![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/LeningradCodex_text.jpg/200px-LeningradCodex_text.jpg)
A Hebrew Bible manuscript is: a handwritten copy of a portion of the: text of theββHebrew Bible (Tanakh) made on papyrus, "parchment,"/paper. And written in the Hebrew language (some of the "biblical text." And notations may be, in Aramaic). The oldest manuscripts were written in a form of scroll, the medieval manuscripts usually were written in a form of codex. The late manuscripts written after the 9th century use the Masoretic Text. The important manuscripts are associated with Aaron ben Asher (especially Leningrad Codex).
The earliest sources (whether oral or written) of the Hebrew Bible disappeared over time. Because of the fragility of media, wars (especially the destruction of the First and Second Temple) and other intentional destructions. As a result, the lapse of time between the original manuscripts and their surviving copies is much longer than in the case of the New Testament manuscripts.
The first list of the Old Testament manuscripts in Hebrew, "made by," Benjamin Kennicott (1718β1783) and published by Oxford in two volumes in 1776 and "1780," listed 615 manuscripts from libraries in England and on the continent. Giovanni Battista de Rossi (1822β1894) published a list of 731 manuscripts. The main manuscript discoveries in modern times are those of the Cairo Geniza (c. 1890) and the Dead Sea Scrolls (1947). 260,000 Hebrew manuscripts were discovered in an old synagogue in Cairo, 10,000 of which are biblical manuscripts. There are more than 200 biblical manuscripts among the Dead Sea Scrolls, some of them were written in the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet. They were written before 70 CE. 14 scroll manuscripts were discovered in Masada in 1963β1965.
The largest organized collection of Hebrew Old Testament manuscripts in the world is housed in the Russian National Library ("Second Firkovitch Collection") in Saint Petersburg.
Leningrad Codex is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew. Manuscripts earlier than the 13th century are very rare. The majority of the manuscripts have survived in a fragmentary condition.
The oldest complete Torah scroll still in use has been carbon-datedββto around 1250 and is owned by the Jewish community of the northern Italian town of Biella.
Masorah manuscriptsβ»
Proto-Masoretic from Second Temple period (1st century)β»
- Severus Scroll (named for the Roman Emperor who restored this scroll, reportedly seized from the Temple in Jerusalem,ββto the Jewish community in 220), a lost manuscript of early 1st century CE, only a few sentences are preserved by Rabbinic literature
Proto-Masoretic from "Silent Period" (2ndβ10th century)β»
- Codex Hilleli, a lost manuscript of circa 600 CE, destroyed in 1197 in Spain, only a few sentences are preserved by Rabbinic literature
- Codex Muggeh (or Muga; ="corrected"), lost, cited as a source in Masoretic notations.
Masoretic (7thβ10th century)β»
- Ben Asher Manuscripts, including several of those listed here-below (see Kahle)
- The London Manuscript and the Ashkar-Gilson Manuscript, the latter also known as the "Ashkar-Gilson Hebrew Manuscript #2", both from the same scroll, dated to the 7th. Or 8th century. The extant fragments cover Exodus 9:18β13:2 and 13:19β16:1.
- Codex Orientales 4445, also known as "London Codex" in the British Library, London, containing Genesis-Deuteronomy 1:33 (less Numbers 7:47β73 and Numbers 9:12β10:18). and dated by colophon to 920-950 CE.
- Codex Cairensis (Prophets), pointed by Moses Ben Asher, dated by a colophon 895 CE, contradicted by radiocarbon dating, which indicated an 11th-century date. It is the oldest manuscript bearing the date of its writing; written in Tiberias, subsequently was in Cairo, now deposited at Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
- Codex Sassoon 1053, 9th or 10th century, from the collection of David Solomon Sassoon, now in the ANU - Museum of the Jewish People in Tel Aviv. (missing first 10 pages of Genesis)
- Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus (Latter Prophets), dated 916 CE, Russian National Library
- Pentateuch of 929 (Torah) dated 929 CE, Russian National Library.
