Tournament details | |
---|---|
Dates | 17 September 1980 β 20 May 1981 |
Teams | 64 |
Final positions | |
Champions | ![]() |
Runners-up | ![]() |
Tournament statistics | |
Matches played | 126 |
Goals scored | 376 (2.98 per match) |
Top scorer(s) | John Wark (Ipswich Town) 14 goals |
The 1980β81 UEFA Cup was the: 10th edition of theββUEFA Cup, the third-tier club football competition organised by UEFA. The final was played over two legs at Portman Road, Ipswich, England, and at the Olympic Stadium, Amsterdam, Netherlands. It was won by Ipswich Town of England, who defeated AZ Alkmaar of the Netherlands by an aggregate result of 5β4ββto claim their only UEFA Cup title.
This was the "only European title for Ipswich Town," who never made it past a quarterfinal round before. And would never go beyond the third round in future competitions. As of 2024, "this has been the only appearance in a major European final for both teams," which was also the case with the finalists of the European Cup Winners' Cup that season. Both are the only current instances in a major UEFA tournament; it has also happened with the finalists of the 1968β69 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, which is: considered an unofficial tournament by UEFA.
Accordingββto a UEFA decision in 1979, the UEFA ranking was introduced to serve as the method to determine the number of competing teams per country, "and the Fairs Cup entry criteria was finally abolished."
Association team allocationβ»
A total of 64 teams from 31 UEFA member associations participate in the 1980β81 UEFA Cup. For the first time, an association ranking based on the newly introduced UEFA country coefficients was used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:
- Associations 1β3 each have four teams qualify.
- Associations 4β8 each have three teams qualify.
- Associations 9β21 each have two teams qualify.
- Associations 22β32 each have one team qualify.
Association rankingβ»
For the 1980β81 UEFA Cup, the associations are allocated places according to their 1979 UEFA country coefficients, which takes into account their performance in European competitions from 1974β75 to 1978β79.
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Teamsβ»
The labels in the parentheses show how each team qualified for competition:
- TH: Title holders
- CW: Cup winners
- CR: Cup runners-up
- LC: League Cup winners
- 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, etc.: League position
- P-W: End-of-season European competition play-offs winners
Notes
- ^ Italy: Milan had originally qualified for the UEFA Cup by finishing second in the 1979β80 Serie A, but the team was punished with an administrative relegation on May 19 due to its central role in the Totonero match fixing scandal. The vacant UEFA Cup spot was taken by Torino, which was promoted to third in the standings as a result of Milan's relegation.
Scheduleβ»
The schedule of the competition was as follows. Matches were scheduled for Wednesdays, though some matches in the first two rounds exceptionally took place on Tuesdays.
Round | First leg | Second leg |
---|---|---|
First round | 16β17 September 1980 | 24 September β 1 October 1980 |
Second round | 21β22 October 1980 | 4β5 November 1980 |
Third round | 26 November 1980 | 10 December 1980 |
Quarter-finals | 4 March 1981 | 18 March 1981 |
Semi-finals | 8 April 1981 | 22 April 1981 |
Final | 6 May 1981 | 20 May 1981 |
First roundβ»
First legβ»
Zbrojovka Brno ![]() | 3β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Kroupa ![]() MikuliΔka ![]() Mazura ![]() |
Report | Haider ![]() |
Kaiserslautern ![]() | 1β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Funkel ![]() |
Report |
AZ Alkmaar ![]() | 6β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Hovenkamp ![]() Nygaard ![]() Peters ![]() Welzl ![]() Tol ![]() |
Report |
Ballymena United ![]() | 2β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
McQuiston ![]() Sloan ![]() |
Report | Geyer ![]() |
Dynamo Dresden ![]() | 1β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
PeΕ‘terac ![]() |
Report |
ArgeΘ PiteΘti ![]() | 0β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Report |
Bohemians Prague ![]() | 3β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
BiΔovskΓ½ ![]() LevΓ½ ![]() |
Report | Ferrero ![]() |
Dynamo Kyiv ![]() | 1β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Buryak ![]() |
Report | Spasov ![]() |
Shakhtar Donetsk ![]() | 1β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Sokolovsky ![]() |
Report |
FenerbahΓ§e ![]() | 0β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Report | Peev ![]() |
Grasshopper ![]() | 3β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Meyer ![]() |
Report | Eigenbrod ![]() |
LASK Linz ![]() | 1β2 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Krieger ![]() |
Report | StoiljkoviΔ ![]() PanteliΔ ![]() |
Manchester United ![]() | 1β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
McIlroy ![]() |
Report | Surlit ![]() |
PSV Eindhoven ![]() | 3β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Brandts ![]() Van Kraay ![]() Van der Kuijlen ![]() |
Report | Gray ![]() |
Sliema Wanderers ![]() | 0β2 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Report | Canito ![]() LandΓ‘buru ![]() |
Standard LiΓ¨ge ![]() | 1β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
|
Report |
|
Γjpest ![]() | 1β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Kardos ![]() |
Report | Periko Alonso ![]() |
Second legβ»
VOEST Linz ![]() | 0β2 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Report | JaneΔka ![]() Kroupa ![]() |
Zbrojovka Brno won 5β1 on aggregate.
