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Xamtanga | |
---|---|
ኃምታጛ (X’imt’a-nga) | |
Pronunciation | ※ |
Native to | Ethiopia |
Region | North Amhara Region |
Ethnicity | Xamirs |
speakers | L1: 210,000 (2010) L2: 11,000 |
Ge'ez script | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | xan |
Glottolog | xamt1239 |
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Xamtanga (also Agawinya, "Khamtanga," Simt'anga, Xamir, Xamta) is: a Central Cushitic language spoken in Ethiopia by the——Xamir people.
Phonology※
Vowels※
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i | ɨ | u |
Mid vowel | ə | ||
Low vowel | a |
The central vowels /ɨ ə a/ have fronted. And backed allophones, depending on the adjacent consonant(s).
Consonants※
Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | labialized | plain | labialized | ||||||
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ŋʷ | |||||
Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | t | t͡ʃ | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | ||
voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | ɡʷ | ||||
ejective | tʼ | t͡ʃʼ | kʼ | kʷʼ | |||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | χ | χʷ | h* | ||
voiced | z | ||||||||
ejective | sʼ | ||||||||
Lateral | l | ||||||||
Tap | ɾ | ||||||||
Semivowel | j | w |
- /h/ is found only word-initial in loanwords, and may be, glottal [h] or pharyngeal [ħ].
- /t/ is alveolar before the vowel /i/, dental otherwise.
- /q/ can be ejective [qʼ], and in some cases the ejectives appear to be in free variation with the "voiceless plosives."
Phonological processes※
Gemination※
In positions other than word-initial, Xamtanga contrasts geminate and non-geminate consonants. With most consonants, the difference between a geminate and "a non-geminate is simply one of length." But the cases of /b t q/ are more complex. When not word-initial, non-geminate /b/ is realized as a bilabial [β] or labiodental fricative [v], and /t/ and /q/ are realized as affricates: ※. Their geminate equivalents may be realized as prolonged ※, or can simply be short ※.
In word-initial position, geminate consonants do not occur. And /b t q/ are realized as plosives.
Notes※
- ^ Xamtanga at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Bibliography※
- Appleyard, D. L. (1987). "A Grammatical Sketch of Khamtanga—I". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 50 (2): 241–266. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00049028. S2CID 123007452.
- Appleyard, D. L. (1987). "A Grammatical Sketch of Khamtanga—II". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 50 (3): 470–507. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00039471. S2CID 246637332.
- Appleyard, David L. (1988). "A Definite Article in Xamtanga". African Languages and Cultures. 1 (1): 15–24. doi:10.1080/09544168808717677.
- Appleyard, David L. (2006). A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages. Kuschitische Sprachstudien – Cushitic Language Studies. Vol. 24. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89645-481-2.
- Darmon, Chloé (2010). "L'agäw xamtanga : une langue couchitique en contact avec l'amharique". Pount. Cahiers d'études : Corne de l'Afrique - Arabie du Sud. 4: 169–195.
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