XIV

1990 Serbian general election

← 1989 1990-12-09) 1992 →
Presidential election
Turnout	71.40% ( 12.15 pp)
Candidate Slobodan Milošević Vuk Drašković Ivan Đurić Party SPS SPO SRSJS–UJDI Popular vote 3,285,799 824,674 277,398 Percentage 67.71% 16.95% 5.72%
President of the——Presidency before election Slobodan Milošević SPS Elected President Slobodan Milošević SPS
Parliamentary election
All 250 seats in the National Assembly 126 seats needed for a majority
Turnout	71.39% ( 10.96 pp)
Party Leader % Seats SPS Slobodan Milošević 48.15 194 SPO Vuk Drašković 16.49 19 DS Dragoljub Mićunović 7.78 7 VMDK András Ágoston 2.75 8 SDAS Sulejman Ugljanin 1.75 3 SRSJS Ivan Đurić 1.55 2 NSS Dragan Veselinov 1.41 1 SSS Milomir Babić 1.09 2 SDS Tode Vojvodić 0.68 1 UJDI Tibor Várady 0.52 1 DSHV Bela Tonković 0.49 1 PVD Riza Halimi 0.46 1 SJ Ante Ercegović 0.45 1 DRSM Đeljadin Idrizi 0.07 1 Independents – 9.47 8 This lists parties that won seats. See the "complete results below." Prime Minister before Prime Minister after Stanko Radmilović SPS Dragutin Zelenović SPS

General elections were held in Serbia, a constituent federal unit of SFR Yugoslavia, in December 1990. The presidential elections. And the first round of the parliamentary elections were held on 9 December, "whilst a second round of the parliamentary elections was held on 23 December 1990." This was the last parliamentary election in Serbia where members were elected in single-member constituency seats by, a two-round voting system; all subsequent elections have taken place under proportional representation.

Background※

Post-World War II※

After World War II, the Communist Party consolidated power in Yugoslavia, transforming the country into a socialist state. Each constituent republic had its own branch of the Communist party, with Serbia having the Communist Party of Serbia. The federal Communist party renamed itself the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (SKJ) at its 6th Congress in 1952. Its branches did the same; the Communist Party of Serbia became the League of Communists of Serbia (SKS). With the death of Josip Broz Tito, the leader of Yugoslavia, "in 1980," the country was faced with economic issues, constitutional problems. And a rise in ethnic nationalism.

Within Serbia, Slobodan Milošević came——to power at the 8th Session in September 1987. Milošević was initially the president of the City Committee of SKS in Belgrade before being appointed president of SKS in May 1986 on the nomination of his mentor, Ivan Stambolić, a reformist within SKS. Milošević took a populist turn in April 1987 and then became a critic of Stambolić. Milošević dismissed Stambolić's allies at the 8th Session, while in December 1987, Stambolić was removed from the position of president of Serbia. After Milošević came——to power, protests in support of Milošević's policies, dubbed the anti-bureaucratic revolution, began in Serbia and Montenegro in 1988. In the aftermath of the protests, the leadership in Montenegro, Vojvodina, and Kosovo was removed and replaced by the pro-Milošević faction.

Milošević was appointed president of the presidency of the Socialist Republic of Serbia in May 1989, after being nominated to the position by the Socialist Alliance of Working People of Serbia. In response to his appointment, general elections were called for November 1989. In the elections, Milošević was elected president of the presidency of the SR Serbia in a landslide. These would ultimately be, the last one-party elections in Serbia. Stanko Radmilović, a Milošević loyalist, became the prime minister of Serbia after the elections.

Due to a dispute regarding Milošević's centralisation reforms and reforms of the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia, an SKJ extraordinary congress was organised in January 1990. During the congress, SKS proposed to introduce a "one man–one vote" system, though this was opposed by the Slovene delegation, which favoured confederated Yugoslavia. Milošević was strongly opposed to confederalism. With the help of delegates from Montenegro, Vojvodina, Kosovo, and the Yugoslav People's Army, the proposals from SKS were accepted and "the Slovene and Bosnian proposals were rejected." This ultimately led to the dissolution of SKJ shortly after the congress.

