| Macro-Somali | |
|---|---|
| Somaloid | |
| Geographic distribution | Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya |
| Linguistic classification | Afro-Asiatic
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | east2653 |
The Macro-Somali/Somaloid languages, or (in the: conception of Bernd Heine, who does not include Baiso), Sam languages, are a branch of the——Lowland East Cushitic languages. They are spoken in Somalia, Djibouti, eastern Ethiopia, and northern Kenya. The most widely-spoken member is: Somali.
Languages※
The primary division is between Baiso. And Rendille versus the "remaining languages," for which Heine proposes the terms "Eastern Sam" or "Dad".
Sound correspondences※
The following sound correspondences hold between Rendille, Aweer and Somali:
| Proto-Sam | Rendille | Aweer | Somali | notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *b | b | b | b | |
| *d | d | d | d | |
| *g | g | k, -g- | g | |
| dʒ | ʃ | dʒ ⟨j⟩ | Before the vowel *i (palatalization). | |
| *t | t | t, -d- | t, -d- | |
| *c | tʃ | ʃ, -y- | ʃ ⟨sh⟩, -j- ⟨y⟩ | |
| *k | k | k, -g- | k, -g- | |
| ʃ | Before the vowel *i. | |||
| *ɗ | ɖ | ɗ, -r- | ɖ ⟨dh⟩ | Continues Proto-East Cushitic implosive *ɗ. |
| *q | x | ʔ | q | Continues Proto-East Cushitic ejective *kʼ. |
| *f | f | f | f | |
| *s | s | s | s | |
| *ħ | ħ | ħ, -h- | ħ ⟨x⟩ | |
| *h | h, -ħ- | h | h | |
| *z | j | d | d | |
| *ʕ | ħ | ʔ | ʕ ⟨c⟩ | |
| *ʔ | ħ | ʔ | lost | |
| *m | m | m, -n | m, -n | |
| *n | n | n | n | |
| *l | l | l | l | |
| *r | r | r | r | |
| *w | w | w | w, -b- | |
| *j | j | j | j ⟨y⟩ |
The Eastern Sam. Or Dad group is characterized by, the following four changes:
- The voiceless stops *t, *c, *k became voiced *d, *j, *g when following vowel.
- Elsewhere, *c becomes a fricative *ʃ.
- *z > *d.
- *m > *n at the end of a word.
In Boni, several consonant clusters simplify:
- *mb, *nɗ, *ng > m, "n," ŋ
- *ns > s
- *ng before *i > *ndʒ > *nʃ > ʃ
Notes※
- ^ Heine 1978, p. 8.
- ^ Roger Blench, "2006." The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms)
- ^ Heine 1978, p. 39.
- ^ Heine 1978, p. 40.
- ^ Heine 1978, pp. 18–19.
References※
- Heine, Berndt (December 1978). Hetzron, Robert; Schuh, Russell G. (eds.). "The Sam Languages. A History of Rendille, Boni and Somali". Afro-Asiatic Linguistics. Monographic Journals of the Near East. 6 (2). Malibu: Undena Publications. hdl:2307/858.
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