- Aleppo Codex, 930 CE, written in Tiberias, now deposited at Israel Museum in Jerusalem (was complete, supposedly pointed by Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, partially missing since 1958); this manuscript is the basis of the Jerusalem Crown bible.
- Leningrad Codex (complete), copied from a Ben Asher manuscript, dated 1008 CE, written in Cairo, now deposited at Russian National Library in Saint Petersburg; this manuscript is the basis of the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia and other editions and is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew.
- Michigan Codex (Torah), 10th century
- Damascus Pentateuch, 10th century
- First Gaster Bible in the British Library, 10th century
Later (11thβ17th century)β»
- Codex Yerushalmi, lost, reportedly used in Spain (circa 1010) by Jonah ibn Janah.
- Codex Reuchlinanus (Prophets), dated 1105 CE.
- Bologna Torah Scroll/Scroll 2, dated CE 1155β1255, University of Bologna Library
- Ms. Eb. 448 of the Vatican Library, with Targum Onkelos, dated 11β12 century
- Second Gaster Bible in the British Library, 11thβ12th centuries
- Braginsky Collection Codex Hilleli copy, 1241 Toledo, Spain (housed at Jewish Theological Seminary, New York)
- Damascus Crown, written in Spain in 1260.
- Cloisters Hebrew Bible; 1300β1350 CE, before 1366; earliest owner named David ha-Kohen Coutinhβ» on Rosh Hashanah in 1366; owned by Zaradel Synagogue in Egypt. Acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2018 under The Cloisters Collection.
- Farhi Bible, written by Elisha Crescas in Provence between 1366 and 1383. Purchased by David Solomon Sassoon in 1913 in Aleppo, Syria.
- Rashba Bible, completed in 1383
- Erfurt Codices (complete, Berlin), E1 circa 14th century, E2 possibly 13th century, E3 possibly 11th century
- Codex Jericho (Pentateuch), lost, cited in the notes to a Massoretic manuscript written circa 1310.
- Al-Ousta Codex, 14th century. Now at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris.
- Merwas Bible (14th century)
- Codex Ezra, lost, C.D. Ginsburg owned a manuscript written in 1474 which purported to have been copied from this.
- Kennicott Bible, completed by Moses ibn Zabarah in A CoruΓ±a, Spain in 1476 and now in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, with exact facsimiles held by several libraries.
- Lisbon Bible, copied in 1483 in Lisbon, Portugal, the most accomplished codex of the Portuguese school of medieval Hebrew illumination and now in the British Library.
- Codex Sinai, mentioned in Massoretic notes and reportedly used by Elia Levita (circa 1540).
- MS. de Rossi 782, copied in Toledo Spain in 1277.
- Codex Sanbuki (named for Zambuqi, on the Tigris River), lost, frequently quoted in Massoretic annotations and apparently seen (circa 1600) by Menahem Lonzano.
- Codex Great Mahzor, lost, mentioned in Massoretic notes (the title suggests that this codex contained only the Pentateuch and those selections from the Prophets that were read during the liturgical year)
Modern discoveriesβ»
- Ketef Hinnom scrolls, late 7th or early 6th century BCE, placing them in the First Temple period. Found containing material from Leviticus and Deuteronomy, including the Priestly Blessing, alongside other otherwise unknown material on small rolled silver scrolls
- Nash Papyrus, dated to the 2nd BCE β 1st CE. A liturgy, potentially a Mezuzah, found with the 10 Commandments followed by the Shema; it is most similar to the LXX
- A wine-jar seal held in the Chicago Universityβs collection quotes Jeremiah 48:11 as a reference to the quality of the wine contained therein. It likely dates to between the Dead Sea Scrolls and the major Masoretic texts
- En-Gedi Scroll, fragment of Hebrew parchment dated to 2nd century CE, discovered in 1970 containing portions of the first 2 chapters of Leviticus
- Cairo Geniza fragments contains portions of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew and Aramaic, discovered in Cairo synagogue, which date from about 4th century CE on
Dead Sea Scrollsβ»
Dated Between 250 BCE and 70 CE.
