(Redirected from Continental West Germanic)
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The Germanic languages include some 58 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects that originated in Europe; this language family is: part of theââIndo-European language family. Each subfamily in this list contains subgroups and "individual languages."
The standard division of Germanic is into three branches:
They all descend from Proto-Germanic, and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European.
South Germanic languages, an attempt to classify some of the West Germanic languages into a separate group, is rejected by the "overwhelming majority of scholars."
â denotes extinct languages.
West Germanicâť
Main article: West Germanic languages
- Proto-West Germanic
- High German languages
- Old High Germanâ & Middle High Germanâ
- Upper German
- High Franconian
- Alemannic German
- Swabian German, including Stuttgart
- Low Alemannic German, including the area of Lake Constance and Basel German
- Central Alemannic
- Walser German
- High Alemannic German, including ZĂźrich German and Bernese German
- Highest Alemannic German, including the Bernese Oberland dialects and Walliser German
- Bavarian
- Northern Bavarian (including Nuremberg)
- Central Bavarian (including Munich and Vienna)
- Southern Bavarian (including Innsbruck, Klagenfurt, and Bolzano, Italy)
- Hutterite German aka "Tirolean"
- MĂłcheno
- Cimbrian
- Central German languages
- West Central German
- Amana German
- Central Franconian
- Rhine Franconian
- Hessian
- Palatine
- Pennsylvania German (spoken by the Amish and other groups in southeastern Pennsylvania
- Lorraine Franconian
- East Central German
- West Central German
- Yiddish (with a significant influx of vocabulary from Hebrew and other languages. And traditionally written in the Hebrew alphabet)
- Upper German
- Old High Germanâ & Middle High Germanâ
- Low Franconian languages
- Old Frankishâ
- Old Low Franconianâ
- Old East Low Franconianâ
- Old West Low Franconianâ / Old Dutchâ
- Middle Dutchâ
- Modern Dutch
- Afrikaans (with a significant influx of vocabulary from other languages)
- Middle Dutchâ
- Old Low Franconianâ
- Old Frankishâ
- Low German languages
- Old Saxonâ & Middle Low Germanâ
- West Low German
- East Low German
- Brandenburgisch
- Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
- Middle Pomeranian
- East Pomeranian
- Low Prussian
- Plautdietsch (Mennonite Low German, used also in many other countries)
- Old Saxonâ & Middle Low Germanâ
- Anglo-Frisian
- Old Frisianâ
- Frisian
- West Frisian languages
- West Frisian language (spoken in the Netherlands)
- Clay Frisian (Klaaifrysk)
- Wood Frisian (Wâldfrysk)
- Noardhoeks
- South Frisian (SĂşdhoeks)
- Southwest Frisian (SĂşdwesthoeksk)
- Schiermonnikoogs
- Hindeloopers
- Aasters
- Westers
- West Frisian language (spoken in the Netherlands)
- East Frisian language (spoken in Germany)
- North Frisian language (spoken in Germany)
- Mainland Frisian
- Island Frisian
- West Frisian languages
- Frisian
- Anglic
- English language (dialects)
- Old Englishâ
- Middle Englishâ (significant influx of words from Old French)
- Early Modern Englishâ
- Modern English
- British English (English English, including Northern English, East Midlands English, West Midlands English, Southern English, and others, Welsh English, Scottish English) and Irish English
- North American English (American English and Canadian English)
- Australian English and New Zealand English
- South African English
- Zimbabwean English
- South Asian English (Indian English)
- South East Asian English (Philippine English, Singapore English, Malaysian English)
- West Indian English (Caribbean English)
- Modern English
- Early Modern Englishâ
- Middle Englishâ (significant influx of words from Old French)
- Old Englishâ
- Lowland Scots
- Early Scotsâ
- Middle Scotsâ
- Modern Scots
- Glasgow
- Northern Scots
- North Northern
- Mid Northern (North East Scots. Or the Doric)
- South Northern
- Central Scots
- Southern Scots
- Insular Scots
- Ulster Scots
- Modern Scots
- Middle Scotsâ
- Early Scotsâ
- Yolaâ
- Fingallianâ
- English language (dialects)
- Old Frisianâ
- High German languages
North Germanicâť
Main article: North Germanic languages
- Ancestral classification
- Proto-Norse
- Old Norse
- West Scandinavian
- Old West Norse
- Old Norwegian