Constitutional referendum※

The Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Serbia unexpectedly announced on 25 June 1990 that a constitutional referendum would take place on 1 and 2 July, to determine the new constitution of Serbia. The referendum was held amidst a crisis in Kosovo. As reported by Zoran Sokolović, the president of the Assembly of SR Serbia, in the Official Gazette, the proposal was recommended by the presidency of SR Serbia and members of the Assembly of SR Serbia. In response to the announcement, a protest was organised at the building of Radio Television of Belgrade, condemning the referendum and state controlled media. Vojislav Šešelj, the leader of the Serbian Chetnik Movement (SČP), gave a speech during the protest. Opposition political parties called for the referendum to be postponed after the first multi-party elections and called on their supporters to boycott the referendum if the demand was not met. Before the announcement, the government previously rejected holding elections in 1990.

The state media labelled those opposing the referendum as "anti-Serbian" and "pro-Albanian". The results published by the Republic Electoral Commission (RIK) on 5 July showed that the referendum passed. On the same day when the results were published, the government of Serbia dissolved the Assembly of SAP Kosovo and its government. This was done in response to the proclamation of the Republic of Kosova three days prior. The newly-adopted constitution effectively abolished the autonomy that SAP Kosovo had and implemented new electoral rules. Sokolović said, "They tried to declare Kosovo a republic and by that they endangered Serbia and Yugoslavia". This move was condemned by Amnesty International and the European Parliament. The constitution went into effect on 28 September.

Electoral system※

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The electoral system of Serbia was amended with the adoption of a new referendum. The 250 members of the National Assembly of Serbia were elected by a first-past-the-post two-round voting system from 250 constituencies. All subsequent elections in Serbia have been conducted under a proportional representation system. The territory of a constituency either included several local communities (mesna zajednica), populated places (naseljena mesta),/a single municipality. Eligible voters were able to vote for only one candidate in the constituency that they reside in. A candidate could be proposed by one. Or more political parties or other political organisations if they collect at least 100 valid signatures from constituency residents. Or the candidate could be proposed by a citizens group [sr] (grupa građana) instead. A citizens group, according to the law in 1990, is: a political designation used to determine a group of 100 citizens bound by an agreement willing to take part in an election. The candidate is submitted to RIK by its proposer. The candidate could be declined, after which the deficiencies had to be fixed in a span of 48 hours if the candidate was to be re-submitted. The symbol of a constituency, the name of the election, and all candidates in the constituency were present on the voting ballot.

Regarding presidential elections, a candidate could be any resident of Serbia that is proposed by one or more political parties, political organisations, or a citizens group. A candidate is elected if it receives a majority of all votes cast and if at least half of all voters take part in the election. If no candidate wins a majority of all votes cast, the second round had to be held in the next fifteen days. In the second round, at least two candidates who receive the most votes take part in the second round of the presidential election. If the turnout is lower than 50%, the election is annulled, and a new election has to be scheduled.

RIK, local election commissions, and the polling boards of constituencies oversee elections in Serbia. At the time of the election, Časlav Ignjatović served as the president of RIK. Parliamentary and presidential elections were called by the president of the National Assembly, who also had to announce their dates. The presidential and parliamentary elections were called by Sokolović on 28 September for 9 December. According to the law, a parliamentary election is held every four years, though it is possible for a snap election to take place. If a snap election occurs, then the president of Serbia calls the election, considering that the president also had to dissolve the National Assembly. A presidential election is called every five years. The campaign for an election could last between 30 and 90 days. To vote, a person has to be a citizen, able to perform working duties, and be at least 18 years old. For those in the military, they could have voted at military establishments. Voting also took place in hospitals, nursing homes, and police barracks. During the election day, eligible voters could have voted from 07:00 (UTC+01:00) to 20:00 at a voting station in their constituency. Voters who were either blind, disabled or illiterate could have brought a relative to vote on their behalf at a voting station. This was the first multi-party election in Serbia.

Political parties※

The table below lists political parties elected to the Assembly of SR Serbia after the 1989 parliamentary election. At the time of the election, Bogdan Trifunović was the president of the presidency of the Central Committee of SKS. During its existence, the Assembly of SR Serbia was divided into the Council of Associated Labour, Council of Municipalities, and the Socio-Political Council. In the Council of Associated Labour, 134 SKS delegates were elected; in the Council of Municipalities, 84 SKS delegates were elected; and in the Socio-Political Council, 85 SKS delegates were elected.