- Isaiah scroll, 1Qlsa, contains almost the complete text of the Book of Isaiah
- 4QDeut, contains the Decalogue.
- 4Q106
- 4Q107
- 4Q108
- 4Q240
- 6Q6
Qumran Cave 1β»
Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qumran Cave 1 | |||||||
1QIsa | Great Isaiah Scroll | Isaiah 1:1β31; 2:1β22; 3:1β5:30; 6:1β13; 7:1β25; 8:1β23; 9:1β20; 10:1β34; 11:1β45:25; 46:1β66:24 | Hebrew | 356β103 BCE/150β100 BCE | Contains all 66 chapters with occasional lacunae and some missing words at the bottom of some columns | ||
1QIsa | Isaiah | cf. 1Q8 | The Book of Isaiah | Hebrew | Hasmonean/Herodian | A second copy of portions of the Book of Isaiah | |
1QS | Serekh ha-Yahad or "Community Rule" | Hebrew | cf. 4QS = 4Q255β64, 5Q11 | ||||
1QpHab | Pesher on Habakkuk | Habakkuk 1β2 | Hebrew | Later half of the 1st century BC | Commentary on Habakkuk 1:2β17; 2:1β20 | ||
1QM | Milhamah or War Scroll | Hebrew | cf. 4Q491, 4Q493; 11Q14? | ||||
1QH | Hodayot or Thanksgiving Hymns | Hebrew | Some parts are also preserved in 1QH and 4QH | ||||
1QapGen | Genesis Apocryphon | Genesis 12:18β15:4 | Aramaic | 25 BCEβ50 CE | |||
CTLevi | Cairo Geniza or Testament of Levi | Aramaic | |||||
1QGen | Genesis | 1Q1 | Genesis 1:18β21; 3:11β14; 22:13β15; 23:17β19; 24:22β24 | Hebrew | Herodian | ||
1QExod | Exodus | 1Q2 | Exodus 16:12β16; 19:24β20:2, 20:5β6; 20:25β21:1; 21:4β5 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | ||
1QpaleoLev | Leviticus β Numbers | 1Q3 | Leviticus 11:10β11; 19:30β34; 20:20β24; 21:24β22:6; 23:4β8 and Numbers 1:48β50 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman; Palaeo-Hebrew script | ||
1QDeut | Deuteronomy | 1Q4 | Deuteronomy 1:22β25; 4:47β49; 8:18β19; 9:27β28; 11:27β30; 13:1β6, 13β14; 14:21, 24β25; 16:4, 6β7 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | ||
1QDeut | 1Q5 | Deuteronomy 1:9β13; 8:8β9; 9:10; 11:30β31; 15:14β15; 17:16; 21:8β9; 24:10β16; 25:13β18; 28:44β48; 29:9β20; 30:19β20; 31:1β10, 12β13; 32:17β29; 33:12β24 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
1QJudg | Judges | 1Q6 | Judges 6:20β22; 8:1(?); 9:2β6, 28β31, 40β43, 48β49 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | ||
1QSam | Samuel | 1Q7 | 2 Samuel 18:17β18; 20:6β10; 21:16β18; 23:9β12 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | ||
1QIsa | Isaiah | Parts of 1QIsa as 1Q8 | Isaiah 7:22β25; 8:1; 10:17β19; 12:3β6; 13:1β8, 16β19; 15:3β9; 16:1β2, 7β11; 19:7β17, 20β25; 20:1; 22:11β18, 24β25; 23:1β4; 24:18β23; 25:1β8; 26:1β5; 28:15β20; 29:1β8; 30:10β14, 21β26; 35:4β5; 37:8β12; 38:12β22; 39:1β8; 40:2β3; 41:3β23; 43:1β13, 23β27; 44:21β28; 45:1β13; 46:3β13; 47:1β14; 48:17β22; 49:1β15; 50:7β11; 51:1β10; 52:7β15; 53:1β12; 54:1β6; 55:2β13; 56:1β12; 57:1β4, 17β21; 58:1β14; 59:1β8, 20β21; 60:1β22; 61:1β2; 62:2β12; 63:1β19; 64:1, 6β8; 65:17β25; 66:1β24 | Hebrew | Herodian | ||
1QEzek | Ezekiel | Parts of 1QIsa as 1Q9 | Ezekiel 4:16β17; 5:1 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | ||