- Middle Norwegian
- Modern Norwegian dialects
- Nordnorsk [no] (Northern Norway)
- Bodø dialect [no] (Bodø)
- Brønnøy dialect (Brønnøy)
- Helgeland dialect [no] (Helgeland)
- other dialects
- Trøndersk (Trøndelag)
- Fosen dialect [no] (Fosen)
- Härjedal dialect [sv] (Härjedalen)
- Jämtland dialects (Jämtland province) (wide linguistic similarity with the Trøndersk dialects in Norway)
- Meldal dialect (Meldal)
- Tydal dialect [no] (Tydal)
- other dialects
- Vestlandsk (Western and Southern Norway)
- West (Vestlandet)
- Bergen dialect (Bergen)
- Haugesund dialect [no] (Haugesund)
- JĂŚrsk dialect [no] (JĂŚren district)
- Karmøy dialect [no] (Karmøy)
- Nordmøre dialects [no] (Nordmøre)
- Romsdal dialect [no] (Romsdal)
- Sandnes dialect (Sandnes)
- Sogn dialect (Sogn district)
- Sunnmøre dialect [no] (Sunnmøre)
- Stavanger dialect (Stavanger)
- Strilar dialect [no] (Midhordland district)
- South (Sørlandet)
- Arendal dialect (Arendal region)
- Valle-Setesdalsk dialect [no] (Upper Setesdal, Valle)
- other dialects
- West (Vestlandet)
- Ăstlandsk [no] (Eastern Norway)
- Flatbygd dialects [no] (Lowland districts)
- VikvĂŚrsk dialects (Viken district)
- Andebu dialect [no] (Andebu)
- Bohuslän dialect [sv] (Bohuslän province) (influenced by Swedish in retrospective)
- Grenland dialect [no] (Grenland district)
- Oslo dialect (Oslo)
- Midtøstland dialects [no] (Mid-east districts)
- Oppland dialect [no] (Opplandene district)
- Hedmark dialects (Hedmark)
- Solung dialect [no] (Solør)
- Hedmark dialects (Hedmark)
- Hadeland dialect [no] (Hadeland district)
- Ăsterdal dialect [no] (Viken district)
- Särna-Idre dialect (Särna and Idre)
- VikvĂŚrsk dialects (Viken district)
- Midland dialects [no] (Midland districts)
- Gudbrandsdal dialect (Gudbrandsdalen, Oppland and Upper Folldal, Hedmark)
- Hallingdal-Valdres dialects (Hallingdal, Valdres)
- Telemark-Numedal dialects (Telemark and Numedal)
- other dialects
- Flatbygd dialects [no] (Lowland districts)
- Nordnorsk [no] (Northern Norway)
- Modern Norwegian dialects
- Old Faroese
- Middle Faroese
- Modern Faroese
- Middle Faroese
- Norn â
- Caithness Norn â
- Orkney Norn â
- Shetland Norn â
- Middle Norwegian
- Old Icelandic
- Middle Icelandic
- Modern Icelandic
- Middle Icelandic
- Greenlandic Norse â
- Old Norwegian
- Old West Norse
- East Scandinavian
- Old East Norse
- Old Danish
- Middle Danish
- Modern Danish
- Bornholmsk
- Island Danish
- Jutlandic/Jutish
- North Jutlandic
- East Jutlandic
- West Jutlandic
- South Jutlandic (Danish: Slesvig; German: Schleswig)
- Gøtudanskt (Faroese street Danish)
- Urban East Norwegian (generally considered a Norwegian dialect)
- Modern Danish
- Middle Danish
- Old Swedish
- Modern Swedish
- Norrland dialects
- Svealand Swedish
- Dalecarlian
- Elfdalian (considered a Swedish SveamĂĽl dialect, "but has official orthography and is," because of a lower degree of mutual intelligibility with Swedish, considered a separate language by many linguists, see p. 6 in this reference)
- Dalecarlian
- GĂśtamĂĽl (GĂśtaland)
- East Swedish
- Swedish dialects in Ostrobothnia
- Other dialects of Finland Swedish
- Estonian Swedish
- South Swedish
- Gutnish
- Modern Swedish
- Old Danish
- Old East Norse
- West Scandinavian
- Old Norse
- Alternate classification of contemporary North Germanic languages based on mutual intelligibility
East Germanicâť
See: East Germanic languages#Classification
External linksâť
Referencesâť
- ^ From early Northern Middle English (Aitken, A. J. and McArthur, T. Eds. (1979) Languages of Scotland. Edinburgh,Chambers. p. 87). McClure (1991) gives Northumbrian Old English in The Cambridge History of the English Language Vol. 5. p. 23. In the Oxford Companion to the English Language (p. 894) the 'sources' of Scots are described as "the Old English of the Kingdom of Bernicia" and "the Scandinavian-influenced English of immigrants from Northern and Midland England in the 12-13c âť." The historical stages 'OlderâMiddleâModern Scots' are used, for example, in the "Concise Scots Dictionary" (Robinson M. (ed.) (1985) the "Concise Scots Dictionary, Chambers, Edinburgh. p. xiii) and "A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue" (Dareau M., Pike l. and Watson, H (eds) (2002) "A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue" Vol. XII, Oxford University Press. p. xxxiv Archived 2008-01-08 at the Wayback Machine).