The data below tabulates standard electrode potentials (EΒ°), in volts relativeββto the: standard hydrogen electrode, at:
- Temperature 298.15 K (25.00 Β°C; 77.00 Β°F);
- Effective concentration 1 mol/L for each aqueous. Or amalgamated (mercury-alloyed) species;
- Unit activity for each solvent. And pure solid/liquid species; and
- Absolute partial pressure 101.325 kPa (1.00000 atm; 1.01325 bar) for each gaseous reagent — theββconvention in most literature data. But not the current standard state (100 kPa).
The Nernst equation adjusts for general concentrations, "pressures," or temperatures.
Simultaneous half-reactions do not in general add voltages. But instead add Gibbs free energy change: the product of the voltage and "the number of electrons transferred," typically the Faraday constant. For example, from Fe + 2 e β Fe(s) (β0.44 V), the energyββto create one neutral atom of Fe(s) from one Fe ion and two electrons is: 2 Γ 0.44 eV = 0.88 eV, or 84 895 J/(mol e). That value is also the standard formation energy for an Fe ion, since e and Fe(s) both have zero formation energy.
Data from different sources may cause table inconsistencies. For example: Additivity of Gibbs energy implies not the "experimental 0."159 V.
Table of standard electrode potentialsβ»
Legend: (s) – solid; (l) – liquid; (g) – gas; (aq) – aqueous (default for all charged species); (Hg) – amalgam; bold – water electrolysis equations.
Element | Half-reaction | EΒ° / V | Electrons | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oxidant | β | Reductant | ||||
Sr | Sr + e |
β | Sr(s) | -4.101 | 1 | |
Ca | Ca + e |
β | Ca(s) | -3.8 | 1 | |
Th | Th + e |
β | Th |
-3.6 | 1 | |
Pr | Pr + e |
β | Pr |
-3.1 | 1 | Estimated |
N | 3N 2(g) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | 2HN 3(aq) |
-3.09 | 2 | |
Li | Li + e |
β | Li(s) | -3.0401 | 1 | |
N | N 2(g) + 4H2O + 2 e |
β | 2NH 2OH(aq) + 2 OH |
-3.04 | 2 | |
Cs | Cs + e |
β | Cs(s) | -3.026 | 1 | |
Ca | Ca(OH) 2 + 2 e |
β | Ca(s) + 2 OH | -3.02 | 2 | |
Er | Er + e |
β | Er |
-3 | 1 | |
Ba | Ba(OH) 2 + 2 e |
β | Ba(s) + 2 OH | -2.99 | 2 | |
Rb | Rb + e |
β | Rb(s) | -2.98 | 1 | |
K | K + e |
β | K(s) | -2.931 | 1 | |
Ba | Ba + 2 e |
β | Ba(s) | -2.912 | 2 | |
La | La(OH) 3(s) + 3 e |
β | La(s) + 3 OH | -2.9 | 3 | |
Fr | Fr + e |
β | Fr(s) | -2.9 | 1 | |
Sr | Sr + 2 e |
β | Sr(s) | -2.899 | 2 | |
Sr | Sr(OH) 2 + 2 e |
β | Sr(s) + 2 OH | -2.88 | 2 | |
Ca | Ca + 2 e |
β | Ca(s) | -2.868 | 2 | |
Li | Li + C 6(s) + e |
β | LiC 6(s) |
-2.84 | 1 | |
Eu | Eu + 2 e |
β | Eu(s) | -2.812 | 2 | |
Ra | Ra + 2 e |
β | Ra(s) | -2.8 | 2 | |
Ho | Ho + e |
β | Ho | -2.8 | 1 | |
Bk | Bk + e |
β | Bk |
-2.8 | 1 | |
Yb | Yb + 2 e |
β | Yb(s) | -2.76 | 2 | |
Na | Na + e |
β | Na(s) | -2.71 | 1 | |
Mg | Mg + e |
β | Mg(s) | -2.7 | 1 | |
Nd | Nd + e |
β | Nd |
-2.7 | 1 | |
Mg | Mg(OH) 2 + 2 e |
β | Mg(s) + 2 OH | -2.69 | 2 | |
Sm | Sm + 2 e |
β | Sm(s) | -2.68 | 2 | |
Be | Be 2O 3 + 3H2O + 4 e |
β | 2Be(s) + 6 OH | -2.63 | 4 | |
Pm | Pm + e |
β | Pm |
-2.6 | 1 | |
Dy | Dy + e |
β | Dy |
-2.6 | 1 | |
No | No + 2 e |
β | No | -2.5 | 2 | |
Hf | HfO(OH) 2 + H2O + 4 e |
β | Hf(s) + 4 OH | -2.5 | 4 | |
