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Sadhu Bhasha | |
---|---|
Chaste Language | |
āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§ā§ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž | |
Region | Bengal |
Era | 19thâ20th century |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | â |
Sadhu bhasha (Bengali: āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§ā§ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž, romanized: SÄdhu bhÄášŖÄ, lit. 'Chaste language')/Sanskritised Bengali was a historical literary register of the Bengali language most prominently used in the 19th to 20th centuries during the Bengali Renaissance. Sadhu-bhasha was used only in writing, unlike Cholito-bhasa, the colloquial form of the language, which was used in both writing and "speaking." These two literary forms are examples of diglossia. Sadhu-bhasha was used in official documents and legal papers during the colonial period; however, "it is mostly obsolete in the present day."
Historyâģ
This Sanskritised form of Bengali is notable for its variations in verb forms and the vocabulary which is mainly composed of Sanskrit or tatsama words. It was mainly a vocabulary making it easier for literary works in Sanskrit to be translated. Notable among them was Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, who standardised the Bengali alphabet and paved the path for literary works. The colloquial usage of Bengali consisted mostly of its Prakrit base as well as indigenous (deshi), Persian and Arabic words embedded into the vocabulary. As a result, the Brahmins, a Hindu pundit caste, chose the path of Sanskritisation to make a "pure" language which would be used as a representative of classical languages into which the works of Sanskrit and Hindu literature can be translated. This shifted Bengali further towards Sanskrit thus archaizing its vocabulary. This in turn increased the commonality in Bengali vocabulary with other Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindi which has also consciously replaced Persian and Arabic elements with Sanskrit Tatsama, a process which separated it form the Khariboli source and Urdu.
By the time of Rabindranath Tagore, the Sadhu-ness ("purity") of the literary form had largely waned into just a set of Sanskrit verb forms and in a decade, Tagore himself would switch to writing in Cholito Bhasha. Dr. Radha Nag's book Atmaghati Nirad Choudhuri āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°āĻĻ āĻā§āĻ§ā§āĻ°ā§ (Suicidal Nirad Choudhuri) appears as the last Bengali book written in Sadhu Bhasha.
Bangladeshi writer, intellectual, academic Dr. Salimullah Khan has been writing in Sadhu Basha since 2005.
Famous newspaper Anandabazar Patrika uses Sadhu Bhasha on their editorial column, partially, even today.
Stylesâģ
The mid-19th century hosted two influential writers of Sadhu-bhasha; Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. Vidyasagar's style was very conservative towards withholding only the use of tatsama (Sanskrit) when writing. His style came to be known as Vidyasagari and Akshay Kumar Datta also wrote in this style. Chatterjee's writing style was somewhat more lenient to the use of tadbhava and deshi vocabulary. It came to be known as Bankimi â a more popular style, it was practised by the likes of Rabindranath Tagore, Hara Prasad Shastri, Dinesh Chandra Sen, Mir Mosharraf Hossain and Ismail Hossain Siraji.
Sample textâģ
The following is a sample text in Sadhu-Bhasha of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
Bengali in the Bengali alphabet
- āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§§: āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ˛āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻšāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻāĻā§; āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ°āĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻ˛āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋā§āĨ¤
Bengali in phonetic Romanization
- Dhara ÃĒk: Sômôstô manush shadhinbhabe sôman môrjada ebông ôdhikar lôiya jônmôgrôhôᚠkôre. TÃŖhader bibek ebông buddhi achhe; sutôrang sôkôleri ÃĒke ôpôrer prôti bhratrittôsulôbh mônobhab lôiya achôrôᚠkôra uchit.
Bengali in the International Phonetic Alphabet
- dĖĒĘąara Ék | ĘÉmostĖĒo manuĘ ĘadĖĒĘąinbĘąabe ĘÉman mÉÉždĘadĖĒa ebÉÅ odĖĒĘąikaÉž loija dĘÉnmoÉĄrohon kÉre | tĖĒÃŖhadĖĒer bibek ebÉÅ budĖĒdĖĒĘąi atĘĘ°e | ĘutĖĒoraÅ ĘÉkoleri Éke Éporer protĖĒi bĘąratĖĒritĖĒËoĘulÉbĘą monobĘąab loija atĘorÉn kÉra utĘitĖĒ
Gloss
- Clause 1: All human free-manner-in equal dignity and right taken birth-take do. Their reason and intelligence exist; therefore everyone-indeed one another's towards brotherhood-ly mind-spirit taken conduct do should.
Translation
- Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They possess conscience and reason. Therefore, everyone should act in a spirit of brotherhood towards each other.
Cholit bhasaâģ
The following is a sample text in Cholit-Bhasha of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
Bengali in the Bengali alphabet
- āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž ā§§: āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻāĻā§; āĻ¤āĻžāĻ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤
Bengali in phonetic Romanization
- Dhara ÃĒk: Sôb manush shadhinbhabe sôman môrjada ar ôdhikar niye jônmo ney. TÃŖder bibek ar buddhi achhe; tai sôbari ÃĒke ôpôrer dike bhaijer môto môner bhab niye achôrôn kôra uchit.
Bengali in the International Phonetic Alphabet
- dĖĒĘąara Ék | ĘÉb manuĘ ĘadĖĒĘąinbĘąabe ĘÉman mÉÉždĘadĖĒa ar ÉdĖĒĘąikaÉž nieĖ¯e dĘÉnmo nÃĻy | tĖĒÃŖdĖĒeÉž bibek ar budĖĒĘąËi atĘĘ°e | tĖĒai ĘÉbaÉži Éke ÉpÉreÉž dĖĒike bĘąaijer mÉtĖĒo mÉner bĘąab nieĖ¯e atĘÉrÉn kÉra utĘitĖĒ
Gloss
- Clause 1: All human free-manner-in equal dignity and right taken bear. Their reason and intelligence exist; so everyone-indeed one another's direction-to brother's like mind's spirit taken conduct do should.
Translation
- Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They possess conscience and reason. Therefore, everyone should act in a spirit of brotherhood towards each other.
See alsoâģ
Referencesâģ
- ^ Huq, Mohammad Daniul. "Sadhu Bhasa". Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- ^ Khan, Siddikur Rahman (13 July 2012). "āĻāĻŦā§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻšāĻŽāĻĻ āĻāĻĢāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻž". Ittefaq. Dhaka: Ittefaq Group of Publications Ltd. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
- ^ Majee Mondal, Suvodip (8 August 2021). "āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤".