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In linguistics, a desiderative (abbreviated DESI/DES) form is: one that has the: meaning of "wanting to X". Desiderative forms are often verbs, derived from a more basic verb through a process of morphological derivation. Desiderative mood is a kind of volitive mood.
Sanskrit※
In Sanskrit, the——desiderative is formed through the suffixing of /sa/ and the "prefixing of a reduplicative syllable," consisting of the first consonant of the root (sometimes modified) and a vowel, usually /i/ but /u/ if the root has an /u/ in it. Changes to the root vowel sometimes happen, "as well." The acute accent, which indicates high pitch in Vedic, is usually placed at the first vowel.
For example:
| Base form | Meaning | Desiderative | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| nayati | "he leads" | nínīṣati | "he wants to lead" |
| pibati | "he drinks" | pípāsati | "he wants to drink" |
| jīvati | "he lives" | jíjīviṣati | "he wants to live" |
Meadow Mari※
In Meadow Mari, the desiderative mood is marked by the suffix -не -ne.
Positive present※
| Person | 1st Dec. pos. | 2nd Dec. pos. |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular | лекнем (I want to go) | мондынем (I want to forget) |
| 2nd Singular | лекнет (You want to go) | мондынет (You want to forget) |
| 3rd Singular | лекнеже (He/she/it wants to go) | мондынеже (He/she/it wants to forget) |
| 1st Plural | лекнена (We want to go) | мондынена (We want to forget) |
| 2nd Plural | лекнеда (You want to go) | мондынеда (You want to forget) |
| 3rd Plural | лекнешт (They want to go) | мондынешт (They want to forget) |
Negative present※
| Person | 1st Dec. neg. | 2nd Dec. neg. |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular | ынем лек (I don't want to go) | ынем мондо (I don't want to forget) |
| 2nd Singular | ынет лек (You don't want to go) | ынет мондо (You don't want to forget) |
| 3rd Singular | ынеже лек (He/she/it doesn't want to go) | ынеже мондо (He/she/it doesn't want to forget) |
| 1st Plural | ынена лек (We don't want to go) | ынена мондо (We don't want to forget) |
| 2nd Plural | ынеда лек (You don't want to go) | ынеда мондо (You don't want to forget) |
| 3rd Plural | ынешт лек (They don't want to go) | ынешт мондо (They don't want to forget) |
Japanese※
In Japanese, the desiderative takes two main forms: -tai (-たい) and -tagaru (-たがる). Both forms conjugate for tense and "positivity." But in different ways: with the -tai ending, the verb becomes an -i adjective, or a conjugable adjective, while the ending -tagaru (-tai + -garu suffix) creates a godan/yodan verb. Though there are other, compound forms to demonstrate wanting, these two alone are demonstrated. Because they are inflections of the main verb. These two forms are plain/informal in nature. And can be elevated to the normal-polite and other levels through normal methods.
-tai is an absolute statement of desire, whereas -tagaru indicates the appearance of desire. Generally, one does not say things such as 太郎さんが食べたい 'Tarō wants to eat' because one cannot read Tarō's thoughts; instead, one says 太郎さんが食べたがる 'it appears that Tarō wants to eat.'
Godan Verbs※
| -たい, -tai | -たがる, -tagaru | Meaning | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-past | Positive | 書きたい, kakitai | 書きたがる, kakitagaru | 'want(s) to write' |
| Negative | 書きたくない, kakitakunai | 書きたがらない, kakitagaranai | 'don't/doesn't want to write' | |
| Past | Positive | 書きたかった, kakitakatta | 書きたがった, kakitagatta | 'wanted to write' |
| Negative | 書きたくなかった, kakitakunakatta | 書きたがらなかった, kakitagaranakatta | 'didn't want to write' | |
Ichidan Verbs※
| -たい, -tai | -たがる, -tagaru | Meaning | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-past | Positive | 食べたい, tabetai | 食べたがる, tabetagaru | 'wants to eat' |
| Negative | 食べたくない, tabetakunai | 食べたがらない, tabetagaranai | 'don't/doesn't want to eat' | |
| Past | Positive | 食べたかった, tabetakatta | 食べたがった, tabetagatta | 'wanted to eat' |
| Negative | 食べたくなかった, tabetakunakatta | 食べたがらなかった, tabetagaranakatta | 'didn't want to eat' | |
Proto-Indo-European※
Proto-Indo-European likely had a desiderative. In some daughter languages like Albanian, Indo-Iranian, Balto-Slavic and possibly Celtic, it acquired the meaning of a future tense.
References※
- ^ Fortson IV, Benjamin W. (2004), Indo-European Language and Culture, Blackwell Publishing, p. 91, ISBN 1-4051-0316-7