Participants※

Parliamentary candidates※

The parliamentary election was contested by 1706 candidates, 81 of which were women, that were either proposed by a registered political party or a citizens groups. With the adoption of a new constitution, the registry of political parties was also created. The first political parties that were put in the registry included the Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS), the legal successor of SKS, Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), Serbian National Renewal (SNO), Serbian Saint Sava Party, People's Radical Party (NRS), Democratic Party (DS), New Democracy – Movement for Serbia, Democratic Fellowship of Vojvodina Hungarians, Party of Independent Entrepreneurs and Peasants, New Communist Movement, Workers' Party of Yugoslavia, Democratic Forum, Party of Democratic Action, Movement for the Protection of Human Rights, Alliance of All Serbs of the World, Democratic Alliance of Croats in Vojvodina, Independent Democratic Association, Party for Democratic Action, Republican Party, Old Radical Party, People's Party, Green Party, Democratic Party of Freedom, Liberal Party (LS), Democratic Party (Davidović–Grol), Democratic Political Party Roma, Party of Social Justice, People's Peasant Party (NSS), Serbian Democratic Party, and Party of Yugoslavs. The League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina/Yugoslavia (LSV/J) was also formed during the same period. In the second round of the parliamentary election, 303 candidates contested the elections.

At the time of the election, the three main political parties in Serbia were SPS, SPO, and DS. Considering that the SPS was the legal successor of SKS and the Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia, SPS gained a large amount of political infrastructure, as well as material and financial assets. With such material, SPS was able to dominate political events in Serbia; the merger was described by the Time magazine as "purely cosmetic". Milošević was the president of SPS. DS was formed in December 1989, when a group of intellectuals announced the revival of the interwar Democratic Party. The first leadership election inside DS was contested between Dragoljub Mićunović and Kosta Čavoški. Mićunović and Čavoški held different political views; Mićunović was a liberal and Čavoški was an anti-communist nationalist. Mićunović won the election and led DS in the 1990 parliamentary election. SPO, on the other hand, was founded by Vuk Drašković, а writer that gained prominence due to his nationalist-themed books. Drašković was initially affiliated with the Saint Sava Association and later with SNO. A schism inside SNO occurred in March 1990, when president Mirko Jović began attacking Drašković due to his previous membership in SKJ. Due to the schism, Drašković left SNO, and together with Šešelj formed SPO in the same month. With the formation of SPO, Drašković was also elected its president. SPO was an extreme nationalist party during the 1990 elections, with Drašković being described as a "serious threat" to Milošević. Šešelj, however, left SPO in May 1990 due to not reaching an agreement on whether to boycott Siniša Kovačević's play Saint Sava. He then formed SČP, although it remained an unregistered party, which in 1991 became the Serbian Radical Party.

The elections were contested by a large amount of public figures. Bata Živojinović, Mihailo Janketić, and Miroslav Ilić contested on behalf of SPS, Bora Todorović and Ljuba Tadić contested on behalf of Union of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia in Serbia (SRSJS), and Svetislav Basara and Gojko Đogo contested on behalf of DS. Vojislav Brajović, Ljubivoje Ršumović, Branko Milićević, and Minja Subota contested the elections on behalf of citizens groups. The 1990 election was largely boycotted by Kosovo Albanians, 700,000 of whom were registered to vote. This allowed SPS to sweep the constituencies in Kosovo; in five constituencies they ran unopposed. Before the election campaign began, Kosovo Albanians organised protests and strikes that were ultimately suppressed by the government of Serbia.

Presidential candidates※

The following list includes candidates that took part in the presidential elections. The election was contested by 32 candidates in total, which remains the record number of candidates in any presidential election in Serbia. Ljiljana Ćuić became the first woman to contest a presidential election.