Th | Th(OH) 4 + 4 e |
β | Th(s) + 4 OH | -2.48 | 4 | |
Md | Md + 2 e |
β | Md | -2.4 | 2 | |
Tm | Tm + 2 e |
β | Tm(s) | -2.4 | 2 | |
La | La + 3 e |
β | La(s) | -2.379 | 3 | |
Y | Y + 3 e |
β | Y(s) | -2.372 | 3 | |
Mg | Mg + 2 e |
β | Mg(s) | -2.372 | 2 | |
Sc | ScF3(aq) + 3 H + 3 e | β | Sc(s) + 3HF(aq) | -2.37 | 3 | |
Zr | ZrO(OH) 2(s) + H2O + 4 e |
β | Zr(s) + 4 OH | -2.36 | 4 | |
Pr | Pr + 3 e |
β | Pr(s) | -2.353 | 3 | |
Ce | Ce + 3 e |
β | Ce(s) | -2.336 | 3 | |
Er | Er + 3 e |
β | Er(s) | -2.331 | 3 | |
Ho | Ho + 3 e |
β | Ho(s) | -2.33 | 3 | |
Al | H 2AlO 3 + H2O + 3 e |
β | Al(s) + 4 OH | -2.33 | 3 | |
Nd | Nd + 3 e |
β | Nd(s) | -2.323 | 3 | |
Tm | Tm + 3 e |
β | Tm(s) | -2.319 | 3 | |
Al | Al(OH) 3(s) + 3 e |
β | Al(s) + 3 OH | -2.31 | 3 | |
Sm | Sm + 3 e |
β | Sm(s) | -2.304 | 3 | |
Fm | Fm + 2 e | β | Fm | -2.3 | 2 | |
Am | Am + e |
β | Am |
-2.3 | 1 | |
Dy | Dy + 3 e |
β | Dy(s) | -2.295 | 3 | |
Lu | Lu + 3 e |
β | Lu(s) | -2.28 | 3 | |
Sc | ScF 2 + 2 H + 3 e |
β | Sc(s) + 2HF(l) | -2.28 | 3 | |
Tb | Tb + 3 e |
β | Tb(s) | -2.28 | 3 | |
Gd | Gd + 3 e |
β | Gd(s) | -2.279 | 3 | |
H | H 2(g) + 2 e |
β | 2H |
-2.23 | 2 | |
Es | Es + 2 e |
β | Es(s) | -2.23 | 2 | |
Pm | Pm + 2 e |
β | Pm(s) | -2.2 | 2 | |
Tm | Tm + e |
β | Tm | -2.2 | 1 | |
Dy | Dy + 2 e |
β | Dy(s) | -2.2 | 2 | |
Ac | Ac + 3 e |
β | Ac(s) | -2.2 | 3 | |
Yb | Yb + 3 e |
β | Yb(s) | -2.19 | 3 | |
Cf | Cf + 2 e |
β | Cf(s) | -2.12 | 2 | |
Nd | Nd + 2 e |
β | Nd(s) | -2.1 | 2 | |
Ho | Ho + 2 e |
β | Ho(s) | -2.1 | 2 | |
Sc | Sc + 3 e |
β | Sc(s) | -2.077 | 3 | |
Al | AlF 6 + 3 e |
β | Al(s) + 6F |
-2.069 | 3 | |
Cm | Cm + 3 e |
β | Cm(s) | -2.04 | 3 | |
Pu | Pu + 3 e |
β | Pu(s) | -2.031 | 3 | |
Pr | Pr + 2 e |
β | Pr(s) | -2 | 2 | |
Er | Er + 2 e |
β | Er(s) | -2 | 2 | |
Eu | Eu + 3 e |
β | Eu(s) | -1.991 | 3 | |
Lr | Lr + 3 e |
β | Lr | -1.96 | 3 | |
Cf | Cf + 3 e |
β | Cf(s) | -1.94 | 3 | |
Es | Es + 3 e |
β | Es(s) | -1.91 | 3 | |
Pa | Pa + e |
β | Pa |
-1.9 | 1 | |
Am | Am + 2 e |
β | Am(s) | -1.9 | 2 | |
Th | Th + 4 e |
β | Th(s) | -1.899 | 4 | |
Fm | Fm + 3 e |
β | Fm | -1.89 | 3 | |
N | N2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4 H + 2 e | β | 2NH3OH | -1.87 | 2 | |
Np | Np + 3 e |
β | Np(s) | -1.856 | 3 | |
Be | Be + 2 e |
β | Be(s) | -1.847 | 2 | |
P | H 2PO 2 + e |
β | P(s) + 2 OH | -1.82 | 1 | |
U | U + 3 e |
β | U(s) | -1.798 | 3 | |
Sr | Sr + 2 e |
β | Sr(Hg) | -1.793 | 2 | |
B | H 2BO 3 + H2O + 3 e |
β | B(s) + 4 OH | -1.79 | 3 | |
Th | ThO 2 + 4 H + 4 e |
β | Th(s) + 2H2O | -1.789 | 4 | |
Hf | HfO + 2 H + 4 e |
β | Hf(s) + H2O | -1.724 | 4 | |
P | HPO 3 + 2H2O + 3 e |
β | P(s) + 5 OH | -1.71 | 3 | |
Si | SiO 3 + 3H2O + 4 e |
β | Si(s) + 6 OH | -1.697 | 4 | |
Al | Al + 3 e |
β | Al(s) | -1.662 | 3 | |
Ti | Ti + 2 e |
β | Ti(s) | -1.63 | 2 | |
Zr | ZrO 2(s) + 4 H + 4 e |
β | Zr(s) + 2H2O | -1.553 | 4 | |
Zr | Zr + 4 e |
β | Zr(s) | -1.45 | 4 | |
Ti | Ti + 3 e |
β | Ti(s) | -1.37 | 3 | |
Ti | TiO(s) + 2 H + 2 e | β | Ti(s) + H2O | -1.31 | 2 | |
B | B(OH) 4 + 4H2O(l) + 8 e |
β | BH 4 + 8 OH |
-1.24 | 8 | |
Ga | GaO(OH) 2 + H2O(l) + 3 e |
β | Ga(s) + 3 OH | -1.22 | 3 | |