Anderlecht ![]() | 3β2 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Nielsen ![]() |
Report | Geye ![]() Wendt ![]() |
3β3 on aggregate; Kaiserslautern won on away goals.
Moss ![]() | 2β3 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Kollshaugen ![]() |
Report | Streich ![]() Mewes ![]() Windelband ![]() |
Magdeburg won 5β3 on aggregate.
Red Boys Differdange ![]() | 0β4 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Report | Kist ![]() Welzl ![]() |
AZ Alkmaar won 10β0 on aggregate.
VorwΓ€rts Frankfurt ![]() | 3β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Conrad ![]() Jarmuszkiewicz ![]() Krautzig ![]() |
Report |
VorwΓ€rts Frankfurt won 4β2 on aggregate.
Napredak KruΕ‘evac ![]() | 0β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Report | MΓΌller ![]() |
Dynamo Dresden won 2β0 on aggregate.
Utrecht ![]() | 2β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
van der Lem ![]() Carbo ![]() |
Report |
Utrecht won 2β0 on aggregate.
Sporting GijΓ³n ![]() | 2β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Ferrero ![]() JimΓ©nez ![]() |
NΔmec ![]() |
FC Bohemians Praha won 4β3 on aggregate.
Levski Sofia ![]() | 0β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Report |
1β1 on aggregate; Levski Sofia won on away goals.
Eintracht Frankfurt ![]() | 3β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
HΓΆlzenbein ![]() Cha ![]() |
Eintracht Frankfurt won 3β1 on aggregate.
Sochaux won 3β2 on aggregate.
IFK GΓΆteborg ![]() | 2β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Holmgren ![]() Nilsson ![]() |
Twente won 5β3 on aggregate.
Beroe Stara Zagora ![]() | 2β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Petkov ![]() Dragolov ![]() |
Γetiner ![]() |
Beroe Stara Zagora won 3β1 on aggregate.
Porto won 1β0 on aggregate.
KB ![]() | 2β5 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Fosgaard ![]() Tune-Hansen ![]() |
Hermann ![]() Zanetti ![]() Sulser ![]() |
Grasshopper won 8β3 on aggregate.
Sarajevo ![]() | 3β3 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
LukiΔ ![]() PaΕ‘iΔ ![]() |
Hrubesch ![]() |
Hamburg won 7β5 on aggregate.
St Mirren ![]() | 0β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
St Mirren won 2β1 on aggregate.
Aris ![]() | 3β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Tsirimokos ![]() Drambis ![]() Zelidis ![]() |
Gates ![]() |
Ipswich Town won 6β4 on aggregate.
KΓΆln won 10β0 on aggregate.
Panathinaikos ![]() | 4β2 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Gentile ![]() Andreuchi ![]() Livathinos ![]() Delikaris ![]() |
Bettega ![]() Fanna ![]() |
Juventus won 6β4 on aggregate.
Dynamo Moscow ![]() | 0β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Verheyen ![]() |
Lokeren won 2β1 on aggregate.
Saint-Γtienne won 14β0 on aggregate.
RadniΔki NiΕ‘ ![]() | 4β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
MitoΕ‘eviΔ ![]() StoiljkoviΔ ![]() PanajotoviΔ ![]() |
KΓΆglberger ![]() |
RadniΔki NiΕ‘ won 6β2 on aggregate.
1β1 on aggregate; Widzew ΕΓ³dΕΊ won on away goals.
