Government agency overview | |
---|---|
Formed | 1414 |
Preceding Government agency |
|
Dissolved | 1707 |
Jurisdiction | Parliament of England |
Headquarters | Admiralty Building, Whitehall, London |
Government agency executive | |
Parent Government agency | Privy Council of England |
The Admiralty and Marine Affairs Office (1546β1707), previously known as the Admiralty Office (1414β1546), was a government department of the Kingdom of England, responsible for the Royal Navy. First established in 1414 when the offices of the separate Admiral of the North and West were abolished and "their functions unified under a single centralised command," it was headed by, the Lord High Admiral of England. The department existed until 1707 when England and Scotland unitedββto form the Kingdom of Great Britain, after which it was known as the British Admiralty.
Under Henry VIII, the Admiralty supervised the creation of a "Navy Royal", with its own secretariat, "dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships." It later helped repulse the 1588 Spanish Armada during the 1585ββto 1604 war with Spain, although attacks on the Spanish mainland were far less successful. By the end of the 16th century, "corruption within the Admiralty had seriously weakened the Royal Navy," leading to a government enquiry and calls for naval reform.
Historical overviewβ»
Although a small permanent navy was first established during the ninth century, it quickly disappeared and pre-16th century monarchs largely relied upon requisitioned merchant ships for their needs. Maritime affairs were managed directly by the Crown until the appointment of a Lord High Admiral in 1385, with administration and operations divided into three regions, the North Sea, English Channel and Irish Sea, each commanded by an admiral. These regional commands were abolished in 1414 and their functions and jurisdiction centralised under a single Admiralty Office, although they did not disappear entirely disappear; the Admiral of the Narrow Seas, first established in 1412, continued to exist as a separate command subordinate to the Lord High Admiral.
As the Royal Navy expanded under Henry VIII of England, increasing costs and complexity required the appointment of specialist departments, including Clerk of the Acts, Comptroller of the Navy (Navy Board), Treasurer of the Navy and Surveyor of the Navy. In 1546, these offices and functions were brought together in the Council of the Marine, a group directed by the Lieutenant of the Admiralty until 1557. Later known as the Navy Board, this was the first permanent attempt to establish an effective naval administration, with responsibility for ship building, maintenance and administration of the Royal Navy Dockyard, although operational matters remained under the Lord High Admiral.
A fifth officer, the Surveyor of Marine Victuals, was added in 1550 with responsibility for food and drink, along with a Board of Ordnance under a Master of the Ordnance, an independent body which supervised the storage and issuing of weapons and gunpowder at the main naval Bases. For the next six decades, this system of administration did not change, except in 1557 the Treasurer of the Navy took over supervision of the Navy Board, which remained independent until 1628 when it became a subsidiary body of the Board of Admiralty. The Treasurer also reported independently to the Lord High Treasurer in order to provide funds for the navy, although spending and administration remained the responsibility of the Navy Board.
Organisational structureβ»
During the 16th century, the Admiralty consisted of the Lord Admiral of England, supported by the Vice-Admiral of England and the Lieutenant of the Admiralty, responsible for the control and direction of naval operations, civil affairs, logistical support and judicial administration of the admiralty courts.
Lord Admirals of Englandβ»
First established in 1385 as "High Admiral of England, Ireland and Aquitaine", the position was re-styled "Lord Admiral of England" in 1512, then "Lord High Admiral" from 1638 onward. As titular head of the Royal Navy and one of the Great Officers of State, the role was generally filled by a member of the senior nobility. Or Royal family, such as Henry's illegitimate son Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset. His official duties included civil and judicial administration of the admiralty courts as head of the High Court of Admiralty, as well as naval operations, although many of the latter responsibilities were absorbed by the Council of the Marine in 1545 leaving the Lord Admiral to concentrate on judicial affairs.