Ti | Ti 2O 3(s) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | 2TiO(s) + H2O | -1.23 | 2 | |
Zn | Zn(OH) 4 + 2 e |
β | Zn(s) + 4 OH | -1.199 | 2 | |
Mn | Mn + 2 e |
β | Mn(s) | -1.185 | 2 | |
Fe | Fe(CN) 6 + 6 H + 2 e |
β | Fe(s) + 6HCN(aq) | -1.16 | 2 | |
C | C(s) + 3H2O(l) + 2 e | β | CH3OH(l) + 2 OH | -1.148 | 2 | |
Cr | Cr(CN) 6 + e |
β | Cr(CN) 6 |
-1.143 | 1 | |
Te | Te(s) + 2 e | β | Te |
-1.143 | 2 | |
V | V + 2 e |
β | V(s) | -1.13 | 2 | |
Nb | Nb + 3 e |
β | Nb(s) | -1.099 | 3 | |
Sn | Sn(s) + 4 H + 4 e | β | SnH 4(g) |
-1.07 | 4 | |
Po | Po(s) + 2 e | β | Po |
-1.021 | 2 | |
Cr | β» + e | β | β» | -0.99 | 1 | |
P | 2H3PO4(aq) + 2 H + 2 e | β | (H2PO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) | -0.933 | 2 | |
C | CO 3 + 3 H + 2 e |
β | HCO 2 + H2O(l) |
-0.93 | 2 | |
Ti | TiO + 2 H + 4 e |
β | Ti(s) + H2O | -0.93 | 4 | |
Si | SiO 2(quartz) + 4 H + 4 e |
β | Si(s) + 2H2O | -0.909 | 4 | |
Cr | Cr + 2 e |
β | Cr(s) | -0.9 | 2 | |
B | B(OH) 3(aq) + 3 H + 3 e |
β | B(s) + 3H2O | -0.89 | 3 | |
Fe | Fe(OH) 2(s) + 2 e |
β | Fe(s) + 2 OH | -0.89 | 2 | |
Fe | Fe 2O 3(s) + 3H2O + 2 e |
β | 2Fe(OH) 2(s) + 2 OH |
-0.86 | 2 | |
H | 2H2O + 2 e | β | H 2(g) + 2 OH |
-0.8277 | 2 | |
Bi | Bi(s) + 3 H + 3 e | β | BiH 3 |
-0.8 | 3 | |
Zn | Zn + 2 e |
β | Zn(Hg) | -0.7628 | 2 | |
Zn | Zn + 2 e |
β | Zn(s) | -0.7618 | 2 | |
Ta | Ta 2O 5(s) + 10 H + 10 e |
β | 2Ta(s) + 5H2O | -0.75 | 10 | |
Te | 2Te(s) + 2 e | β | Te 2 |
-0.74 | 2 | |
Ni | Ni(OH) 2(s) + 2 e |
β | Ni(s) + 2 OH | -0.72 | 2 | |
Nb | Nb2O5(s) + 10 H + 10 e | β | 2Nb(s) + 5H2O(l) | -0.7 | 10 | |
Ag | Ag 2S(s) + 2 e |
β | 2Ag(s) + S (aq) |
-0.69 | 2 | |
Te | Te 2 + 4 H + 2 e |
β | 2H2Te(g) | -0.64 | 2 | |
Sb | Sb(OH) 4 + 3 e |
β | Sb(s) + 4 OH | -0.639 | 3 | |
Au | β» + e |
β | Au(s) + 2CN |
-0.6 | 1 | |
Ta | Ta + 3 e |
β | Ta(s) | -0.6 | 3 | |
Pb | PbO(s) + H2O + 2 e | β | Pb(s) + 2 OH | -0.580 | 2 | |
Ti | 2TiO 2(s) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | Ti 2O 3(s) + H2O |
-0.56 | 2 | |
Ga | Ga + 3 e |
β | Ga(s) | -0.549 | 3 | |
U | U + e |
β | U |
-0.52 | 1 | |
P | H 3PO 2(aq) + H + e |
β | P(white) + 2H2O | -0.508 | 1 | |
P | H 3PO 3(aq) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | H 3PO 2(aq) + H2O |
-0.499 | 2 | |
Ni | NiO 2(s) + 2H2O + 2 e |
β | Ni(OH) 2(s) + 2 OH |
-0.49 | 2 | |
Sb | Sb(OH) 6 + 2 e |
β | Sb(OH) 4 + 2 OH |
-0.465 | 2 | |
P | H 3PO 3(aq) + 3 H + 3 e |
β | P(red) + 3H2O | -0.454 | 3 | |
Bi | Bi2O3(s) + 3H2O(l) + 6 e | β | Bi(s) + 6 OH | -0.452 | 6 | |
Ta | TaF 7 + 7 H + 5 e |
β | Ta(s) + 7HF(l) | -0.45 | 5 | |
In | In + 2 e |
β | In | -0.444 | 2 | |
Cu | Cu(CN) 2 + e |
β | Cu(s) + 2CN |
-0.44 | 1 | |
Fe | Fe + 2 e |
β | Fe(s) | -0.44 | 2 | |
C | 2CO 2(g) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | HOOCCOOH(aq) | -0.43 | 2 | |
Cr | Cr + e |
β | Cr |
-0.407 | 1 | |
Cd | Cd + 2 e |
β | Cd(s) | -0.4 | 2 | |
Ti | Ti + e |
β | Ti |
-0.37 | 1 | |
Cu | Cu 2O(s) + H2O + 2 e |
β | 2Cu(s) + 2 OH | -0.36 | 2 | |
Pb | PbSO 4(s) + 2 e |
β | Pb(s) + SO 4 |
-0.3588 | 2 | |
Pb | PbSO 4(s) + 2 e |
β | Pb(Hg) + SO 4 |
-0.3505 | 2 | |
Eu | Eu + e |
β | Eu |
-0.35 | 1 | |
In | In + 3 e |
β | In(s) | -0.34 | 3 | |
Tl | Tl + e |
