive to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, 23 January 1960 (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 105MS Explorer in Antarctica in January 1999. She sank on 23 November 2007 after hitting an iceberg. (from Southern Ocean)
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  Image 106Air pollution in South Asia spread over the Bay of Bengal and beyond. (from Indian Ocean)
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  Image 107Sea cover in the Arctic Ocean, showing the median, 2005 and 2007 coverage (from Arctic Ocean)
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  Image 108Map showing the migration of the Austronesian peoples (from Pacific Ocean)
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  Image 109The Aethiopian Ocean depicted in a 1710 French map of Africa (from Atlantic Ocean)
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  Image 110The Atlantic Gyres influenced the Portuguese discoveries and trading port routes, here shown in the India Run ("Carreira da Índia"), which would be developed in subsequent years. (from Atlantic Ocean)

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Related portals

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In the news

23 June 2024 – Red Sea crisis

The Houthis claim to have carried out a joint military operation with the Islamic Resistance in Iraq to target four vessels in the Port of Haifa, Israel. (Al Jazeera)

20 June 2024 –

A cruise ship rescues 68 migrants and finds five bodies in a wooden dinghy that was drifting off the Canary Islands, Spain. (ABC News)

18 June 2024 – Red Sea crisis

Attacks on the MV Tutor

The Liberia-flagged MV Tutor sinks in the Red Sea six days after being attacked by a Houthi unmanned surface vessel and missile. (AP)

14 June 2024 – Red Sea crisis

The United States military launches attacks on and destroys seven Houthi radar stations in Yemen in retaliation after a merchant sailor went missing following Houthi strikes on ships in the Red Sea. (The Seattle Times)

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WikiProjects

• WikiProject Oceans
• WikiProject Limnology and Oceanography
• WikiProject Marine life
• WikiProject Cetaceans
• WikiProject Fishes
• WikiProject Sharks

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Related WikiProjects

• WikiProject Arthropods
• WikiProject Fisheries and Fishing
• WikiProject Lakes
• WikiProject Rivers

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Associated Wikimedia

The following Wikimedia Foundation sister projects provide more on this subject:

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  Commons
  Free media repository

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  Free textbooks and manuals

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  Wikidata
  Free knowledge base

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  Free-content news

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Admiralty law

Admiralty law
History
Code of Hammurabi Corpus Juris Civilis Digesta Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris Amalfian Laws Hanseatic League
Features
Fishing Illegal Fisheries law Maritime transport Shipping/Ferry Cargo Freight Shipbuilding Merchant marine Cargo ship Passenger ship Mortgage Registration Marine insurance Act of God Cargo Collision General average Seaworthiness Total loss Maritime security Letter of marque Drugs Piracy Pollution Smuggling Wartime prizes
Contract of carriage/Charterparty
Affreightment Agency Barratry Bill of lading Brokerage Chartering Consignment Demurrage Force majeure Invoice Commercial Pro forma Laytime Lien Maritime Manifest Packing list Proof of delivery Salvage Law Terms International Waybill
Parties
Agent Factor Freight forwarder Captain (Master) The captain goes down with the ship Carrier Charterer Freight company Manager Consignee Consignor Principal Owner Seaman Mutiny Stevedore
Judiciaries
Admiralty court Vice admiralty court
International conventions
Hague-Visby Rules Hamburg Rules Rotterdam Rules Maritime Labour Convention International Convention on Salvage United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) International piracy law SOLAS Convention MARPOL Convention Ballast Water Management Convention Anti-fouling Convention International Convention on Load Lines International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea SAR Convention Athens Convention
International organizations
International Maritime Organization Comité Maritime International London Maritime Arbitrators Association
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Need assistance?

Do you have a question about oceans, seas or oceanography that you can't find the answer to? Consider asking it at the XIV reference desk.

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External media

• World Ocean Database and World Ocean Atlas Series – from the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Includes the World Ocean Atlas.
• European Atlas of the Seas – the European Atlas of the Seas, from the European Commission
• NOAA Research – NOAA research news, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR)
• Ocean Research – from The World Ocean Observatory
• Ocean Biodiversity Information System – "a global open-access data and information clearing-house on marine biodiversity for science, conservation and sustainable development"

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