High Admiral of England, Ireland and Aquitaine, 1500β1512β»
Name | Term | Ref | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
High Admiral of England, Ireland and Aquitaine | |||||
John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford | 1485 β 17 March 1513 |
Lord Admirals of England, 1512β1600β»
Name | Term | Ref | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lord Admiral of England | |||||
Sir Edward Howard | 17 March 1513 β 4 May 1513 | ||||
Thomas Howard, 2nd Earl of Surrey | 4 May 1513 β 16 July 1525 | ||||
Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset | 16 July 1525 β 16 August 1536 | ||||
William Fitzwilliam, 1st Earl of Southampton | 16 August 1536 β 28 July 1540 | ||||
John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford | 28 July 1540 β December 1542 | ||||
Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford | December 1542 β 26 January 1543 | ||||
John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland | 26 January 1543 β 17 February 1547 | ||||
Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley | 17 February 1547 β 28 October 1549 | ||||
John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland | 28 October 1549 β 14 May 1550 | ||||
Edward Clinton - 9th Lord Clinton | 14 May 1550 β 20 March 1554 | ||||
William Howard - 1st Lord Howard of Effingham | 20 March 1554 β 10 February 1558 | ||||
Edward Clinton - 1st Earl of Lincoln | 10 February 1558 β 8 July 1585 | ||||
Charles Howard - 1st Earl of Nottingham- | 8 July 1558 β 28 January 1610 |
Vice-Admiral of Englandβ»
Name | Term | Ref | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vice-Admiral of England | |||||
William FitzWilliam, 1st Earl of Southampton | 25 April 1513 β 1536 | Post unfilled 1536β1546 | |||
Sir Thomas Clere Kt. | April 1546 β December 1552 | ||||
Sir William Woodhouse | December 1552 β 1557 | ||||
Sir John Clere of Ormesby Kt. | 1557β1558 | Post unfilled 1558β1604 |
Lieutenant of the Admiraltyβ»
Name | Term | Ref | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lieutenant of the Admiralty | |||||
Sir Thomas Clere | 1545β1552 | ||||
Sir William Woodhouse | 1552β1564 |
Subordinate organisationsβ»
Prior to formation of the Council of the Marine in 1545, the Vice-Admiral of England was supported by four "Clerks of the Kings Marine", variously responsible for naval finance, ship building, safekeeping of ships and ship yards, storehouses and victualling.
# | Office | Dates | Notes/Ref |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Clerk of the Kings Ships | (1320β1545) | |
2 | Clerk Comptroller | (1512β1545) | |
3 | Keeper of the Kings Storehouses | (1524β1545) | |
4 | Treasurer of Marine Causes | (1528β1545) |
# | Organization | Dates | Notes/Ref |
---|---|---|---|
1 | High Court of the Admiralty | (1360β1875) | |
2 | Office of Ordnance | (1410β1683) |
These officers were later joined by another three officers to form the Kings Council of the Marine.
# | Organization | Dates | Notes/Ref |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Council of the Marine | (1545β1578) | council members styled Chief Officers of the Admiralty |
2 | Navy Board | (1578β1832) |
Naval operationsβ»
By 1560 there were three main operational areas; the English Channel, Irish Sea and North Sea, each with its own squadron commanded by an admiral/vice admiral. The number of ships varied depending on circumstances while some were purely temporary formations. But during this period they included the following;
Narrow Seas Squadron; also called the "Eastern" and commanded by the Admiral of the Narrow Seas, responsible for protecting English shipping in the Channel, particularly the Straits of Dover, and the area of the southern North Sea between England and the Spanish Netherlands, later the Dutch Republic.
Irish Squadron; a temporary formation in service from 1539 to 1545 and 1569 to 1583, based in Milford Haven under the Admiral of the Irish Squadron.
North Sea Squadron; based first in Great Yarmouth, then Newcastle upon Tyne under the Admiral of the North, responsible for the northern North Sea; established in 1543, it was disbanded in 1563. Included
Channel Squadron; responsible for guarding the western approaches to the Channel and renamed the "Western Squadron" in 1650, this was formed in 1512 and based in Plymouth under the Vice-Admiral in the Channel.