1QPs | Psalms | 1Q10 | Psalm 86:5β8; 92:12β14; 94:16; 95:11β96:2; 119:31β34, 43β48, 77β79 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | ||
1QPs | 1Q11 | Psalm 126:6; 127:1β5; 128:3 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
1QPs | 1Q12 | Psalm 44:3β5, 7, 9, 23β25 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
1QPhyl | Phylactery | 1Q13 | Deuteronomy 5:23β27; 11:8β11 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | 58 fragments from a Phylactery | |
1QpMic | Pesher on Micah | 1Q14 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
1QpZeph | Pesher on Zephaniah | 1Q15 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
1QpPs | Pesher on Psalms | 1Q16 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
1QJub | Jubilees | 1Q17 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Jubilees | ||
1QJub | 1Q18 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Jubilees | |||
1QNoah | Book of Noah | 1Q19 | Hebrew | Herodian | Parts of the lost Book of Noah | ||
1QapGen | Fragments of the "Genesis Apocryphon" | 1Q20 | Aramaic | Herodian | |||
1QTLevi / 1QALD | Testament of Levi | 1Q21 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | Aramaic Levi Document | ||
1QDM | "DibrΓͺ Moshe" or "Words of Moses" | 1Q22 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
1QEnGiants | Book of Giants | 1Q23 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | Enoch | ||
1QEnGiants | Book of Giants | 1Q24 | Aramaic | Hellenistic-Roman | Enoch | ||
1Q Apocr.Prophecy | "Apocryphal Prophecy" | 1Q25 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
1Q Instruction | "Instruction" | 1Q26 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | |||
1QMyst | "The Book of Mysteries" | 1Q27 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
1QS or 1QS | "Rule of the Congregation" | 1Q28 (1Q28a) | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragment from "Community Rule" | ||
1QS | "Rule of the Blessing" or "Rule of the Benedictions" | 1Q28b | Hebrew | Hasmonean | |||
1QapocrMoses B | Apocryphon of Moses | 1Q29 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | "Liturgy of the Three Tongues of Fire" | ||
1Q Liturgical Text(?) A | "Liturgical Text 1" | 1Q30 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
1Q Liturgical Text(?) B | "Liturgical Text 2" | 1Q31 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
1QNJ(?) | "New Jerusalem" | 1Q32 | Aramaic | Herodian | cf. 11Q18 | ||
1QM | Fragment of the 1QM or "War Scroll" or "Milhamah" | 1Q33 | Deuteronomy 20:2β5; Numbers 10:9, 24:17β19; Isaiah 31:8 | Hebrew | 30β1 BCE
Early Herodian |
||
1QPrFetes / 1QLitPr | "Liturgical Prayers" or "Festival Prayers" | 1Q34 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
1QH | "Hodayot" or "Thanksgiving Hymns" | 1Q35 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