β | Tl(s) | -0.34 | 1 | |
Ge | Ge(s) + 4 H + 4 e | β | GeH 4(g) |
-0.29 | 4 | |
Co | Co + 2 e |
β | Co(s) | -0.28 | 2 | |
P | H 3PO 4(aq) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | H 3PO 3(aq) + H2O |
-0.276 | 2 | |
N | N2(g) + 8 H + 6 e | β | 2NH 4 |
-0.27 | 6 | |
V | V + e |
β | V |
-0.26 | 1 | |
Ni | Ni + 2 e |
β | Ni(s) | -0.257 | 2 | |
S | 2HSO 4 + 2 H + 2 e |
β | S2O 6 + 2H2O(l) |
-0.253 | 2 | |
As | As(s) + 3 H + 3 e | β | AsH 3(g) |
-0.23 | 3 | |
N | N2(g) + 5 H + 4 e | β | N2H 5 |
-0.23 | 4 | |
Ga | Ga + e |
β | Ga(s) | -0.2 | 1 | |
Ag | AgI(s) + e | β | Ag(s) + I |
-0.15224 | 1 | |
Ge | GeO2(s) + 4 H + 4 e | β | Ge(s) + 2H2O(l) | -0.15 | 4 | |
Mo | MoO 2(s) + 4 H + 4 e |
β | Mo(s) + 2H2O | -0.15 | 4 | |
Si | Si(s) + 4 H + 4 e | β | SiH 4(g) |
-0.14 | 4 | |
Sn | Sn + 2 e |
β | Sn(s) | -0.13 | 2 | |
O | O 2(g) + H + e |
β | HO 2(aq) |
-0.13 | 1 | |
In | In + e | β | In(s) | -0.126 | 1 | |
Pb | Pb + 2 e |
β | Pb(s) | -0.126 | 2 | |
W | WO 2(s) + 4 H + 4 e |
β | W(s) + 2H2O | -0.12 | 4 | |
Ge | GeO 2(s) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | GeO(s) + H2O | -0.118 | 2 | |
P | P(red) + 3 H + 3 e | β | PH 3(g) |
-0.111 | 3 | |
C | CO 2(g) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | HCOOH(aq) | -0.11 | 2 | |
Se | Se(s) + 2 H + 2 e | β | H 2Se(g) |
-0.11 | 2 | |
C | CO 2(g) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | CO(g) + H2O | -0.11 | 2 | |
Sn | α-SnO(s) + 2 H + 2 e | β | Sn(s) + H2O | -0.104 | 2 | |
Cu | Cu(NH 3) 2 + e |
β | Cu(s) + 2NH 3(aq) |
-0.1 | 1 | |
Nb | Nb2O5(s) + 10 H + 4 e | β | 2Nb + 5H2O(l) |
-0.1 | 4 | |
W | WO 3(aq) + 6 H + 6 e |
β | W(s) + 3H2O | -0.09 | 6 | |
Sn | SnO 2(s) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | α-SnO(s) + H2O | -0.088 | 2 | |
Fe | Fe 3O 4(s) + 8 H + 8 e |
β | 3Fe(s) + 4H2O | -0.085 | 8 | |
V | VOH + H + e |
β | V + H2O(l) |
-0.082 | 1 | |
P | P(white) + 3 H + 3 e | β | PH 3(g) |
-0.063 | 3 | |
N | N2O(g) + H2O(l) + 6 H + 4 e | β | 2NH3OH | -0.05 | 4 | |
Fe | Fe + 3 e |
β | Fe(s) | -0.04 | 3 | |
C | HCOOH(aq) + 2 H + 2 e | β | HCHO(aq) + H2O | -0.034 | 2 | |
H | 2 H + 2 e | β | H 2(g) |
0 | 2 | |
Ag | AgBr(s) + e | β | Ag(s) + Br |
0.07133 | 1 | |
S | S 4O 6 + 2 e |
β | 2S 2O 3 |
0.08 | 2 | |
N | N 2(g) + 2H2O + 6 H + 6 e |
β | 2NH 4OH(aq) |
0.092 | 6 | |
Hg | HgO(s) + H2O + 2 e | β | Hg(l) + 2 OH | 0.0977 | 2 | |
Cu | Cu(NH 3) 4 + e |
β | Cu(NH 3) 2 + 2NH 3(aq) |
0.1 | 1 | |
Ru | Ru(NH 3) 6 + e |
β | Ru(NH 3) 6 |
0.1 | 1 | |
N | N 2H 4(aq) + 4H2O + 2 e |
β | 2NH 4 + 4 OH |
0.11 | 2 | |
Mo | H 2MoO 4(aq) + 6 H + 6 e |
β | Mo(s) + 4H2O | 0.11 | 6 | |
Ge | Ge + 4 e |
β | Ge(s) | 0.12 | 4 | |
C | C(s) + 4 H + 4 e | β | CH 4(g) |
0.13 | 4 | |
C | HCHO(aq) + 2 H + 2 e | β | CH 3OH(aq) |
0.13 | 2 | |
S | S(s) + 2 H + 2 e | β | H 2S(g) |
0.144 | 2 | |
Sb | Sb2O3(s) + 6 H + 6 e | β | 2Sb(s) + 3H2O | 0.15 | 6 | |
Sn | Sn + 2 e |
β | Sn |
0.151 | 2 | |
S | HSO 4 + 3 H + 2 e |
β | SO 2(aq) + 2H2O |
0.158 | 2 | |
Cu | Cu + e |
β | Cu |
0.159 | 1 | |
U | UO 2 + e |
β | UO 2 |
0.163 | 1 | |
S | SO 4 + 4 H + 2 e |
β | SO 2(aq) + 2H2O |
0.17 | 2 | |
Ti | TiO + 2 H + e |
β | Ti + H2O |
0.19 | 1 | |
Sb | SbO + 2 H + 3 e |