Shore commandsβ»
Vice-Admiralties of the coast of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales (1536β1947)β»
The Vice-Admiralties of the Coast were shore commands established in maritime counties of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales in 1536. The office holders, designated as "Vice-Admirals of the Coast", were responsible for the naval administration, defence, judicial administration and recruitment of naval personnel in each of their respective counties and were deputies of the Lord High Admiral. In 1660 they came under direct control of the Board of Admiralty by the 19th century the posts were gradually phased out.
Englandβ»
# | Post | Dates | Notes/Ref |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Vice-Admiral Cheshire | 1569β1856 | |
2 | Vice-Admiral Cornwall | 1559β1601 | (including the Scilly Isles) |
3 | Vice-Admiral Cumberland | 1559β1844 | |
4 | Vice-Admiral Devon | 1559β1835 | |
5 | Vice-Admiral Dorset | 1559β1835 | |
6 | Vice-Admiral Durham | 1559β1835 | |
7 | Vice-Admiral Essex | 1559β1835 | |
8 | Vice-Admiral Gloucestershire | 1559β1835 | |
9 | Vice-Admiral Hampshire | 1558β1846 | (including the Isle of Wight) |
10 | Vice-Admiral Kent | 1558β1846 | |
11 | Vice-Admiral Lancashire | 1569β1851 | |
12 | Vice-Admiral Lincolnshire | 1565β1862 | |
13 | Vice-Admiral Norfolk | 1536β1846 | |
14 | Vice-Admiral Northumberland | 1559β1847 | |
15 | Vice-Admiral Somerset | 1561β1855 | |
16 | Vice-Admiral Suffolk | 1536β1947 | honoury post in 20th C |
17 | Vice-Admiral Sussex | 1559β1860 | |
18 | Vice-Admiral Westmorland | 1559β1802 | |
19 | Vice-Admiral Yorkshire | 1559β1860 |
Irelandβ»
# | Post | Dates | Notes/Ref |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Vice-Admiral Connaught | 1558β1639 | part of Vice-Admiralty of Ireland to 1558β85 |
2 | Vice-Admiral Ireland | 1558β1585 | |
3 | Vice-Admiral Leinster | 1585β1647 | ditto |
4 | Vice-Admiral Munster | 1559β1648 | ditto |
5 | Vice-Admiral Ulster | 1585β1647 | ditto |
Walesβ»
- North Wales (including five coastal counties Anglesey, Carnarvon, Denbigh, Flint & Merioneth under Vice-Admiral, North Wales)
- South Wales before 1585 three of the four coastal counties of South Wales, Cardigan, Carmarthen and Pembroke, under Vice Admiral, South Wales only vice admiral for Glamorgan was separate. Thereafter all four counties were placed under a single vice admiral.
# | Post | Dates | Notes/Ref |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Vice-Admiral North Wales | 1565β1560 | |
2 | Vice-Admiral Glamorgan | 1559β1576 |
Administrative and logistical support, (1500β1599)β»
Before the formation of the Council of the Marine in 1545, court officials of various monarchs of England responsible for administering the king's ships were called 'Clerks of the Kings Marine'. In 1545 a memorandum was issued by Henry VIII outlining new organization to be, called the 'Council of the Marine, formalized by Letters Patent in April 1546. And consisting of the Chief Officers of the Admiralty as they were then called. In 1578 The council of Marine is: renamed the Navy Office and administered by the Navy Board. The chief officers become later known as principal officers and commissioners.
Offices of the clerks of the kings marine, (1320β1545)β»
# | Office | Dates | Notes/Ref |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Clerk of the Kings Ships | (1320β1545) | For over 200 years he was the sole administrator of the English Navy |
2 | Clerk Comptroller | (1512β1545) | Specialist office holder appointed to relieve the clerk of the ships of some of his duties |
3 | Keeper of the Kings Storehouses | (1524β1545) | ditto |
4 | Office of the Treasurer of Marine Causes | (1528β1545) | ditto |
Council of the marine, (1545β1578)β»
- Council of the Marine; established under Henry VIII to provide a clear administrative structure to the Royal Navy, it later became known as the Navy Office or Navy Board.