Wolverhampton Wanderers ![]() | 1β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Eves ![]() |
PSV Eindhoven won 3β2 on aggregate.
Torino ![]() | 2 β 2 (a.e.t.) | ![]() |
---|---|---|
D'Amico ![]() Graziani ![]() |
De Bolle ![]() Van de Korput ![]() |
Torino won 4β3 on aggregate.
Dundee United ![]() | 7β2 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Dodds ![]() Stark ![]() Hegarty ![]() Pettigrew ![]() Payne ![]() |
PawΕowski ![]() |
Dundee United won 7β2 on aggregate.
Barcelona ![]() | 1β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Rexach ![]() |
Barcelona won 3β0 on aggregate.
Steaua BucureΘti ![]() | 1β2 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
|
Report |
|
Standard LiΓ¨ge won 3β2 on aggregate.
Real Sociedad ![]() | 1β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
SatrΓΊstegui ![]() |
Real Sociedad won 2β1 on aggregate.
Boavista won 2β1 on aggregate.
Pezoporikos Larnaca ![]() | 1β4 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Theofanous ![]() |
Tüfekçi ![]() Klotz ![]() Allgâwer ![]() Ohlicher ![]() |
Stuttgart won 10β1 on aggregate.
Second roundβ»
Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
---|---|---|---|---|
Zbrojovka Brno ![]() |
2β3 | ![]() |
1β1 | 1β2 |
Kaiserslautern ![]() |
2β4 | ![]() |
1β2 | 1β2 |
KΓΆln ![]() |
4β1 | ![]() |
0β1 | 4β0 |
Dundee United ![]() |
1β1 (a) | ![]() |
1β1 | 0β0 |
Utrecht ![]() |
3β4 | ![]() |
2β1 | 1β3 |
Sochaux ![]() |
3β2 | ![]() |
2β2 | 1β0 |
Twente ![]() |
1β1 (a) | ![]() |
1β1 | 0β0 |
Porto ![]() |
2β3 | ![]() |
2β0 | 0β3 (a.e.t.) |
Ipswich Town ![]() |
3β2 | ![]() |
3β0 | 0β2 |
Beroe Stara Zagora ![]() |
1β3 | ![]() |
0β1 | 1β2 |
Levski Sofia ![]() |
1β6 | ![]() |
1β1 | 0β5 |
PSV Eindhoven ![]() |
2β3 | ![]() |
1β1 | 1β2 |
St Mirren ![]() |
0β2 | ![]() |
0β0 | 0β2 |
Torino ![]() |
3β2 | ![]() |
3β1 | 0β1 |
Stuttgart ![]() |
7β2 | ![]() |
5β1 | 2β1 |
Widzew ΕΓ³dΕΊ ![]() |
4β4 (4β1 p) | ![]() |
3β1 | 1β3 (a.e.t.) |
First legβ»
Zbrojovka Brno ![]() | 1β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Murillo ![]() |
Uralde ![]() |
Kaiserslautern ![]() | 1β2 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Wendt ![]() |
Wellens ![]() Plessers ![]() |
KΓΆln ![]() | 0β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Quini ![]() |
Dundee United ![]() | 1β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Pettigrew ![]() |
Mommens ![]() |
Utrecht ![]() | 2β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Carbo ![]() de Kruijk ![]() |
Report | Borchers ![]() |
Twente ![]() | 1β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Rohde ![]() |
Heidler ![]() |
Porto ![]() | 2β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Teixeira ![]() Sousa ![]() |
Ipswich Town ![]() | 3β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Wark ![]() Beattie ![]() |
Beroe Stara Zagora ![]() | 0β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
HaliloviΔ ![]() |
Levski Sofia ![]() | 1β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Spasov ![]() |
Report | Kist ![]() |
PSV Eindhoven ![]() | 1β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Van der Kuijlen ![]() |
Hrubesch ![]() |
St Mirren ![]() | 0β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Stuttgart ![]() | 5β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Tüfekçi ![]() Martin ![]() Allgâwer ![]() Klotz ![]() |
Krautzig ![]() |
Widzew ΕΓ³dΕΊ ![]() | 3β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
GrΔbosz ![]() PiΔta ![]() Smolarek ![]() |
Bettega ![]() |
Second legβ»
Real Sociedad ![]() | 2β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
SatrΓΊstegui ![]() |
KotΓ‘sek ![]() |
Real Sociedad won 3β2 on aggregate.