β | Sb(s) + H2O | 0.2 | 3 | |
Fe | 3Fe 2O 3(s) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | 2Fe 3O 4(s) + H2O |
0.22 | 2 | |
Ag | AgCl(s) + e | β | Ag(s) + Cl |
0.22233 | 1 | |
As | H 3AsO 3(aq) + 3 H + 3 e |
β | As(s) + 3H2O | 0.24 | 3 | |
Ru | Ru (aq) + e |
β | Ru (aq) |
0.249 | 1 | |
Pb | PbO2(s) + H2O + 2 e | β | α-PbO(s) + 2 OH | 0.254 | 2 | |
Ge | GeO(s) + 2 H + 2 e | β | Ge(s) + H2O | 0.26 | 2 | |
Hg | Hg2Cl2(s) + 2 e | β | 2Hg(l) + 2Cl | 0.27 | 2 | |
U | UO 2 + 4 H + e |
β | U + 2H2O |
0.273 | 1 | |
Re | Re + 3 e |
β | Re(s) | 0.300 | 3 | |
At | At + e | β | At | 0.3 | 1 | |
Bi | Bi + 3 e |
β | Bi(s) | 0.308 | 3 | |
C | 2HCNO + 2 H + 2 e | β | (CN)2 + 2H2O | 0.330 | 2 | |
Cu | Cu + 2 e |
β | Cu(s) | 0.337 | 2 | |
V | VO + 2 H + e |
β | V + H2O |
0.337 | 1 | |
Sb | Sb2O4(s) + 2 H + 2 e | β | Sb2O3(s) + H2O(l) | 0.342 | 2 | |
At | At + 2 e | β | At | 0.36 | 2 | |
Fe | β» + e |
β | β» |
0.3704 | 1 | |
C | (CN)2 + 2 H + 2 e | β | 2HCN | 0.373 | 2 | |
P | (H2PO3)2(aq) + 2 H + 2 e | β | 2H3PO3 | 0.38 | 2 | |
S | 2SO2(aq) + 2 H + 2 e | β | S2O 3 + H2O(l) |
0.4 | 2 | |
O | O 2(g) + 2H2O + 4 e |
β | 4 OH(aq) | 0.401 | 4 | |
Mo | H 2MoO 4 + 6 H + 3 e |
β | Mo + 4H2O |
0.43 | 3 | |
Ru | Ru (aq) + 2 e |
β | Ru | 0.455 | 2 | |
V | VO(OH) + 2 H + e | β | VOH + H2O(l) |
0.481 | 1 | |
C | CH 3OH(aq) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | CH 4(g) + H2O |
0.5 | 2 | |
S | SO 2(aq) + 4 H + 4 e |
β | S(s) + 2H2O | 0.5 | 4 | |
S | 4SO 2(aq) + 4 H + 8 e |
β | S4O 6 + 2H2O(l) |
0.51 | 8 | |
Cu | Cu + e |
β | Cu(s) | 0.52 | 1 | |
C | CO(g) + 2 H + 2 e | β | C(s) + H2O | 0.52 | 2 | |
I | I 3 + 2 e |
β | 3I |
0.53 | 2 | |
Te | TeO2(s) + 4 H + 4 e | β | Te(s) + 2H2O(l) | 0.53 | 4 | |
Cu | Cu + Cl + e |
β | CuCl(s) | 0.54 | 1 | |
I | I 2(s) + 2 e |
β | 2I |
0.54 | 2 | |
Au | β» + 3 e |
β | Au(s) + 4I |
0.56 | 3 | |
As | H 3AsO 4(aq) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | H 3AsO 3(aq) + H2O |
0.56 | 2 | |
S | S2O 6 + 4 H + 2 e |
β | 2H2SO3 | 0.569 | 2 | |
Au | β» + e |
β | Au(s) + 2I |
0.58 | 1 | |
Mn | MnO 4 + 2H2O + 3 e |
β | MnO 2(s) + 4 OH |
0.595 | 3 | |
S | S 2O 3 + 6 H + 4 e |
β | 2S(s) + 3H2O | 0.6 | 4 | |
Fe | Fc + e |
β | Fc(s) | 0.63 | 1 | Substantial literature variation |
Mo | H 2MoO 4(aq) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | MoO 2(s) + 2H2O |
0.65 | 2 | |
N | HN3(aq) + 11 H + 8 e | β | 3NH 4 |
0.69 | 8 | |
O | O 2(g) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | H 2O 2(aq) |
0.695 | 2 | |
Sb | Sb2O5(s) + 4 H + 4 e | β | Sb2O3(s) + 2H2O | 0.699 | 4 | |
C | ![]() |
β | ![]() |
0.6992 | 2 | |
V | H2V10O 28 + 24 H + 10 e |
β | 10VO(OH) + 8H2O(l) | 0.723 | 10 | |
Pt | PtCl 6 + 2 e |
β | PtCl 4 + 2Cl |
0.726 | 2 | |
Fe | Fe 2O 3(s) + 6 H + 2 e |
β | 2Fe + 3H2O |
0.728 | 2 | |
Se | H 2SeO 3(aq) + 4 H + 4 e |
β | Se(s) + 3H2O | 0.74 | 4 | |
At | AtO + 2 H + 2 e | β | At + H2O | 0.74 | 2 | |
Tl | Tl + 3 e |
β | Tl(s) | 0.741 | 3 | |
No | No + e |
β | No |
0.75 | 1 | |
Pt | PtCl 4 + 2 e |
β | Pt(s) + 4Cl |
0.758 | 2 | |
Br | BrO + H2O(l) + 2 e | β | Br + 2 OH | 0.76 | 2 | |
Po | Po + 4 e | β | Po | 0.76 | 4 | |
S | (SCN)2 + 2 e | β | 2SCN | 0.769 | 2 | |