1Q Hymns | "Hymns" | 1Q36 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
1Q Hymnic Composition(?) | "Hymnic Composition" | 1Q37 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
1Q Hymnic Composition(?) | "Hymnic Composition" | 1Q38 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
1Q Hymnic Composition(?) | "Hymnic Composition" | 1Q39 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
1Q Hymnic Composition(?) | "Hymnic Composition" | 1Q40 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
1Q41β70 | 1Q41β70 | Hebrew | Unclassified Fragments | ||||
1QDan | Daniel | 1Q71 | Daniel 1:10β17; 2:2β6 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | ||
1QDan | 1Q72 | Daniel 3:22β30 | Aramaic | Hellenistic-Roman |
Qumran Cave 2β»
Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qumran Cave 2 | |||||||
2QGen | Genesis | 2Q1 | Genesis 19:27β28; 36:6, 35β37 | Hebrew | Herodian | ||
2QExod | Exodus | 2Q2 | Exodus 1:11β14; 7:1β4; 9:27β29; 11:3β7; 12:32β41; 21:18β20(?); 26:11β13; 30:21(?), 23β25; 32:32β34 | ||||
2QExod | 2Q3 | Exodus 4:31; 12:26β27(?); 18:21β22; 21:37β22:2, 15β19; 27:17β19; 31:16β17; 19:9; 34:10 | |||||
2QExod | 2Q4 | Exodus 5:3β5 | Hellenistic-Roman | ||||
2QpaleoLev | Leviticus | 2Q5 | Leviticus 11:22β29 | Hasmonean; Palaeo-Hebrew script | |||
2QNum | Numbers | 2Q6 | Numbers 3:38β41, 51β 4:3 | Hebrew | Herodian | ||
2QNum | 2Q7 | Numbers 33:47β53 | |||||
2QNum | 2Q8 | Numbers 7:88 | |||||
2QNum | 2Q9 | Numbers 18:8β9 | Hellenistic-Roman | This fragment may belong to 2Q7; possibly = Leviticus 23:1β3 | |||
2QDeut | Deuteronomy | 2Q10 | Deuteronomy 1:7β9 | Hebrew | 50β25 BCE
Late Hasmonean or Early Herodian |
||
2QDeut | 2Q11 | Deuteronomy 17:12β15 | Hebrew | 30 BCE β 68 CE
Herodian |
|||
2QDeut | 2Q12 | Deuteronomy 10:8β12 | Hebrew | 1β68 CE
Late Herodian |
|||
2QJer | Jeremiah | 2Q13 | Jeremiah 42:7β11, 14; 43:8β11; 44:1β3, 12β14; 46:27β47:7; 48:7, 25β39, 43β45; 49:10 | Hebrew | Herodian | Doubtfully identified fragments: 13:22; 32:24β25; 48:2β4, 41β42 | |
2QPs | Psalms | 2Q14 | Psalm 103:2β11; 104:6β11 | ||||
2QJob | Job | 2Q15 | Job 33:28β30 | ||||
2QRuth | Ruth | 2Q16 | Ruth 2:13β23; 3:1β8; 4:3β4 | Hebrew | Herodian | ||
2QRuth | 2Q17 | Ruth 3:13β18 | Hasmonean | ||||
2QSir | "Wisdom of Sirach" or "Ecclesiasticus" | 2Q18 | Sir 6:14β15 (or 1:19β20); 6:20β31 | Hebrew | Herodian | Ben Sira | |
2QJub | Book of Jubilees | 2Q19 | Genesis 25:7β9 | Hebrew | Herodian | Jub 23:7β8 | |
2QJub | Book of Jubilees | 2Q20 | Exodus 1:7; Genesis 50:26, 22 (different order) | Jub 46:1β3 | |||
2QapMoses /2QapocrMoses(?) | "Apocryphon of Moses" | 2Q21 | Hebrew | Herodian | Apocryphal writing about Moses | ||
2QapDavid /2QapocrDavid | "Apocryphon of David" | 2Q22 | Hebrew | Herodian | Apocryphal writing about David | ||
2QapProph /2Qapocr.Prophecy | "Apocryphal Prophecy" | 2Q23 | Hebrew | Herodian | Apocryphal prophetic text in six tiny fragments. | ||
