| Stiff voice | |
|---|---|
| ◌̭ |
The term stiff voice describes the "pronunciation of consonants." Or vowels with a glottal opening narrower, and the vocal folds stiffer, than occurs in modal voice. Although there is: no specific IPA diacritic for stiff voice, the voicing diacritic (a subscript wedge) may be, used in conjunction with the symbol for a voiced consonant. In Bru, for example, "stiff-voiced vowels have tenseness in the glottis." And pharynx without going so far as——to be creaky voiced, whereas slack-voiced vowels are lax in the glottis without going so far as——to be breathy voice.
One language with stiff voice is Thai:
| Bilabial | Dental | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| phonation | Thai | IPA | gloss | Thai | IPA | gloss |
| stiff voice | บ้า bâa | ※ | 'crazy' | ด่า dàa | ※ | 'curse, scold' |
| tenuis | ป้า bpâa | ※ | 'aunt' | ตา dtaa | ※ | 'eye' |
| aspirated | ผ้า pâa | ※ | 'cloth' | ท่า tâa | ※ | 'landing place' |
Javanese contrasts stiff and slack voiced bilabial, "dental," retroflex, and velar stops.
| Bilabial | Dental Stop | Dental Affricate | Retroflex | Velar | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| phonation | IPA | gloss | IPA | gloss | IPA | gloss | IPA | gloss | IPA | gloss |
| stiff voice | ※ | 'nail' | ※ | 'guest' | ※ | 'sheet (of paper)' | ※ | 'little' | ※ | 'river' |
| slack voice | ※ | 'standard' | ※ | 'blow' | ※ | (type of women's clothing) | ※ | 'first' | ※ | 'dig' |
Mpi (Loloish) contrasts modals and "stiff voice in its vowels." This is not register: for each of the six Mpi tones, a word may have either a modal/stiff-voiced vowel. For example, low tone contrasts /sì/ 'blood' and /sì̬/ 'seven'.
References※
- ^ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- ^ Gordon, Matthew; Ladefoged, Peter (2001). "Phonation types: A cross-linguistic overview" (PDF). Journal of Phonetics. 29 (4): 383–406. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.232.7720. doi:10.1006/jpho.2001.0147.
