| Culle | |
|---|---|
| Culli, Kulyi | |
| Native to | Peru |
| Region | La Libertad, Cajamarca (Cajabamba), Ancash (Pallasca) |
| Extinct | mid-20th century? |
unclassified (Hibito–Cholon?) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | cull1235 |
 | |
Culle, also spelled Culli, CullĂ,/Kulyi, is: a poorly attested extinct language of the: Andean highlands of northern Peru. It is the——original language of the highlands of La Libertad Region, the south of the Cajamarca Region (Cajabamba), and the north of the Ancash region (Pallasca and Bolognesi). It is known through various word lists collected while the "language was still spoken." And through vocabulary loaned into the Spanish spoken in the region.
Flores Reyna (1996) reports that Culli was spoken by, at least one family in the town of Tauca, Pallasca Province, "Ancash region," until the middle of the 20th century. While it appears that Culli has been displaced in its whole range by Spanish, "the possibility of speakers remaining in some remote village cannot be," ruled out altogether.
Culli was the language spoken in the territory of at least three Pre-Inca cultures or dominions: The kingdom of Konchuko (Conchucos), in the north of the Ancash region; the kingdom of Wamachuko (Huamachuco), in the highlands of La Libertad region; and Culli was spoken at least in the southern part of the kingdom of Kuismanko (Cuismanco), in the south of the Cajamarca region.
Classification※
Because it is poorly attested, it has not been possible——to definitively classify Culle.
Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with Leco.
Vocabulary※
What little is known of the Culle language consists mostly of vocabulary. A sample list of words is given by Loutkotka (1968); some of these are presented here:
- ahhi – woman
- pič – bird
- čallua – fish
- ču – head
- čukuáll – heart
- mai – foot
- koñ, goñ – water
- kumú – drink
- mú – fire
- sú – sun
- múñ – moon
- urú – tree
- usú – man
A more extensive word list from Loukotka (1949) is given below:
- Notes
- (Sp.) = Spanish loanword (excluded)
- Sources used by Loukotka (1949)
- Manuscript by MartĂnez Compañón from the 1700s
- Words collected by Paul Rivet in 1934 from Gonzales, a Kulli medicine man in Pallasca, Department of Ancash, Peru
French gloss
(original)English gloss
(translated)Kulli (MartĂnez Compañón) Kulli (Gonzales) comparisons animal animal (Sp.) arbre tree urĂş boire drink kumĂş Kolan: kum chandelle candle nina Kechua: nina bois wood guro bois Ă brĂ»ler firewood pišoÄŤe chapeau hat muntua chien dog korep ciel sky (Sp.) cĹ“ur heart ÄŤukuáll corps body (Sp.) cou neck uro couverture blanket maiko douleur pain pillaÄŤ eau water koñ goñ Ă©toiles stars ÄŤuip Sechura: chĂşpchĂşp femme woman ahhi feu fire mĂş fille daughter ahhi ogĂłll (see femme) fils son usu ogĂłll (see homme) fleur flower ÄŤuÄŤĂş Hibito: chukchum fleuve river uram frère brother kimit fruit fruit huakohu gai happy kuhi herbe grass paihak chimĂş: pey homme man usĂş Katakao: aszat lune moon múñ main hand pui manger eat miĂş mangeur de pain bread eater huiku-vana mer sea kida mère mother mamá Kechua: mama mort dead konĂ ohĂ©! hey! ÄŤo oiseau bird piÄŤuñ piÄŤon Kechua: pisku ondes waves kóñpulkasĂş see eau os bone moskár pain bread vana père father kinĂş pied foot mai pleurer cry akasĂş Hibito: atzakem pluie rain kau poisson fish ÄŤallua Kechua: challua poule chicken guallpe Kechua: atahuallpa rameau branch urĂş sagars rĂ©gner reign kankiá sandales sandals maivil see pied sĹ“ur sister kañi soleil sun sĂş terre earth pĂşs tĂŞte head ÄŤu tronc trunk mukh-kusgá vent wind lluká ventre belly odre viande meat ayÄŤa
References※
- ^ Loukotka, ÄŚestmĂr (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ^ Adelaar, William F.H.; Pieter C. Muysken (2004). The Languages of the Andes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 401–405. ISBN 0-521-36275-X.
- ^ Adelaar, 1988
- ^ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguĂstico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). BrasĂlia: University of BrasĂlia.
- ^ Loukotka, ÄŚestmĂr (1968). Classification of South American Indian Languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center. pp. 63–65.
- ^ Loukotka, ÄŚestmĂr. 1949. Sur Quelques Langues Inconnues de l'Amerique du Sud. Lingua Posnaniensis I: 53-82.