Fe | Fe + e |
β | Fe |
0.771 | 1 | |
Hg | Hg 2 + 2 e |
β | 2Hg(l) | 0.7973 | 2 | |
Ag | Ag + e |
β | Ag(s) | 0.7996 | 1 | |
N | 2NO 3(aq) + 4 H + 2 e |
β | N 2O 4(g) + 2H2O |
0.803 | 2 | |
Fe | 2FeO 4 + 5H2O + 6 e |
β | Fe 2O 3(s) + 10 OH |
0.81 | 6 | |
Au | β» + 3 e |
β | Au(s) + 4Br |
0.85 | 3 | |
Hg | Hg + 2 e |
β | Hg(l) | 0.85 | 2 | |
Ir | β» + e |
β | β» |
0.87 | 1 | |
Mn | MnO 4 + H + e |
β | HMnO 4 |
0.9 | 1 | |
Po | Po + 2 e | β | Po | 0.9 | 2 | |
Hg | 2Hg + 2 e |
β | Hg 2 |
0.91 | 2 | |
Pd | Pd + 2 e |
β | Pd(s) | 0.915 | 2 | |
Au | β» + 3 e |
β | Au(s) + 4Cl |
0.93 | 3 | |
N | NO 3 + 3 H + 2 e |
β | HNO2(aq) | 0.94 | 2 | |
Mn | MnO 2(s) + 4 H + e |
β | Mn + 2H2O |
0.95 | 1 | |
N | NO 3(aq) + 4 H + 3 e |
β | NO(g) + 2H2O(l) | 0.958 | 3 | |
Au | β» + e |
β | Au(s) + 2Br |
0.96 | 1 | |
Fe | Fe 3O 4(s) + 8 H + 2 e |
β | 3Fe + 4H2O |
0.98 | 2 | |
Xe | β» + 2H2O + 2 e |
β | β» + 4 OH |
0.99 | 2 | |
N | HNO2(aq) + H + e | β | NO(g) + H2O(l) | 0.996 | 1 | |
At | HAtO + H + e | β | At + H2O | 1.0 | 1 | |
V | β» (aq) + 2 H + e |
β | β» (aq) + H2O |
1 | 1 | |
Te | H 6TeO 6(aq) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | TeO 2(s) + 4H2O |
1.02 | 2 | |
N | NO2(g) + 2 H + 2 e | β | NO(g) + H2O(l) | 1.03 | 2 | |
Br | Br 3 + 2 e |
β | 3Br |
1.05 | 2 | |
Sb | Sb2O5(s) + 2 H + 2 e | β | Sb2O4(s) + H2O(l) | 1.055 | 2 | |
I | ICl 2 + e |
β | 2Cl + I(s) |
1.06 | 1 | |
Br | Br 2(l) + 2 e |
β | 2Br |
1.066 | 2 | |
N | N2O4(g) + 2 H + 2 e | β | 2HNO2 | 1.07 | 2 | |
Br | Br 2(aq) + 2 e |
β | 2Br |
1.0873 | 2 | |
Ru | RuO 2 + 4 H + 2 e |
β | Ru (aq) + 2H2O |
1.120 | 2 | |
Cu | Cu + 2CN + e |
β | Cu(CN) 2 |
1.12 | 1 | |
I | IO 3 + 5 H + 4 e |
β | HIO(aq) + 2H2O | 1.13 | 4 | |
O | H2O2(aq) + H + e | β | H2O(l) + HOβ’ | 1.14 | 1 | |
Au | β» + e |
β | Au(s) + 2Cl |
1.15 | 1 | |
Se | HSeO 4 + 3 H + 2 e |
β | H 2SeO 3(aq) + H2O |
1.15 | 2 | |
Ag | Ag 2O(s) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | 2Ag(s) + H2O | 1.17 | 2 | |
Cl | ClO 3 + 2 H + e |
β | ClO 2(g) + H2O |
1.175 | 1 | |
Xe | β» + 5H2O + 8 e |
β | Xe(g) + 11 OH | 1.18 | 8 | |
Pt | Pt + 2 e |
β | Pt(s) | 1.188 | 2 | |
Cl | ClO 2(g) + H + e |
β | HClO 2(aq) |
1.19 | 1 | |
I | 2IO 3 + 12 H + 10 e |
β | I 2(s) + 6H2O |
1.2 | 10 | |
Mn | MnO 2(s) + 4 H + 2 e |
β | Mn + 2H2O |
1.224 | 2 | |
O | O 2(g) + 4 H + 4 e |
β | 2H2O | 1.229 | 4 | |
N | N2H 5 + 3 H + 2 e |
β | 2NH 4 |
1.28 | 2 | |
Cl | ClO 4 + 2 H + 2 e |
β | ClO 3 + H2O |
1.23 | 2 | |
Ru | β» + e |
β | β» |
1.24 | 1 | |
Xe | β» + 3H2O + 6 e |
β | Xe(g) + 7 OH | 1.24 | 6 | |
N | 2NO 3 + 12 H + 10 e |
β | N2(g) + 6H2O(l) | 1.25 | 10 | |
Tl | Tl + 2 e |
β | Tl |
1.25 | 2 | |
N | 2HNO2(aq) + 4 H + 4 e | β | N2O(g) + 3H2O(l) | 1.297 | 4 | |
Cr | Cr 2O 7 + 14 H + 6 e |
β | 2Cr + 7H2O |
1.38 | 6 | |
N | NH3OH + 2 H + 2 e | β | NH 4 + H2O(l) |
1.35 | 2 | |
Cl | Cl 2(g) + 2 e |
β | 2Cl |
1.36 | 2 | |
Ru | RuO 4(aq) + 8 H + 5 e |
β | Ru (aq) + 4H2O |
1.368 | 5 | |
Ru | RuO 4 + 4 H + 4 e |
β | RuO 2 + 2H2O |
1.387 | 4 | |
Co | CoO 2(s) + 4 H + e |
β | Co + 2H2O |
1.42 | 1 | |
N | 2NH 3OH + H + 2 e |
β | N 2H 5 + 2H2O |
1.42 | 2 | |
I | 2HIO(aq) + 2 H + 2 e | β | I 2(s) + 2H2O |
1.44 | 2 | |
