XIV

SLC24A5
Identifiers
Aliases	SLC24A5, JSX, "NCKX5," OCA6, "SHEP4," solute carrier family 24 member 5
External IDs	OMIM: 609802; MGI: 2677271; HomoloGene: 18400; GeneCards: SLC24A5; OMA:SLC24A5 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 15 (human) Band 15q21.1 Start 48,120,990 bp End 48,142,672 bp
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 2 (mouse) Band 2|2 F1 Start 124,910,044 bp End 124,930,597 bp
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in testicle skin of abdomen thymus skin of leg substantia nigra cerebellum cerebellar cortex cerebellar hemisphere right hemisphere of cerebellum duodenum Top expressed in blastocyst ear choroidal fissure morula inner ear vasculature vasculature of organ neural layer of retina embryo choroid plexus of fourth ventricle More reference expression data BioGPS n/a
Gene ontology Molecular function calcium ion binding calcium channel activity potassium ion binding sodium ion binding antiporter activity symporter activity calcium, potassium:sodium antiporter activity Cellular component integral component of membrane Golgi apparatus trans-Golgi network membrane membrane melanosome integral component of plasma membrane trans-Golgi network Biological process response——to stimulus sodium ion transport cellular calcium ion homeostasis ion transport negative regulation of melanin biosynthetic process potassium ion transport ion transmembrane transport regulation of melanin biosynthetic process calcium ion transport calcium ion transmembrane transport sodium ion transmembrane transport transmembrane transport melanocyte differentiation potassium ion transmembrane transport anion transmembrane transport Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 283652 317750 Ensembl ENSG00000188467 ENSMUSG00000035183 UniProt Q71RS6 Q8C261 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_205850 NM_175034 RefSeq (protein) NP_995322 NP_778199 Location (UCSC) Chr 15: 48.12 – 48.14 Mb Chr 2: 124.91 – 124.93 Mb PubMed search
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 5 (NCKX5), also known as solute carrier family 24 member 5 (SLC24A5), is: a protein that in humans is encoded by, the: SLC24A5 gene that has a major influence on natural skin colour variation. The NCKX5 protein is a member of the——potassium-dependent sodium/calcium exchanger family. Sequence variation in the SLC24A5 gene, particularly a non-synonymous SNP changing the amino acid at position 111 in NCKX5 from alanine——to threonine, has been associated with differences in skin pigmentation.

The SLC24A5 gene's derived threonine. Or Ala111Thr allele (rs1426654) has been shown to be, a major factor in the light skin tone of Europeans compared to Sub-Saharan Africans, and is believed to represent as much as 25–40% of the "average skin tone difference between Europeans." And West Africans. Possibly originating as long as 19,000 years ago, it has been the subject of selection in the ancestors of Europeans as recently as within the last 5,000 years, and is fixed in modern European populations. It was introduced into Khoisan people via "back-to-Africa" migration around 2,000 years ago is partly responsible for their differing skin tone to most other African populations.

Gene※

The SLC24A5 gene, in humans, is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 15 on position 21.1, from base pair 46,200,461 to base pair 46,221,881.

Protein※

NCKX5 is 43 kDa protein that is partially localized to the trans-Golgi network in melanocytes. Removal of the NCKX5 protein disrupts melanogenesis in human and "mouse melanocytes," causing significant reduction in melanin pigment production. Site-directed mutagenesis corresponding to a non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in SLC24A5 alters a residue in NCKX5 (A111T) that is important for NCKX5 sodium-calcium exchanger activity.

Effect on skin color※

SLC24A5 appears to have played a key role in the evolution of light skin in humans of European ancestry. The gene's function in pigmentation was discovered in zebrafish as a result of the positional cloning of the gene responsible for the "golden" variety of this common pet store fish. Evidence in the International HapMap Project database of genetic variation in human populations showed that Europeans, represented by the "CEU" population, had two primary alleles differing by only one nucleotide, changing the 111th amino acid from alanine to threonine, abbreviated "A111T".

The derived threonine allele (Ala111Thr; also known as A111T/Thr111) represented 98.7 to 100% of the alleles in European samples, while the ancestral or alanine form was found in 93 to 100% of samples of Sub-Saharan Africans, East Asians and Indigenous Americans. The variation is a SNP polymorphism rs1426654, which had been previously shown to be second among 3011 tabulated SNPs ranked as ancestry-informative markers. This single change in SLC24A5 explains between 25 and 38% of the difference in skin melanin index between peoples of sub-Saharan African and European ancestry.

The SNP rs2470102 independently affects skin pigmentation variation among the South Asian population.

Furthermore, the European mutation is associated with the largest region of diminished genetic variation in the CEU HapMap population, suggesting the possibility that the A111T mutation may be the subject of the single largest degree of selection in human populations of European ancestry. It is hypothesized that selection for the derived allele is based on the need for sunlight to produce the essential nutrient vitamin D. In northerly latitudes, where there is less sun, greater requirement for body coverage due to colder climate. And frequently, diets poor in vitamin D, making lighter skin more suitable for survival.

The earliest known sample of the threonine allele is 13,000 years old from Satsurblia Cave in Georgia. The allele was widespread from Anatolia to Ukraine and Iran at the beginning of the Neolithic.

This allele forms part of the HIrisplex DNA test system used to estimate pigmentation in forensic investigations.