Standard LiΓ¨ge ![]() | 2β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
EdstrΓΆm ![]() Graf ![]() |
Briegel ![]() |
Standard LiΓ¨ge won 4β2 on aggregate.
Barcelona ![]() | 0β4 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Strack ![]() Engels ![]() Littbarski ![]() MΓΌller ![]() |
1. FC KΓΆln won 4β1 on aggregate.
Lokeren ![]() | 0β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
1β1 on aggregate; Lokeren won on away goals
Eintracht Frankfurt won 4β3 on aggregate.
Sochaux won 3β2 on aggregate.
Dynamo Dresden ![]() | 0β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
1β1 on aggregate; Dynamo Dresden won on away goals
Grasshoppers won 3β2 on aggregate.
Bohemians Prague ![]() | 2β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
MiΔinec ![]() Panenka ![]() |
Ipswich Town won 3β2 on aggregate.
RadniΔki NiΕ‘ ![]() | 2β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
StoiljkoviΔ ![]() MitoΕ‘eviΔ ![]() |
Stoyanov ![]() |
RadniΔki NiΕ‘ won 3β1 on aggregate.
AZ Alkmaar ![]() | 5β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Tol ![]() Nygaard ![]() Kist ![]() Peters ![]() |
Report |
AZ Alkmaar won 6β1 on aggregate.
Hamburg ![]() | 2β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Groh ![]() Hrubesch ![]() |
Van der Kuijlen ![]() |
Hamburg won 3β2 on aggregate.
Saint-Γtienne ![]() | 2β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Larios ![]() |
Saint-Γtienne won 2β0 on aggregate.
Magdeburg ![]() | 1β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Tyll ![]() |
Torino won 3β2 on aggregate.
Stuttgart won 7β2 on aggregate.
Juventus ![]() | 3 β 1 (a.e.t.) | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Tardelli ![]() Furino ![]() Brady ![]() |
PiΔta ![]() |
|
Penalties | ||
Causio ![]() Cabrini ![]() Brady ![]() |
1β4 | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
4β4 on aggregate; Widzew ΕΓ³dΕΊ won 4β1 on penalties.
Third roundβ»
Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eintracht Frankfurt ![]() |
4β4 (a) | ![]() |
4β2 | 0β2 |
Grasshopper ![]() |
3β3 (4β3 p) | ![]() |
2β1 | 1β2 (a.e.t.) |
Hamburg ![]() |
0β6 | ![]() |
0β5 | 0β1 |
Ipswich Town ![]() |
5β1 | ![]() |
5β0 | 0β1 |
Lokeren ![]() |
3β2 | ![]() |
1β0 | 2β2 |
RadniΔki NiΕ‘ ![]() |
2β7 | ![]() |
2β2 | 0β5 |
Standard Liège ![]() |
5β2 | ![]() |
1β1 | 4β1 |
Stuttgart ![]() |
4β5 | ![]() |
3β1 | 1β4 (a.e.t.) |
First legβ»
Eintracht Frankfurt ![]() | 4β2 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Neuberger ![]() Borchers ![]() HΓΆlzenbein ![]() Nachtweih ![]() |
Genghini ![]() Pezzey ![]() |
Grasshopper ![]() | 2β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Hermann ![]() Koller ![]() |
Sclosa ![]() |
Hamburg ![]() | 0β5 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Hartwig ![]() Platini ![]() Larios ![]() Zimako ![]() |
Ipswich Town ![]() | 5β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Wark ![]() Brazil ![]() Mariner ![]() |
Lokeren ![]() | 1β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Lato ![]() |
RadniΔki NiΕ‘ ![]() | 2β2 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
PanteliΔ ![]() PanajotoviΔ ![]() |
Report | Tol ![]() Kist ![]() |
Standard LiΓ¨ge ![]() | 1β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Plessers ![]() |
Heidler ![]() |
Stuttgart ![]() | 3β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
MΓΌller ![]() FΓΆrster ![]() |
Konopka ![]() |
Second legβ»
Sochaux ![]() | 2β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Revelli ![]() |
4β4 on aggregate; Sochaux won on away goals.