Br | BrO 3 + 5 H + 4 e |
β | HBrO(aq) + 2H2O | 1.447 | 4 | |
Pb | Ξ²-PbO 2(s) + 4 H + 2 e |
β | Pb + 2H2O |
1.46 | 2 | |
Pb | Ξ±-PbO 2(s) + 4 H + 2 e |
β | Pb + 2H2O |
1.468 | 2 | |
Br | 2BrO 3 + 12 H + 10 e |
β | Br 2(l) + 6H2O |
1.48 | 10 | |
At | HAtO3 + 4 H + 4 e | β | HAtO + 2H2O | 1.5 | 4 | |
Mn | MnO 4 + 8 H + 5 e |
β | Mn + 4H2O |
1.51 | 5 | |
O | HO 2 + H + e |
β | H 2O 2(aq) |
1.51 | 1 | |
Au | Au + 3 e |
β | Au(s) | 1.52 | 3 | |
Ru | RuO 4(aq) + 8 H + 4 e |
β | Ru (aq) + 4H2O |
1.563 | 4 | |
N | 2NO(g) + 2 H + 2 e | β | N2O(g) + H2O(l) | 1.59 | 2 | |
Ni | NiO 2(s) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | Ni + 2 OH |
1.59 | 2 | |
Ce | Ce + e |
β | Ce |
1.61 | 1 | |
Cl | 2HClO(aq) + 2 H + 2 e | β | Cl 2(g) + 2H2O |
1.63 | 2 | |
I | IO 4 + 2 H + 2 e |
β | IO 3 + H2O |
1.64 | 2 | |
Ag | Ag 2O 3(s) + 6 H + 4 e |
β | 2Ag + 3H2O |
1.67 | 4 | |
Cl | HClO 2(aq) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | HClO(aq) + H2O | 1.67 | 2 | |
Pb | Pb + 2 e |
β | Pb |
1.69 | 2 | |
Mn | MnO 4 + 4 H + 3 e |
β | MnO 2(s) + 2H2O |
1.7 | 3 | |
Br | BrO 4 + 2 H + 2 e |
β | BrO 3 + H2O |
1.74 | 2 | |
Ag | AgO(s) + 2 H + e | β | Ag + H2O |
1.77 | 1 | |
N | N2O(g) + 2 H + 2 e | β | N2(g) + H2O(l) | 1.77 | 2 | |
O | H 2O 2(aq) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | 2H2O | 1.78 | 2 | |
Au | Au + e |
β | Au(s) | 1.83 | 1 | |
Co | Co + e |
β | Co |
1.92 | 1 | |
Ag | Ag + e |
β | Ag |
1.98 | 1 | |
O | S 2O 8 + 2 e |
β | 2SO 4 |
2.01 | 2 | |
O | O 3(g) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | O 2(g) + H2O |
2.075 | 2 | |
Mn | HMnO 4 + 3 H + 2 e |
β | MnO 2(s) + 2H2O |
2.09 | 2 | |
Xe | XeO 3(aq) + 6 H + 6 e |
β | Xe(g) + 3H2O | 2.12 | 6 | |
Xe | H 4XeO 6(aq) + 8 H + 8 e |
β | Xe(g) + 6H2O | 2.18 | 8 | |
Fe | FeO 4 + 8 H + 3 e |
β | Fe + 4H2O |
2.2 | 3 | |
Xe | XeF 2(aq) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | Xe(g) + 2HF(aq) | 2.32 | 2 | |
O | HOβ’ + H + e | β | H2O(l) | 2.38 | 1 | |
Xe | H 4XeO 6(aq) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | XeO 3(aq) + 3H2O |
2.42 | 2 | |
F | F 2(g) + 2 e |
β | 2F |
2.87 | 2 | |
Cm | Cm + e | β | Cm | 3.0 | 1 | Estimated |
F | F 2(g) + 2 H + 2 e |
β | 2HF(aq) | 3.077 | 2 | |
Tb | Tb + e | β | Tb | 3.1 | 1 | Estimated |
Pr | Pr + e | β | Pr | 3.2 | 1 | Estimated |
Kr | KrF 2(aq) + 2 e |
β | Kr(g) + 2F (aq) |
3.27 | 2 | Estimated |
See alsoβ»
- Galvanic series lists electrode potentials in saltwater
- Standard apparent reduction potentials in biochemistry at pH 7
- Reactivity series#Comparison with standard electrode potentials
Notesβ»
Referencesβ»
- ^ Lide, "David R.", ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3.
- ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1263
- ^ Bratsch, Stephen G. (July 29, 1988) β». "Standard electrode potentials and temperature coefficients in water at 298.15 K" (PDF). Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 18 (1). American Institute of Physics (published 1989): 1β21. doi:10.1063/1.555839 – via NIST.
- ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ^ VanΓ½sek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5β80β9. ISBN 978-1-4398-5512-6.