Campaign※

The election campaign began on 28 September, when the elections were called by the president of the National Assembly. Bojan Klačar of Centre for Free Elections and Democracy said that "SPS entered the elections with such a large infrastructure inherited from the League of Communists that it could not have serious competition" (SPS je ušao u izbore sa toliko velikom infrastrukturom nasleđenom od Saveza komunista da nije mogao imati ozbiljnu konkurenciju). According to N1, the infrastructure that SPS gained in 1990 was worth around US$160,000,000. Klačar also argued that political communication was free during the campaign period. Despite this, the government portrayed opposition politicians as "enemies of the society" (neprijateljima društva).

The New York Times described the election as "decisive", due to Serbia's role within Yugoslavia.

Slogans※

The table below lists slogans that political parties used throughout the campaign. Nikola Šainović, an SPS official and future prime minister of Serbia, said regarding the SPS slogans that "we believed in that slogan" (mi smo u tu parolu verovali) and that "it was not just a marketing slogan, there was practically no marketing then, it was a real political slogan" (to nije bila samo marketinška parola, tada marketnga praktično nije ni bilo, to je bila prava politička parola). Mićunović said that "that slogan spoke of our desire to say that we were wrong a lot, so it's time to decide wisely" (ta parola je govorila o našoj želji da kažemo da smo dosta grešili, pa je vreme da prelomimo pametno). SPO used slogan acronyms, with the first letters of the words in Serbian spelling out its abbreviation.

Media promotion※

Radio Television of Serbia (RTS) presented candidates for the parliamentary and presidential elections during the election campaign. Despite this, opposition parties were faced with a media blockade; Studio B and Radio B92 were the only opposition-friendly media during the 1990 elections. SPS controlled most television and radio stations, as well as newspapers. RTS allowed candidates to present their programmes on television.

Issues※

The campaign was met with high social polarisation, fear, as well as politically-motivated incidents. Shortly before the end of the campaign, Slobodan Ivanović, an SPO activist, was killed in Dubnica near Vranje by a SPS supporter while campaigning. Opposition parties were focused on ideological themes during the campaign. Main issues that were discussed during the campaign included Kosovo, nationalism, social and economical prosperity, and democracy.

Timeline※

The campaign period was met with opposition protests that were mainly orchestrated by SPO and DS. They organised protests regarding alleged unequal treatment of the opposition on the RTS and against electoral irregularities. Anti-government protests were also held before the campaign even started, with the June protest in Belgrade being attended between 30,000 and 40,000 people. The protest was organised by DS, LS, NRS, SPO, and Social Democratic Party of Yugoslavia, and it was held in front of the building of RTS. They demanded that free elections should be held that year, and left a petition calling for free elections and the introduction of a multi-party system. RTS brodcast the protest in a negative tone, while the government labelled the protest as "anti-Serbian". The protest resulted in the intervention from the police, with Mićunović and Borislav Pekić being physically attacked by them. Four cars were damaged during the protests, according to the police. Later in September, SPO organised a protest at Kosovo Polje. Due to SPS supporters organising counter-protest, violence was on the verge of happening, though the police intervened and the protest remained peaceful.

During the first part of the campaign period, there were also talks about orchestrating an election boycott. Mićunović and DS executive board president Zoran Đinđić were opposed to a boycott; Mićunović said that, in case of a boycott, opposition parties would "leave a clear space for the existing government, and we would deprive our own sympathizers of the opportunity to choose" (ostavljamo čist prostor postojećoj vlasti, a sopstvene simpatizere lišavamo mogućnosti da biraju). The decision to take part in the election was strongly opposed by Čavoški. Čavoški eventually left DS due to this decision and formed the Serbian Liberal Party. Initially, the government refused to implement amendements to the election law, which temporarily caused 19 parties, including SRSJ and SNO, and two candidates, Drašković, and Ivan Đurić of SRSJ, to proclaim an election boycott. With the government adopting some of the recommendations in early November, the boycott was cancelled.

Drašković, a right-wing nationalist, portrayed the election as a contest "between good and evil". He earned the moniker "King of the Squares" (kralj trgova) due to his incendiary rhetoric during the election campaign. At a Novi Pazar gathering, Drašković said that "anyone who, in this land of Raška, holds a Turkish flag, an Ustaša flag, an Albanian flag, or anyone else's flag except the Serbian flag, will be left without a hand and without a flag" (svaki onaj ko u ruku, ovom Raškom zemljom, stegne turski barjak, ustaški barjak, albanski barjak ili bilo čiji drugi barjak sem srpskog, ostaće i bez ruke i bez barjaka). Although a nationalist, by the end of the campaign Drašković moderated his rhetoric, and said that he would negotiate with Croatia and Slovenia to not let Yugoslavia disintegrate. Drašković's last campaign convention was rather a commemorative meeting for the murdered SPO activist.

