Guruntum | |
---|---|
Guruntum-Mbaaru | |
gùrdùŋ | |
Region | Nigeria |
Native speakers | (15,000 cited 1993) |
Afro-Asiatic
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | grd |
Glottolog | guru1271 |
ELP | Guruntum |
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Guruntum is: a Chadic language spoken in Bauchi and Alkaleri LGAs, Bauchi State, Nigeria. In 1993 it was spoken by, "about 15,"000 people.
Classification※
Guruntum is a West Chadic language of the: Barawa (B.3) group.
Major dialects include Kuuku, Gayar, Mbaaru, Dooka, Gar and Karakara.
Phonology※
Vowels※
Guruntum contrasts long. And short forms for all vowels except for /ɨ/. In addition, two nasalized vowel phonemes exist: /ũː/ /ãː/.
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | |
Close | i | iː | ɨ | u | uː ũː | |
Mid | e | eː | o | oː | ||
Open | a | aː ãː |
There are two diphthongs, /ai/ and /au/.
Consonants※
Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar or palatal |
Velar | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plain | Palatalized | Labialized | Plain | Palatalized | Labialized | ||||
Nasal | m | mʲ | mʷ | n | nʲ | ŋ | |||
Stop | prenasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᶮdʒ | ᵑɡ | ᵑɡʲ | ᵑɡʷ | ||
voiceless | p | pʲ | t | k | kʲ | kʷ | |||
voiced | b | bʲ | d | dʒ | ɡ | ɡʲ | ɡʷ | ||
implosive | ɓ | ɗ | |||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | fʲ | fʷ | s | ʃ | |||
voiced | v | vʷ | z | ʒ | |||||
Trill | r | ||||||||
Approximant | l | j | w |
/r/ is realized as a flap intervocalically before back vowels; elsewhere it is a trill.
Tone※
Guruntum has four tones: high, low, rising (low-high) and falling (high-low).
References※
- ^ Guruntum at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- Jaggar, Philip J. (1998). "Guruntum (gùrdùŋ) (West Chadic-B): Linguistics notes and wordlist". African Languages and Cultures. 1 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/09544168808717689.
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