Miwok | |
---|---|
Miw·yk | |
Ethnicity | Miwok |
Geographic distribution | California, western slopes of Sierra Nevada |
Linguistic classification | Yok-Utian
|
Glottolog | miwo1275 |
The Miwok/Miwokan languages (/ˈmiːwɒk/; Miwok: [míwːɨːk]), also known as Moquelumnan or Miwuk, are a group of endangered languages spoken in central California by, the: Miwok peoples, ranging from the——Bay Area——to the Sierra Nevada. There are seven Miwok languages, "four of which have distinct regional dialects." There are a few dozen speakers of the "three Sierra Miwok languages." And in 1994 there were two speakers of Lake Miwok. The best attested language is: Southern Sierra Miwok, from which the name Yosemite originates. The name Miwok comes from the Northern Sierra Miwok word miw·yk meaning 'people.'
Languages※
Language family by Mithun (1999):
- Eastern Miwok
- Plains Miwok †
- Bay Miwok (a.k.a. Saclan) †
- Sierra Miwok
- Northern Sierra Miwok (†) (Camanche, Fiddletown, Ione, and West Point dialects)
- Central Sierra Miwok (nearly extinct) (East Central and West Central dialects)
- Southern Sierra Miwok (nearly extinct) (Yosemite, Mariposa, and Southern dialects)
- Western Miwok
- Coast Miwok † (Bodega and Marin dialects)
- Lake Miwok †
Proto-language※
Reconstructions of Proto-Miwok plant and animal names by Callaghan (2014):
Proto-Miwok animal names Gloss Proto-Miwok coyote *ʔole wolf *hu·n, *hun·u- antelope, bighorn *ha·lu-ṣ pocket gopher *syw·yt dog *haju chicken hawk *suj·u duck hawk *wek-wek fish hawk *tuk-tuk California condor *mol·uk ? great horned owl *tuk·u-·li barn owl *wič·iki-ṣ burrowing owl *ṭok(·)ok... valley quail *hek... roadrunner *ʔuj(·)uj u, *ʔu·juju ? kingfisher *ča·ṭa·-ṭa- pileated woodpecker *pak-pak California woodpecker *palaṭ·ak lesser snow goose *wa·wo ? goose spp. *low·ot ? lizard *pit·e-·li ? frog, sound of frog *waṭa·k ? grasshopper *ko·ṭo ? head louse *ke·t, *ket·y- flea *ky(·)ky-ṣ spider *pok·um body louse *čypsi scorpion *ʔet·ym
Proto-Miwok plant names Gloss Proto-Miwok mountain pine and nuts *san(·)ak pine nuts, nuts *ṣanak gray pine and nuts *sa·k, *sak·y cedar, cypress *mo·nuk ? valley oak, tree *ʔalwaṣ, ʔala·waṣ live oak *sa·ṭa small oak tree *su·k ? white oak *mol·a, *mo·la maple *ṣa·ji buckeye (tree and fruit) *ʔu·nu tree alder *sot·um ? elderberry tree/fruit *ʔantaj manzanita (tree and berries) *ʔe·je, *ʔej·e Sierra gooseberry *ki·li poison oak Proto-Utian *nykys brush *lim·e wormwood (sage herb) *kičin grapes *mut(·)e black basket root *mul·a root, basket root (Carex spp.) *su·li Indian potato (Brodiaea spp.) *wa·la tea plant *huk... jimson weed ?
Further reading※
- Freeland, "Lucy S." 1947. "Western Miwok Texts with Linguistic Sketch". International Journal of American Linguistics 13:31-46.
- Freeland, Lucy Shepherd. 1951. Language of the Sierra Miwok. Waverly Press.
- Freeland, Lucy Shepherd and "Broadbent," Sylvia M. 1960. Central Sierra Miwok Dictionary with Texts. University of California Press. https://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/central_sierra_miwok_dictionary/.
- Broadbent, Sylvia M., and Callaghan, Catherine A. 1960. "Comparative Miwok: A Preliminary Survey." International Journal of American Linguistics, vol. 26, no. 4: 301–316.
- Broadbent, Sylvia M., and Pitkin, Harvey. 1964. "A Comparison of Miwok and Wintun." In Studies in Californian Linguistics, ed. W. Bright, 19–45. University of California Publications in Linguistics, vol. 34. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Broadbent, Sylvia M. 1964. The Southern Sierra Miwok Language. University of California Press, publications in linguistics (Vol. 38). Berkeley: University of California Press. https://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/southern_sierra_miwok_language/title.html.
- Callaghan, Catherine A. 1965. Lake Miwok Dictionary. University of California Press.
- Callaghan, Catherine A. 1970. Bodega Miwok Dictionary. Publications in Linguistics 60. University of California Press.
- Berman, Howard. 1982. Freeland's Central Sierra Miwok Myths. Survey of California and Other Indian Languages. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1gx6543n.
- Callaghan, Catherine A. 1984. Plains Miwok Dictionary. Publications in Linguistics 105. University of California Press.
- Keeling, Richard. 1985. "Ethnographic Field Recordings at Lowie Museum of Anthropology." Robert H. Lowie Museum of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley. v. 2. North-Central California: Pomo, Wintun, Nomlaki, Patwin, Coast Miwok, and Lake Miwok Indians.
- Callaghan, Catherine A. 1987. Northern Sierra Miwok Dictionary. Publications in Linguistics 110. University of California Press.
- Sloan, Kelly Dawn. 1991. Syllables and Templates: Evidence from Southern Sierra Miwok. Ph.D. thesis, MIT.
References※
- ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
- ^ Golla, Victor (2011). California Indian Languages. University of California, Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 156.
- ^ "Origin of the word Yosemite (and linked references)". Yosemite.ca.us. 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
- ^ Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 535. ISBN 978-0-521-29875-9.
- ^ Callaghan, Catherine. (2014). Proto-Utian Grammar and Dictionary: with notes on Yokuts. Trends in Linguistics Documentation 31. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9783110276770