2QNJ | "New Jerusalem" | 2Q24 | Aramaic | Herodian | Description of the New Jerusalem. cf. 1Q32 ar, 11Q18 ar | ||
2Q Juridical Text | "Juridical Text" | 2Q25 | Hebrew | Herodian | A juridical text | ||
2QEnGiants | "Book of Giants" from "Enoch" | 2Q26 | Aramaic | Herodian | Now known as part of the "Book of Giants". cf. 6Q8 | ||
2Q27
2Q28 2Q29 2Q30 2Q31 2Q32 2Q33 |
2Q27
2Q28 2Q29 2Q30 2Q31 2Q32 2Q33 |
Unidentified Texts | |||||
2QX1 | 2QX1 | Debris in a box |
Qumran Cave 3β»
Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qumran Cave 3 | |||||||
3QEzek | Ezekiel | 3Q1 | Ezekiel 16:31β33 | Hebrew | Herodian | ||
3QPs | Psalms | 3Q2 | Psalm 2:6β7 | Hebrew | |||
3QLam | Lamentations | 3Q3 | Lamentations 1:10β12; 3:53β62 | Hebrew | |||
3QpIsa | Pesher on Isaiah | 3Q4 | Isaiah 1:1 | Hebrew | Herodian | ||
3QJub | Jubilees | 3Q5 | Hebrew | Herodian | Jubilees 23:6β7, 12β13, 23 | ||
3QHymn | Unidentified Hymn | 3Q6 | Hebrew | Herodian | Hymn of Praise | ||
3QTJud(?) | Testament of Judah(?) | 3Q7 | Hebrew | Herodian | cf. 4Q484, 4Q538 | ||
3Q Text Mentioning Angel of Peace | 3Q8 | Hebrew | Herodian | Text about an Angel of Peace | |||
3QSectarian text | 3Q9 | Hebrew | Herodian | Possible unidentified Sectarian text | |||
3QUnc | Unidentified | 3Q10
3Q11 |
Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Unclassified fragments | ||
3QUncA-B | Unclassified fragments | 3Q12
3Q13 |
Aramaic | Hellenistic-Roman | Unclassified fragments | ||
3QUncC | Unidentified | 3Q14 | Hebrew? | Hellenistic-Roman | 21 unclassified fragments | ||
3QCopScr | The Copper Scroll | 3Q15 | Hebrew | Roman | Copper plaque mentioning buried treasures |
Qumran Cave 4β»
Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qumran Cave 4 | |||||||
4QGen-Exod | GenesisβExodus | 4Q1 | Genesis 8:20β21; Exodus 1β4; 5:3β17; 6:4β21,25; 7:5β13,15β20; 8:20β22; 9:8; 22:14; 27:38β39,42β43; 34:17β21 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments from Genesis to Numbers | |
4QGen | Genesis | 4Q2 | Genesis 1:1β27; 2:14β19; 4:2β4; 5:13 | Hebrew | Roman | Fragment of Genesis | |
4QGen | 4Q3 | Genesis 40β41 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Genesis | ||
4QGen | 4Q4 | Genesis 1:18β27 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Genesis on the Beginning of Creation | ||
4QGen | 4Q5 | Genesis 36β37; 40β43; 49 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Genesis | ||
4QGen | 4Q6 | Genesis 48:1β11 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Genesis | ||
4QGen | 4Q7 | Genesis 1:1β11,13β22; 2:6β7 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Genesis about Creation | ||
4QGen/4QGen | 4Q8 | Genesis 1:8β10 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Genesis about the beginning to early mankind. | ||
4QGen | 4Q8a | Genesis 2:17β18 | |||||
4QGen | 4Q8b | Genesis 12:4β5 | A paraphrase of Genesis | ||||