- ^ Atkins, Peter; Overton, Tina; Rourke, Jonathan; Weller, Mark; Armstrong, Fraser; Hagerman, Michael (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-42-921820-7.
- ^ Atkins, Peter W. (1997). Physical Chemistry (6th ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 9780716734659.
- ^ Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-16.
- ^ David R. Lide, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2005, http://www.hbcpnetbase.com Archived 2017-07-24 at the Wayback Machine, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005.
- ^ VanΓ½sek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5β80. ISBN 9781439880494.
- ^ Aylward, Gordon; Findlay, Tristan (2008). SI Chemical Data (6th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-81638-7.
- ^ "compounds information". Iron. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements.
- ^ Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-7291-8.
- ^ Brown, Susan A.; Brown, Paul L. (2020). "The pH-potential diagram for polonium". The Aqueous Chemistry of Polonium and the Practical Application of its Thermochemistry. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819308-2.00004-8. ISBN 978-0-12-819308-2. S2CID 213141476.
- ^ Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. (2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 9781118312803.
- ^ Lee, J. L. (1983) β». A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). London / Wokingham, Berkshire: English Language Book Society & Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK). p. 107. ISBN 0-442-30179-0. OL 4079768W – via the Internet Archive.
- ^ Pourbaix, Marcel (1966). Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions. Houston, Texas; Cebelcor, Brussels: NACE International. OCLC 475102548.
- ^ Pang, Suh Cem; Chin, Suk Fun; Anderson, Marc A. (July 2007). "Redox equilibria of iron oxides in aqueous-based magnetite dispersions: Effect of pH and redox potential". J. Colloid Interface Sci. 311 (1): 94β101. Bibcode:2007JCIS..311...94P. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2007.02.058. PMID 17395194. Retrieved 2017-03-26.
- ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1077
- ^ Lavrukhina, Avgusta Konstantinovna; PozdniοΈ aοΈ‘kov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1970). Analytical chemistry of technetium, promethium, astatine and francium. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor-Humphrey Science Publishers. p. 237. ISBN 0-250-39923-7. OCLC 186926.
- ^ Champion, J.; Alliot, C.; Renault, E.; Mokili, B. M.; ChΓ©rel, M.; Galland, N.; Montavon, G. (2009-12-16). "Astatine Standard Redox Potentials and Speciation in Acidic Medium" (PDF). The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 114 (1). American Chemical Society (ACS): 576β582. doi:10.1021/jp9077008. ISSN 1089-5639. PMID 20014840. S2CID 15738065.
- ^ Rock, Peter A. (February 1966). "The Standard Oxidation Potential of the Ferrocyanide-Ferricyanide Electrode at 25Β° and the Entropy of Ferrocyanide Ion". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 70 (2): 576β580. doi:10.1021/j100874a042. ISSN 0022-3654.
- ^ Pavlishchuk, Vitaly V.; Addison, Anthony W. (January 2000). "Conversion constants for redox potentials measured versus different reference electrodes in acetonitrile solutions at 25Β°C". Inorganica Chimica Acta. 298 (1): 97β102. doi:10.1016/S0020-1693(99)00407-7.
- ^ Toyoshima, A.; Kasamatsu, Y.; Tsukada, K.; Asai, M.; Kitatsuji, Y.; Ishii, Y.; Toume, H.; Nishinaka, I.; Haba, H.; Ooe, K.; Sato, W.; Shinohara, A.; Akiyama, K.; Nagame, Y. (8 July 2009). "Oxidation of element 102, nobelium, with flow electrolytic column chromatography on an atom-at-a-time scale". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 131 (26): 9180β1. doi:10.1021/ja9030038. PMID 19514720.
- ^ Kaufmann, H. P. (1925). "Das freie Rhodan und seine Anwendung in der MaΓanalyse. Eine neue Kennzahl der Fette" [Unbound rhodanium and its application to elemental analysis: A new measurement technique for fats]. Archiv der Pharmazie und Berichte der Deutschen Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft (in German). 263: 675β721 – via HathiTrust.
- ^ "compounds information". Xenon. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements.
- ^ Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred (1999), Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 0-471-19957-5.
- ^ Ghosh, Abhik; Berg, Steffen (2014). Arrow Pushing in Inorganic Chemistry: A logical approach to the chemistry of the main-group elements. Hoboken: Wiley. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-118-17398-5.
- ^ Appelman, Evan H. (1973-04-01). "Nonexistent compounds. Two case histories". Accounts of Chemical Research. 6 (4). American Chemical Society (ACS): 113β117. doi:10.1021/ar50064a001. ISSN 0001-4842.
- ^ Courtney, Arlene. "Oxidation Reduction Chemistry of the Elements". Ch 412 Advanced Inorganic Chemistry: Reading Materials. Western Oregon University.
- ^ LeszczyΕski, P.J.; Grochala, W. (2013). "Strong Cationic Oxidizers: Thermal Decomposition, Electronic Structure and Magnetism of Their Compounds" (PDF). Acta Chim. Slov. 60 (3): 455β470. PMID 24169699. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
External linksβ»
- Chemistry LibreTexts (2021-04-26). "P1: Standard Reduction Potentials by Element". Chemistry LibreTexts. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
- California State University, Northridge (CSUN). "Standard Reduction Potentials" (PDF). csun.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-12-15. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
- Wardman, Peter (1989). "Reduction potentials of one-electron couples involving free radicals in aqueous solution" (PDF). srd.nist.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
- http://www.jesuitnola.org/upload/clark/Refs/red_pot.htm Archived 2008-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
- https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015049/http://www.fptl.ru/biblioteka/spravo4niki/handbook-of-Chemistry-and-Physics.pdf
- http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/tables/electpot.html#c1