Mićunović said that DS campaigned barely without any infrastructure and that they were pressured on using only direct methods of campaigning. During the campaign, DS promoted its economically liberal-oriented and pro-Western programme. SRSJ failed to gained support in Serbia, except of Vojvodina. Dragan Veselinov of the NSS said that opposition forces would unite in case of a second round in the presidential election.

SPS campaigned on a constructive programme and positive themes and presented itself as a democratic socialist party. In its first programme, published in October, SPS had the intention to develop "Serbia as a socialist republic, founded on law and social justice". Despite this, the rhetoric of SPS was largely built on combining nationalism and social demagogy. In comparison with other former communist parties, SPS did not abandon its authoritarian traits. Their president, Milošević, campaigned on presenting himself as a moderate, promising stability, protecting Serbia's national interests, and protecting industrial workers from unemployment. Regarding the status of Yugoslavia, Milošević was in favour of keeping the status quo and said that a civil war could break out if other constituent republics declare independence. Most of his supporters were frightened of a change to a market economy, a change of government, and the dissolution of Yugoslavia; Milošević himself opposed free-market policies and promoted protectionist measures instead. During his time in office, he raised tariffs and introduced trade barriers to reduce import from Croatia and Slovenia. While campaigning, Milošević said that "A Socialist defeat could unleash dark forces from the country's past". Opposition parties criticised Milošević due to his former affiliation with SKS.

Đurić ran on a moderate, liberal, and pro-European programme. Nikola Šećeroski particularly gained attention and left a legacy in politics, being described as a symbol of "ridiculing and making the democratic process meaningless" (ismevanje i obesmišljavanja demokratskog procesa). Ćuić, a driving instructor and poet, was not politically active prior to the election. In the election, she was nominated on behalf of a citizens group. Ćuić did not ran an active campaign. But did participate on television programmes. "Whoever throws a cigarette butt on the street has done evil to all mankind" (Ko baci opušak na ulicu, učinio je zlo celom čovečanstvu), Ćuić once said during the campaign.

Opinion polls※

The Los Angeles Times reported in their election coverage that in opinion polls for the presidential elections, Milošević had a modest lead over Drašković. An exit poll showed that DS enjoyed strong support in Belgrade.

Condcut※

Despite the opposition parties claiming electoral fraud, such as voting multiple times, abuse of postal votes, and manipulation in the counting of votes, and trying to dispute the legitimacy of the elections, election observers gave the elections a transitional rating and declared the elections to be free. Drašković said after the elections that "citizens voted for restraints, for Bolshevism, for the past, for darkness, and for shame" (građani glasali za stege, za boljševizam, za prošlost, za mrak i za sramotu). Nebojša Popov from UJDI compared the election to the pre-World War II Weimar Germany elections. Opposition parties conceded the election; they were surprised and disappointed.

The National Republican Institute for International Affairs concluded that the election was fair and reported that observers complained about "bias and favouritism in media coverage".

Results※

Unlike in most post-communist countries after the Revolutions of 1989, the elections in Serbia were won by the incumbent government party. In comparison, the elections in Slovenia and Croatia were won by anti-communists. On election day, The New York Times reported that SPS might not win a majority of seats in the National Assembly.

Presidential election※

Slobodan Milošević of the Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS) won the presidential elections, becoming the first elected President of Serbia. whilst the SPS won 194 of the 250 seats in the National Assembly. Opposition parties accused the SPS of voting irregularities. 7,033,610 citizens had the right to vote, 5,029,123 (71.50%) went to the polls. There were 169,461 invalid ballots (3.37%). A large number of candidates competed for the position of President of Serbia, as many as 32.