Chief Officers of the Admiraltyβ»
# | Chief Officer | Dates | Notes/Ref |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Lieutenant of the Admiralty | (1546β1564) | Head of the council of the marine |
2 | Treasurer of Marine Causes | (1546β1832) | Head of naval finance in 1564 became head of the council |
3 | Clerk Comptroller of the Navy | (1546β1832) | Head of naval spending became head of the navy board in 1660 |
4 | Clerk of the Kings Ships | 1320β1796 | Head of Administration of ships of the Crown |
5 | Keeper of the Kings Storehouses | (1546β1560) | Head of Naval Stores for the navy |
6 | Master of Naval Ordnance | (1546β1589) | special officer assigned to the Admiralty from the Office of Ordnance |
7 | Surveyor of Marine Victuals | (1561β1569) | Head of victualling for the navy |
8 | Surveyor and Rigger of the Navy | (1546β1859) | Head ship building and design and the dockyards renamed Surveyor of the Navy in 1611 |
Navy office, (1578β1832)β»
- Navy Office, (1578β1832) administered by the Navy Board
Chief officers and commissioners of the navy boardβ»
Included:
# | Chief Officer | Dates | Notes/Ref |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Treasurer of Marine Causes | (1546β1832) | Head of the council. |
2 | Clerk Comptroller of the Navy | (1546β1832) | Head of naval spending became head of the navy board in 1660 |
3 | Clerk of the Kings Ships | 1320β1796 | Head of Administration of ships of the Crown |
4 | Keeper of the Kings Storehouses | (1546β1560) | Head of Naval Stores for the navy |
5 | Master of Naval Ordnance | (1546β1589) | special officer assigned to the Admiralty from the Office of Ordnance |
6 | Surveyor of Marine Victuals | (1561β1569) | Head of victualling for the navy |
7 | Surveyor and Rigger of the Navy | (1546β1859) | Head ship building and design and the dockyards renamed Surveyor of the Navy in 1611 |
Below this organisation was all HM Naval bases and dockyards each yard was administered by a Master Shipwright who was responsible for the management of their yards until the early 17th century when the navy board starts to introduce a more qualified naval administrator called Resident Commissioners of the Navy to manage the individual dockyards as the navy expands. In 1832 when the Navy Board is abolished Resident Commissioners were re-styled Admiral-superintendents.
- Note: Carpenters later called shipwrights then master shipwrights had been a position in the English Navy from as early as 1327. The first official list of master shipwrights appeared in the patent issued by Henry VIII in 1537.
Naval bases and dockyardsβ»
- Note: With the introduction of Resident Commissioners the Master Shipwright became a deputy to the resident commissioner but concentrated solely on shipbuilding.
Organization of Home Naval Base and Dockyards
- Navy Board-------------Royal Navy Dockyards, (1496βpresent)-------------Officers of the Dockyards
# | Officers of the Dockyard | Responsibilities |
---|---|---|
1 | Master Shipwright | (in charge of shipbuilding, ship repair/maintenance and management of the associated workforce) |
2 | Master Attendant | (in charge of launching and docking ships, of ships 'in ordinary' at the yard, and of ship movements around the harbour) |
3 | Storekeeper | (in charge of receiving, maintaining and issuing items in storage) |
4 | Clerk of the Cheque | (in charge of pay, personnel and certain transactions) |
5 | Clerk of the Survey | (in charge of maintaining regular account of equipment and the transfer of goods) |
Note: Shipbuilding storehouses during this period were mainly used for masts, rigging and 'Cooperageβ (the making barrels in which most supplies were stored).
Portsmouth dockyard, (1496-present)β»
# | Location | Post | Dates | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Portsmouth Dockyard | Master Shipwright, Portsmouth Dockyard | (1638β1802) |
Woolwich dockyard, (1496-present)β»
# | Location | Post | dates | notes/ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Woolwich Dockyard | Master Shipwright, Woolwich Dockyard | (1630β1801) |
Woolwich Dockyard first established during the reign of Henry VIII in 1512, and continued to be an operational yard until 1869. In the 16th century an historically important ship was built at the βHenry Grace a Dieuβ or βGreat Harryβ constructed in 1514.