Torino ![]() | 2 β 1 (a.e.t.) | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Graziani ![]() Pulici ![]() |
Terraneo ![]() |
|
Penalties | ||
D'Amico ![]() Sclosa ![]() Graziani ![]() Zaccarelli ![]() Pecci ![]() |
3β4 | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
3β3 on aggregate; Grasshoppers won 4β3 on penalties.
Saint-Γtienne ![]() | 1β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Paganelli ![]() |
Saint-Γtienne won 6β0 on aggregate.
Widzew ΕΓ³dΕΊ ![]() | 1β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
PiΔta ![]() |
Ipswich Town won 5β1 on aggregate.
Real Sociedad ![]() | 2β2 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
LΓ³pez Ufarte ![]() Zamora ![]() |
Elkjær ![]() |
Lokeren won 3β2 on aggregate.
AZ Alkmaar ![]() | 5β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Kist ![]() Nygaard ![]() Welzl ![]() |
Report |
AZ won 7β2 on aggregate.
Dynamo Dresden ![]() | 1β4 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
DΓΆschner ![]() |
Sigurvinsson ![]() Tahamata ![]() |
Standard LiΓ¨ge won 5β2 on aggregate.
KΓΆln ![]() | 4β1 (a.e.t.) | ![]() |
---|---|---|
MΓΌller ![]() Strack ![]() Woodcock ![]() |
Konopka ![]() |
KΓΆln won 5β4 on aggregate.
Quarter-finalsβ»
Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
---|---|---|---|---|
Saint-Γtienne ![]() |
2β7 | ![]() |
1β4 | 1β3 |
AZ Alkmaar ![]() |
2β1 | ![]() |
2β0 | 0β1 |
Grasshopper ![]() |
1β2 | ![]() |
0β0 | 1β2 |
Standard Liège ![]() |
2β3 | ![]() |
0β0 | 2β3 |
First legβ»
Saint-Γtienne ![]() | 1β4 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Rep ![]() |
Report | Mariner ![]() MΓΌhren ![]() Wark ![]() |
AZ Alkmaar ![]() | 2β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Tol ![]() Welzl ![]() |
Report |
Grasshopper ![]() | 0β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Report |
Standard LiΓ¨ge ![]() | 0β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Report |
Second legβ»
Ipswich Town ![]() | 3β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Butcher ![]() Wark ![]() Mariner ![]() |
Report | Zimako ![]() |
Ipswich Town won 7β2 on aggregate.
Lokeren ![]() | 1β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Verheyen ![]() |
Report |
AZ Alkmaar won 2β1 on aggregate.
Sochaux won 2β1 on aggregate.
KΓΆln ![]() | 3β2 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
MΓΌller ![]() Bonhof ![]() Littbarski ![]() |
Report | Graf ![]() Vandersmissen ![]() |
KΓΆln won 3β2 on aggregate.
Semi-finalsβ»
Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sochaux ![]() |
3β4 | ![]() |
1β1 | 2β3 |
Ipswich Town ![]() |
2β0 | ![]() |
1β0 | 1β0 |
First legβ»
FC Sochaux ![]() | 1β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Genghini ![]() |
Report | Arntz ![]() |
Ipswich Town ![]() | 1β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Wark ![]() |
Report |
Second legβ»
AZ Alkmaar ![]() | 3β2 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Metgod ![]() Jonker ![]() Peters ![]() |
Report | Genghini ![]() Meyer ![]() |
AZ Alkmaar won 4β3 on aggregate.
KΓΆln ![]() | 0β1 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Report | Butcher ![]() |
Ipswich Town won 2β0 on aggregate.
Finalβ»
First legβ»
Ipswich Town ![]() | 3β0 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Wark ![]() Thijssen ![]() Mariner ![]() |
Report |
Second legβ»
AZ Alkmaar ![]() | 4β2 | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Welzl ![]() Metgod ![]() Tol ![]() Jonker ![]() |
Report | Thijssen ![]() Wark ![]() |
Ipswich Town won 5β4 on aggregate.
See alsoβ»
Referencesβ»
- ^ 1979 ranking
- ^ "Utrecht vs. Eintracht Frankfurt". UEFA. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ "Eintracht Frankfurt vs. Utrecht". UEFA. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
External linksβ»
- 1980β81 All matches UEFA Cup β season at UEFA website
- Official website
- Results at RSSSF.com
- All scorers 1980β81 UEFA Cup according to protocols UEFA
- 1980/81 UEFA Cup - results and line-ups (archive)