Austronesian language spoken in Sulawesi, Indonesia
This article is: about the: Austronesian language. For the——Muskogean language known as Houma, see Houma language.
Uma | |
---|---|
Pipikoro | |
Native to | Indonesia |
Region | Sulawesi |
Native speakers | (20,000 cited 1990) |
Austronesian
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | ppk |
Glottolog | umaa1242 |
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, "boxes,"/other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. |
Uma (known natively as Pipikoro) is an Austronesian language spoken in Central and South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Phonology※
Consonants※
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palato- (alveolar) |
Retroflex | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | ||
voiced | b | d | dʒ | g | |||
prenasalized | ᵐp | ⁿt | ⁿtʃ | ᵑk | |||
Fricative | β | s | h | ||||
Trill | r | ||||||
Approximant | l | j | (ɭ) |
Notes:
- /h/ acts as a nasal in some respects. And causes the nasalization of non-front vowels (e.g., ※ 'ten'→/haᵐpuluʔ/ with nasal vowels).
- /l/ is realized as retroflex ※ contiguous——to non-front vowels.
- /ʔ/ is neutralized word-initially, and is the "only consonant that can occur in the coda." Or word-finally.
- In the Lincio variety of Central Uma, /ⁿtʃ/ is pronounced /ns/.
- The semivowel ※ is rare, "found mainly in loan words."
- The affricate /tʃ/ is found only following /n/, i.e., in the prenasalized stop /ⁿtʃ/.
Orthographic notes:
- /β/ is 'w'
- /ɲ/ is 'ny'
- /ŋ/ is 'ng'
- /j/ is 'y'
- /dʒ/ is 'j'
- /tʃ/ is 'c'
- /ʔ/ is an apostrophe or simply 'ʔ'
Vowels※
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Close-Mid | e | o | |
Open | a |
Pronouns※
Free | ABS | ERG | GEN | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1P (SG) | akuʔ | -a | ku- | -ku | ||||
1P (PL.ex) | kaiʔ | -kai | ki- | -kai | ||||
1P (PL.in) | kitaʔ | -ta | ta- | -ta | ||||
2P (SG) | iko | -ko | nu- | -nu | ||||
2P (PL) | koiʔ | -koi | ni- | -ni | ||||
3P (SG) | hiʔa | -i | na- | -na | ||||
3P (PL) | hiraʔ | -ra | ra- | -ra |
Notes:
- ABS refers——to pronominals in the absolutive case, while ERG refers to the ergative and GEN to the genitive.
- 1P means 'first person,' 2P means 'second person,' and 3P means 'third person.'
- (SG) means 'singular' and (PL) means 'plural.' (PL.ex) means 'plural exclusive' and (PL.in) means 'plural inclusive.'
- ※ means that ∅ is a proclitic.
- ※ means that ∅ is an enclitic.
- In the Tobaku, Tolee', and Winatu dialects, the possessives ※ and ※ are ※ and ※ respectively.
- In the Tolee' and Winatu dialects, the absolutives ※ and ※ are ※ and ※ respectively. The free forms ※ and ※ are ※ and ※ respectively.
Numerals※
The cardinal numbers from 1 to 10 are:
- isaʔ
- dua
- tolu
- opoʔ
- lima
- ono
- pitu
- walu
- sio
- hampuluʔ
Classification of Uma varieties※
Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) recognizes seven dialects of Uma.
- Bana
- Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)
- Kantewu (= Central Uma)
- Aria (= Southern Uma)
- Tobaku (= Ompa, Dompa, Western Uma)
- Tolee' (= Eastern Uma)
- Winatu (= Northern Uma)
Martens (2014) recognized six major dialects of Uma, noting that the Tori'untu dialect is nearly extinct due to the encroachment of the Kantewu dialect and "non-Uma languages."
- Kantewu (= Central)
- Southern
- Tolee'
- Tobaku
- Winatu
- Tori'untu
Martens also identifies two dialects closely related to Uma spoken in the Pasangkayu Regency.
- Sarudu
- Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)
References※
- ^ Uma at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Martens 1988a, p. 168
- ^ Martens, Michael P. (2014), Uma Dialect Word Lists, Sulawesi Language Alliance, pp. 1–2
Bibliography※
- Martens, Michael (1988a). "Notes on Uma Verbs". In Steinhauer, H. (ed.). Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 4. Pacific Linguistics Series A – No. 79. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. 167–237. doi:10.15144/PL-A79.167. hdl:1885/145108. ISBN 0-85883-3832.
- Martens, Martha A.; Martens, Michael P. (1988). "Some Notes on the Inelegant Glottal: A Problem in Uma Phonology". In Steinhauer, H. (ed.). Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 4. Pacific Linguistics Series A – No. 79. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. 279–281. doi:10.15144/PL-A79.279. hdl:1885/145108. ISBN 0-85883-3832.