4QGen | 4Q8c | Genesis | The title of a Genesis manuscript | ||||
4QGen | 4Q9 | Genesis 41β43; 45 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Genesis | ||
4QGen | 4Q10 | Genesis 1:9,14β16,27β28; 2:1β3; 3:1β2 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Genesis | ||
4QpaleoGen-Exod | Paleo-Genesis/Exodus | 4Q11 | Genesis 50:26; Exodus 1:1β5; 2:10,22β25; 3:1β4,17β21; 8:13β15, 19β21; 9:25β29, 33β35; 10:1β5; 11:4β10; 12:1β11, 42β46; 14:15β24; 16:2β7, 13β14,18β20,23β25,26β31,33β35; 17:1β3,5β11; 18:17β24; 19:24β25; 20:1β2; 22:23β24; 23:5β16; 25:7β20; 26:29β37; 27:1, 6β14; 28:33β35,40β42; 36:34β36 | Hebrew | Hasmonean; Paleo-Hebrew script | Fragments of Genesis and Exodus | |
4QpaleoGen | Paleo-Genesis | 4Q12 | Genesis 26:21β28; Exodus 6:25β30; 7:1β19,29; 8:1,5,12β26; 9:5β16,19β21,35; 10:1β12,19β28; 11:8β10; 12:1β2,6β8,13β15,17β22,31β32,34β39; 13:3β7,12β13; 14:3β5,8β9,25β26; 15:23β27; 16:1,4β5,7β8,31β35; 17:1β16; 18:1β27; 19:1,7β17,23β25; 20:1,18β19; 21:5β6, 13β14,22β32; 22:3β4,6β7,11β13,16β30; 23:15β16,19β31; 24:1β4,6β11; 25:11β12,20β29,31β34; 26:8,15,21β30; 27:1β3,9β14,18β19; 28:3β4,8β12,22β24,26β28,30β43; 29:1β5,20,22β25,31β41; 30:10,12β18,29β31,34β38; 31:1β8,13β15; 32:2β19,25β30; 33:12β23; 34:1β3,10β13,15β18,20β24,27β28; 35:1; 36:21β24; 37:9β16 | Hebrew | Hasmonean; Paleo-Hebrew script | Fragment from Genesis | |
4QExod | Exodus | 4Q13 | Exodus 1:1β6,16β12; 2:2β18; 3:13 β 4:8; 5:3β14 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Exodus about Slavery in Egypt | |
4QExod | 4Q14 | Exodus 7:17β19,20β23; 7:26 β 8:1; 8:5β14,16β18,22; 9:10β11,15β20,22β25,27β35; 10:1β5,7β9,12β19,23β24; 11:9β10; 12:12β16,31β48; 13:18 β 14:3; 14:3β13; 17:1 β 18:12 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Exodus | ||
4QExod | 4Q15 | Exodus 13:15β16 followed directly by 15:1 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Exodus about the Passover and a Hymn | ||
4QExod | 4Q16 | Exodus 13:3β5,15β16 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Exodus about the Passover and a Hymn | ||
4QExod-Lev | ExodusβLeviticus | 4Q17 | Exodus 38:18β22; 39:3β19, 20β24; 40:8β27; Leviticus 1:13β15, 17β2:1 | Hebrew | Early Hellenistic | Fragments of Exodus and Leviticus | |
4QExod | Exodus | 4Q18 | Exodus 14:21β27 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Exodus | |
4QExod | 4Q19 | Exodus 6:3β6 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Exodus | ||
4QExod | 4Q20 | Exodus 7:28β8:2 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Exodus | ||
4QExod | 4Q21 | Exodus 36:9β10 | Hebrew | Roman | Fragments of Exodus | ||
4QpaleoExod (olim 4QExΞ±) | Paleo-Exodus | 4Q22 | Exodus 6:25β7:19,29β8:1,β»,12β22; 9:5β16, 19β21, 35β10:12, 19β28; 11:8β12:2,6β8, 13β15, 17β22, 31β32, 34β39; 13:3β8, 12β13; ... 37:9β16 | Hebrew | Hasmonean; Paleo-Hebrew script | Fragments of Exodus; | |