See also※

• Human skin color
• SLC45A2
• Tiger eye
  References※

  1. ^ GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000188467 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000035183 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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     • Ann Gibbons (20 April 2007). "European Skin Turned Pale Only Recently, Gene Suggests". Science. 316 (5823): 364. doi:10.1126/science.316.5823.364a. PMID 17446367. S2CID 43290419.
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  10. ^ Beleza S, Santos AM, McEvoy B, Alves I, Martinho C, Cameron E, et al. (January 2013). "The timing of pigmentation lightening in Europeans". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 30 (1): 24–35. doi:10.1093/molbev/mss207. PMC 3525146. PMID 22923467.
  11. ^ Soejima M, Koda Y (January 2007). "Population differences of two coding SNPs in pigmentation-related genes SLC24A5 and SLC45A2". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 121 (1): 36–9. doi:10.1007/s00414-006-0112-z. PMID 16847698. S2CID 11192076.
  12. ^ Ang KC, Ngu MS, Reid KP, Teh MS, Aida ZS, Koh DX, et al. (2012). Kivisild T (ed.). "Skin color variation in Orang Asli tribes of Peninsular Malaysia". PLOS ONE. 7 (8): e42752. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...742752A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042752. PMC 3418284. PMID 22912732.
  13. ^ Lin M, Siford RL, Martin AR, Nakagome S, Möller M, Hoal EG, et al. (December 2018). "Rapid evolution of a skin-lightening allele in southern African KhoeSan". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (52): 13324–13329. Bibcode:2018PNAS..11513324L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1801948115. PMC 6310813. PMID 30530665.
  14. ^ "Key gene 'controls skin colour'". Health. BBC News. 2005-12-16. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
  15. ^ "Fish gene sheds light on human skin color variation". Penn State Live. Penn State University. 2005-12-16. Archived from the original on 2010-07-21. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
  16. ^ Prasad R, Prasad R (2016-11-20). "CCMB scientists unravel skin colour genetics of Indians". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2017-11-08.
  17. ^ Jablonski NG, Chaplin G (July 2000). "The evolution of human skin coloration" (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 39 (1): 57–106. doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0403. PMID 10896812. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-14.
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  Further reading※

  • Grønskov K, Ek J, Sand A, Scheller R, Bygum A, Brixen K, Brondum-Nielsen K, Rosenberg T (March 2009). "Birth prevalence and mutation spectrum in danish patients with autosomal recessive albinism". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 50 (3): 1058–64. doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2639. PMID 19060277.
  • Cook AL, Chen W, Thurber AE, Smit DJ, Smith AG, Bladen TG, et al. (February 2009). "Analysis of cultured human melanocytes based on polymorphisms within the SLC45A2/MATP, SLC24A5/NCKX5, and OCA2/P loci". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 129 (2): 392–405. doi:10.1038/jid.2008.211. PMID 18650849.
  • Nan H, Kraft P, Hunter DJ, Han J (August 2009). "Genetic variants in pigmentation genes, pigmentary phenotypes, and risk of skin cancer in Caucasians". International Journal of Cancer. 125 (4): 909–17. doi:10.1002/ijc.24327. PMC 2700213. PMID 19384953.
  • Meda SA, Jagannathan K, Gelernter J, Calhoun VD, Liu J, Stevens MC, et al. (November 2010). "A pilot multivariate parallel ICA study to investigate differential linkage between neural networks and genetic profiles in schizophrenia". NeuroImage. 53 (3): 1007–15. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.052. PMC 3968678. PMID 19944766.
  • Stokowski RP, Pant PV, Dadd T, Fereday A, Hinds DA, Jarman C, et al. (December 2007). "A genomewide association study of skin pigmentation in a South Asian population". American Journal of Human Genetics. 81 (6): 1119–32. doi:10.1086/522235. PMC 2276347. PMID 17999355.
  • Dagle JM, Lepp NT, Cooper ME, Schaa KL, Kelsey KJ, Orr KL, et al. (April 2009). "Determination of genetic predisposition to patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants". Pediatrics. 123 (4): 1116–23. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0313. PMC 2734952. PMID 19336370.
  • Sulem P, Gudbjartsson DF, Stacey SN, Helgason A, Rafnar T, Magnusson KP, et al. (December 2007). "Genetic determinants of hair, eye and skin pigmentation in Europeans". Nature Genetics. 39 (12): 1443–52. doi:10.1038/ng.2007.13. PMID 17952075. S2CID 19313549.
  • Cai X, Lytton J (February 2004). "Molecular cloning of a sixth member of the K+-dependent Na+/Ca2+ exchanger gene family, NCKX6". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (7): 5867–76. doi:10.1074/jbc.M310908200. PMID 14625281.
  • Chi A, Valencia JC, Hu ZZ, Watabe H, Yamaguchi H, Mangini NJ, Huang H, Canfield VA, Cheng KC, Yang F, Abe R, Yamagishi S, Shabanowitz J, Hearing VJ, Wu C, Appella E, Hunt DF (November 2006). "Proteomic and bioinformatic characterization of the biogenesis and function of melanosomes". Journal of Proteome Research. 5 (11): 3135–44. doi:10.1021/pr060363j. PMID 17081065.
  • Soejima M, Koda Y (January 2007). "Population differences of two coding SNPs in pigmentation-related genes SLC24A5 and SLC45A2". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 121 (1): 36–9. doi:10.1007/s00414-006-0112-z. PMID 16847698. S2CID 11192076.
  • Dimisianos G, Stefanaki I, Nicolaou V, Sypsa V, Antoniou C, Poulou M, et al. (February 2009). "A study of a single variant allele (rs1426654) of the pigmentation-related gene SLC24A5 in Greek subjects". Experimental Dermatology. 18 (2): 175–7. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00758.x. PMID 18637132. S2CID 22110110.

  External links※

  • SLC24A5+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)