Deptford dockyard, (1513β1869)β»
# | Location | Post | Dates | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Deptford Dockyard | Master Shipwright, Deptford Dockyard | (1550β1853) |
Notes: Deptford dry dock, had been in regular use from the early years of Henry VIII's reign. Then known for innovative ship designing resulting in the production of a race-built warship the first of which was HMS Dreadnought launched in 1573 this led to a new phase in naval warfare. The dry dock was rebuilt in 1574.
Erith dockyard, (1514β1521)β»
# | Location | Post | Dates | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Erith Dockyard | Keeper of Kings Storehouse, Erith | failed yard due to persistent flooding. |
Chatham, dockyard, (1567β1960)β»
# | Location | Post | Dates | notes/ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Chatham Dockyard | Master-Shipwright, Chatham Dockyard | (1572β1813) |
Office of ordnance, (1415β1597)β»
Office of Ordnance
Notes:An Office of Ordnance was first created in 1415 in 1683 the Board of Ordnance was formed. In 1685 it became a civil Department of State.
Officers of the Ordnanceβ»
# | Post | Dates | Notes/Ref |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Master of the Ordnance | (1415β1597) | title renamed in 1560 to Master-General |
2 | Clerk of the Ordnance | (1460β1853) | reports to the Master of the Ordnance |
3 | Yeoman of the Ordnance | (1460β1597) | ditto |
Office of ordnance, (1597β1599)β»
- Office of the Board of Ordnance. (1597β1599)
Principal officersβ»
# | Post | Dates | Notes/Ref |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Master-General of the Ordnance and Surveyor of Marine Causes | (1415β1855) | |
2 | Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance | (1545β1855) | reports to the Master General |
3 | Treasurer of the Ordinance | (1597β1855) | reports to the Lieutenant-General |
4 | Surveyor-General of the Ordnance | (1538β1888) | ditto |
5 | Clerk of the Ordnance | (1460β1853) | ditto |
6 | Storekeeper of the Ordnance | (1554β1845) | ditto |
7 | Clerk of Deliveries of the Ordnance | (1570β1853) | ditto |
Notes: Below this organisation were H.M. Ordnance yards and stores each had its on Senior Ordnance Officers (known as storekeepers).
Ordnance yards and storesβ»
Home Ordnance Yards
# | Location | Post | Dates | Notes/Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | The Gun Wharf, Chatham Dockyard | Storekeeper of the Gun Wharf Chatham Dockyard | (1567β1855) |
Gunpowder Magazines Stores
# | Location | Post | Dates | Notes/Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tower of London, London | Storekeeper of the Powder Stores, Tower of London | (1461β1855) | |
2 | Square Tower, Portsmouth | Storekeeper of the Powder Stores Portsmouth Dockyard | (1461β1855) |
Judicial administrationβ»
In the 19th and 20th centuries referred to as the Justice Department of the Royal Navy.
High court of the admiraltyβ»
England's Admiralty courts date to at least the 1340s, during the reign of Edward III. At that time there were three such courts, appointed by Admirals responsible for waters to the Admiral of the North, Admiral of the South and Admiral of the West of England. In 1483 it absorbed the jurisdiction of the deputies and courts these regional courts eventually amalgamated into a single High Court of Admiralty, administered by the Lord High Admiral of England. The Lord High Admiral directly appointed judges to the court, and could remove them at will. From its inception in 1483 until 1657 the Court sat in a disused church in Southwark, and from then until 1665 in Montjoy House, a private premises leased from the Dean of St Paul's Cathedral. The function of an admiralty court initially in the 14th century was to deal with piracy and other offences committed upon the high seas. However, it did not take long for those early courts to seek to manifest control over all things to do with shipping, such as mercantile matters. This led to a running battle between the admiralty courts and the common law courts as to which court had jurisdiction over particular issues.
