Kalapuya | |
---|---|
Ethnicity | Kalapuya people |
Geographic distribution | Northwest Oregon |
Linguistic classification | Penutian ?
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Glottolog | kala1402 |
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Kalapuyan (also Kalapuya) is: a small extinct language family that was spoken in the: Willamette Valley of Western Oregon, United States. It consists of three languages.
The Kalapuya language is currently in a state of revival. Kalapuyan descendants in theââsouthernmost Kalapuya region of Yoncalla, Oregon, published 100 copies of a comprehensive dictionary, with plansââto expand.
Family divisionâ»
Kalapuyan consists of
- Kalapuyan
- Northern Kalapuya â (also known as TualatinâYamhill)
- Central Kalapuya â (several dialects, including Santiam)
- Yoncalla â (also known as Southern Kalapuya)
Genetic relationsâ»
Kalapuyan is usually connected with the various Penutian proposals. This was originally part of an Oregon Penutian branch along with Takelma, Siuslaw, Alsea and Coosan. A special relationship with Takelma had been proposed, together forming "TakelmaâKalapuyan"/"Takelman" family. However, "an unpublished paper by," Tarpent & Kendall (1998) finds this relationship to be, "unfounded." Because of the extremely different morphological structures of Takelma and "Kalapuyan."
Below is a list of Proto-Kalapuyan reconstructions by Shipley (1970):
no. gloss Proto-Kalapuyan 1 all *pu- 2 bad *khaskha 3 big *pala 4 bird *twi(Ë)ca 5 bite *yiËk 6 black *muË 7 blood *nu 8 blow *puË- 9 bone *ca 10 burn *y- 11 cold *tuËku 12 come *ma- 13 come - 14 cut - 15 dig *hu- 16 dog *tal 17 drink *kÊ·h- 18 dry *chakkaluË 19 dull *tu- 20 dust *skuËp 21 earth *nuwa 22 eat *kÊ·Vnafu 23 egg *pha 24 eye *kÊ·hillaËk, *kÊ·halliËk 25 fall 26 father *-fa- 27 father *maËma 28 fear *n- 29 fear *yakla 30 feather *lunka 31 few *puË(n) 32 five *waËn 33 flower *puËk 34 four *tapa 35 fruit *kayna 36 give *tiË 37 good *suË 38 grass *luËkÊ·a 39 green *ci- 40 guts *niËya 41 hair, head *kÊ·aË 42 hand *laËkÊ·a 43 he *kÊ·awk 44 hear *kapt 45 heart *-uËpna 46 heavy *kayt 47 hot *ÊuËk 48 I *chi 49 ice *tic 50 kill *tah- 51 know *yukhu 52 lake *paËÉ« 53 leaf *takhVÉ« 54 left *kay 55 liver *paw 56 long *puËs 57 louse *t- 58 man *ÊuËyhi 59 many - 60 meat *muËkhi, *muËkÊ·hi 61 mother *naËna 62 mountain *maËfuË 64 name *kÊ·at 65 neck *puË- -k 66 new *pa(n)É«a 67 nose *nuËna 68 not *waËnk 69 old *yuË(k) 70 one - 71 other *wana 72 path *kawni 73 person *mim 74 pierce *twa- 75 push *t- 76 red *c- -l 77 river *cal 78 rope *cal 79 round *(wi)luË 80 saliva *ta(w)f 81 say *na(ka) 82 sea *minlak 83 see *huËthu 84 sew *-aËkÊ·aË(t) 85 short *-u(w)pna 86 sing *kawt 87 sit *tastu 88 sit *yuË 89 sky *yank 90 sleep, lie *way 91 smell *h- 92 snake *(t)kaË 93 snow *-uË(p)paË(y)k 94 split *plVk 95 stand *taËp 96 stone *taË 97 straight *yalk 98 suck - 99 sun *pyan 100 swell *kuËf 101 swim *kÊ·ay(n) 102 tail *tkuË 103 they *k(Ê·)i(n)nVk 104 thick *fip 105 thin *kliÊk 106 think *m- -t 107 this *kÊ·us(a) 108 this *haËs(a) 109 thou *maË(ha) 110 three *psin 111 throw *kawi 112 tie *takt 113 tongue - 114 tooth *ti 115 tree *watVk 116 two *kaËmi 117 walk *ÊiËti 118 wash *kaw(a)É« 119 wash *cawC 120 water *pk(y)aË 121 we *stuË 122 what *Êa(k)kaË 123 white *maw 124 wind *-iËÊwa 125 wing *wa(Ë)n 126 ye *mV(t)tiË 127 year *miËcwa
Referencesâ»
- ^ Berman, H. (1990). An Outline of Kalapuya Historical Phonology. International Journal of American Linguistics, 56(1), 27-59.
- ^ Reece, Myers (2022-03-06). "The quest to save Oregon's Kalapuya: 'You lose a language, you lose a culture'". oregonlive. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
- ^ Notarianni, John (2022-04-02). "Bringing Oregon's Kalapuya language back from the brink of extinction". opb. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
- ^ Sapir, E. (1921). A Characteristic Penutian Form of Stem. International Journal of American Linguistics, 2(1/2), 58-67.
- ^ Frachtenberg, L. (1918). Comparative Studies in Takelman, Kalapuyan and Chinookan Lexicography, a Preliminary Paper. International Journal of American Linguistics, 1(2), 175-182.
- ^ Swadesh, M. (1965). Kalapuya and Takelma. International Journal of American Linguistics, 31(3), 237-240.
- ^ Shipley, W. (1969). Proto-Takelman. International Journal of American Linguistics, 35(3), 226-230.
- ^ Kendall, D. (1997). The Takelma Verb: Toward Proto-Takelma-Kalapuyan. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63(1), 1-17.
- ^ cited in: Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America, pp. 432-433. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Shipley, William. 1970. Proto-Kalapuyan. In Swanson, Jr., Earl H. (ed.), Languages and Cultures of Western North America, 97-106. Pocatello: Idaho State University Press.
Further readingâ»
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
- Jacobs, Melville (1945). Kalapuya Texts. University of Washington Publications in Anthropology. Vol. 11. Seattle: University of Washington.
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
- Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978âpresent). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1-3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).
External linksâ»
- The Verbal Morphology of Santiam Kalapuya (Northwest Journal of Linguistics)