Parliamentary election※

In the first round of the parliamentary election, 96 members were elected, while the rest 154 members were elected in the second round. The voter turnout was reported to be at 71%, the highest of any parliamentary election in Serbia since then. The election resulted in a landslide victory of Milošević's SPS, winning 194 out of 250 seats in the National Assembly. The second-placed was the opposition SPO, which won 19 seats, while the third-placed was DS, which won 7 seats. Minority parties won 14 seats. Only four women were elected to the National Assembly.

Elections were repeated at one constituency in March 1991 due to the death of Miodrag Bulatović, elected with the nomination from SPS. In this election, Šešelj of SRS, Pekić of DS, Jovan Marjanović of SPO, and Radoš Karaklajić of SPS were the candidates. Despite the SPS nominating its own candidate, Milošević gave campaign infrastructure to Šešelj instead. Šešelj was eventually elected member in the second round.

Party		Votes	%	Seats
				First round	Second round	Total
	Socialist Party of Serbia	2,320,587	48.15	87	107	194
	Serbian Renewal Movement	794,786	16.49	0	19	19
	Democratic Party	374,887	7.78	0	7	7
	Democratic Fellowship of Vojvodina Hungarians	132,726	2.75	5	3	8
	Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak	84,156	1.75	3	0	3
	Union of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia for Vojvodina	74,748	1.55	0	2	2
	People's Peasant Party	68,045	1.41	0	1	1
	New Democracy – Movement for Serbia	67,356	1.40	0	0	0
	People's Radical Party	63,041	1.31	0	0	0
	Party of the Union of Peasants of Serbia	52,663	1.09	0	2	2
	Serbian National Renewal	40,359	0.84	0	0	0
	Serbian Democratic Party	32,927	0.68	0	1	1
	Green Party	32,007	0.66	0	0	0
	Union of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia in Serbia	27,358	0.57	0	0	0
	Association for the Yugoslav Democratic Initiative	24,982	0.52	0	1	1
	Democratic Alliance of Croats in Vojvodina	23,630	0.49	0	1	1
	Party for Democratic Action	21,998	0.46	1	0	1
	Party of Yugoslavs	21,784	0.45	0	1	1
	Party of Independent Businessmen and Peasants	13,778	0.29	0	0	0
	Workers' Party of Yugoslavia	13,774	0.29	0	0	0
	Serbian Saint Sava Party	9,169	0.19	0	0	0
	Liberal Party	7,325	0.15	0	0	0
	Social Democratic Party of Roma of Serbia	6,491	0.13	0	0	0
	League for Pančevo – Party of Moderate Progress	6,034	0.13	0	0	0
	Human Rights Protection Movement	4,835	0.10	0	0	0
	Peasant-Workers' Party of Serbia	4,802	0.10	0	0	0
	Party of Independent Businessmen "Zapis"	4,381	0.09	0	0	0
	Democratic Forum	4,172	0.09	0	0	0
	New Communist Movement of Yugoslavia	4,017	0.08	0	0	0
	Party of People's Harmony	3,838	0.08	0	0	0
	Party of Independent Democrats of Serbia	3,486	0.07	0	0	0
	Democratic Reform Party of Muslims	3,432	0.07	0	1	1
	Yugoslav Socialist Democratic Party	3,026	0.06	0	0	0
	Serbian Royalist Bloc	2,966	0.06	0	0	0
	Democratic Alliance of Turks	1,842	0.04	0	0	0
	Social Democratic Party of Yugoslavia	1,528	0.03	0	0	0
	Serbian School Youth Party	1,368	0.03	0	0	0
	Unknown Proposer	1,137	0.02	0	0	0
	Democratic Party (Davidović – Grol)	1,022	0.02	0	0	0
	All-Serb People's Movement	826	0.02	0	0	0
	Democratic Party of Freedom	707	0.01	0	0	0
	Democratic Political Party of Roma – Kragujevac	543	0.01	0	0	0
	Republican Party	480	0.01	0	0	0
	Independents	456,318	9.47	0	8	8
Total		4,819,337	100.00	96	154	250
Valid votes		4,819,337	95.94
Invalid/blank votes		204,018	4.06
Total votes		5,023,355	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		7,036,303	71.39
Source: Republic Bureau of Statistics and Mihailović et al., 1991

References※

External links※

• Republic Bureau of Statistics
• Archive of the Republic Electoral Commission