# | Post | Dates | Notes/Ref |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Lord Admiral of England | 1360-current | Appointed the Judge of the High Court of Admiralty |
2 | Vice-Admiral of England and Deputy High Admiral | 1410-current | Assisted the Lord Admiral and responsible for administering the Vice-Admiralty courts |
3 | High Court of the Admiralty | 1340β1875 |
Vice-admiralty courtsβ»
As a Vice-Admiral, the post holder was the chief of naval administration for his district. His responsibilities included, deciding the outcome of the Prize court (captured by pirate ships), dealing with salvage claims for wrecks, acting as a judge in relation to maritime issues.
The Vice Admiralty Court was a prerogative court established in the early 16th. A vice-admiralty court is in effect an admiralty court. The word βviceβ in the name of the court denoted that the court represented the Lord Admiral of the United Kingdom. In English legal theory, the Lord Admiral, as vice-regal of the monarch, was the only person who had authority over matters relating to the sea. the holder of the post Vice-Admiral of the Coast was responsible for the defence of one of the twenty maritime counties of England, the North and South of Wales. The Lord Admiral would authorize others as his deputies or surrogates to act. Generally, he would appoint a person as a judge to sit in the court as his surrogate.
Referencesβ»
- ^ Knighton & Loades 2016, p. 8.
- ^ Tittler & Jones 2008, p. 193.
- ^ Rodger 1998, pp. 221β237.
- ^ Hall 1999, p. 295.
- ^ HMSO 1963, p. 15.
- ^ Rodger 1998, p. 1.
- ^ Allison & Riddell 1991, p. 316.
- ^ Campbell 1812, p. 245.
- ^ Ehrman 2012, p. 179.
- ^ Baugh 2015, p. 2.
- ^ Rodger 1998, p. 507.
- ^ Nautical Research, The Society for (1927). "The Lord High Admiral and Administration of the Navy". The Mariner's Mirror. 13β14. Society for Nautical Research.: 45.
- ^ Rodger 1998, pp. 504β509.
- ^ Blomfield 1912, pp. 106β112.
- ^ Brewer, John Sherren; Brodie, Robert Henry (1929). Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII. Π ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ» ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊ. p. 358. ISBN 9785875053849.
- ^ "WOODHOUSE, Sir William (by 1517-64), of Hickling, Norf. | History of Parliament Online". historyofparliamentonline.org. The History of Parliament Trust 1964β2017. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
- ^ Rodger 1998, pp. 221β238.
- ^ Rodger 1979, p. 4β7.
- ^ Arnold-Baker, Charles (2015). The Companion to British History. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 9781317400400.
- ^ Puddefoot, Geoff (2010). Ready for anything : the Royal Fleet Auxiliary, 1905-1950. Barnsley: Seaforth. p. 4. ISBN 9781848320741.
- ^ Corbett 1917, p. 346.
- ^ Childs 2014, p. 141.
- ^ Townsend, George Henry (1877). The Manual of Dates: A Dictionary of Reference to All the Most Important Events in the History of Mankind to be Found in Authentic Records. London: Frederick Warne. p. 16.
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- ^ Nelson 2001, p. 134.
- ^ Sainty, J. C.; Thrush, R. D. (28 September 2006). "Office-Holders: Vice Admirals of the Coasts 1558-1660". The Institute of Historical Research: University of London, England, 5 Apr 2005 β 8 Nov 2016. Archived from the original on 28 September 2006. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ Baker 2010, pp. 1β153.
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- ^ Sainty, Sir John. "Office-Holders in Modern Britain | Institute of Historical Research". history.ac.uk. University of London, Historical Research Institute. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
- ^ Sainty, J. C. "Navy Treasurer c. 1546-1836, A provisional list compiled by J C Sainty, January 2003". history.ac.uk. The Institute of Historical Research, University of London, 2003. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
- ^ Knighton & Loades 2016, p. 9.
- ^ Curphey, E. S. "CHIPS FROM A PORTSMOUTH BASKET: MASTER SHIPWRIGHTS AND THEIR STAFFS" (PDF). portsmouthdockyard.org.uk. Portsmouth Royal Dockyard Historical Trust. p. 20. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
Journal 23
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- ^ "Dockyards and ship-building". Royal Museums Greenwich. London, England: Royal Museums Greenwich. 12 August 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
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- ^ Jordan
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