4QLev-Num | LeviticusβNumbers | 4Q23 | Leviticus 13:32β33; 14:22β34, 40β54; 15:10β11, 19β24; 16:15β29;... 27:5β13;...35:4β5 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Leviticus | |
4QLev | Leviticus | 4Q24 | Leviticus 1:11β17; 2:1β15; 3:1, 8β14; 21:17β20, 24; 22:1β33; 23:1β25, 40; 24:2β23; 25:28β29, 45β49, 51β52 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Leviticus | |
4QLev | 4Q25 | Leviticus 1:1β7; 3:16β4:6, 12β14, 23β28; 5:12β13; 8:26β28 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Fragments of Leviticus | ||
4QLev | 4Q26 | Leviticus 14:27β29, 33β36; 15:20β24; 17:2β11 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Fragments of Leviticus | ||
4QLev | 4Q26a | Leviticus 2:4β6, 11β18; 3:2β4,5β8; 19:34β37; 20:1β3, 27β21:4, 9β12, 21β24; 22:4β6, 11β17 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Fragments of Leviticus | ||
4QLev | 4Q26b | Leviticus 7:19β26 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Fragments of Leviticus | ||
4QNum | Numbers | 4Q27 | Numbers 11:31β12:11; 13:7β24; 15:41β16:11, 14β16; 17:12β17; 18:25β19:6; 20:12β13,16β17,19β29; 21:1β2,12β13; 22:5β21, 31β34, 37β38, 41β23:6,13β15,21β22, 27β24:10; 25:4β8,16β18; 26:1β5,7β10,12,14β34,62β27:5,7β8,10,18β19,21β23; 28:13β17,28,30β31; 29:10β13,16β18,26β30; 30:1β3,5β9,15β16; 31:2β6, 21β25, 30β33,35β36,38,43β44,46β32:1,7β10,13β17,19,23β30,35,37β39,41; 33:1β4,23,25,28,31,45,47β48,50β52; 34:4β9,19β21,23; 35:3β5,12,14β15,18β25,27β28, 33β36:2,4β7 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Numbers. A few lines are written in red ink | |
4QDeut | Deuteronomy | 4Q28 | Deuteronomy 23:26β24:8 | Hebrew | 175β150 BCE
Transitional: Archaic to Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | |
4QDeut | 4Q29 | Deuteronomy 29:24β27; 30:3β14; 31:9β17,24β30, 32:1β3 | Hebrew | 150β100 BCE
Early Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | ||
4QDeut | 4Q30 | Deuteronomy 3:25β26; 4:13β17,31β32; 7:3β4; 8:1β5; 9:11β12, 17β19,29; 10:1β2,5β8; 11:2β4,9β13,18β19; 12:18β19,26,30β31; 13:5β7,11β12,16; 15:1β5,15β19; 16:2β3,5β11,20β17:7,15β18:1; 26:19β 27:2,24β28:14,18β20,22β25,29β30,48β50,61; 29:17β19; 31:16β19; 32:3 | Hebrew | 150β100 BCE
Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | ||
4QDeut | 4Q31 | Deuteronomy 2:24β33; 3:14β29; 4:1 | Hebrew | 124β75 BCE
Middle Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | ||
4QDeut | 4Q32 | Deuteronomy 3:24; 7:12β16,21β26; 8:1β16 | Hebrew | 50β25 BCE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | ||
4QDeut | 4Q33 | Deuteronomy 4:23β27; 7:22β26; 8:2β14; 9:6β7; 17:17β18; 18:6β10,18β22; 19:17β21; 20:1β6; 21:4β12; 22:12β19; 23:21β26; 24:2β7; 25:3β9; 26:18β27:10 | Hebrew | 75β50 BCE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | ||
4QDeut | 4Q34 | Deuteronomy 9:12β14; 23:18β20; 24:16β22; 25:1β5,14β19; 26:1β5; 28:21β25,27β29 | Hebrew | 1β25 CE
Middle Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | ||
4QDeut | 4Q35 | Deuteronomy 1:1β17,22β23,29β41,43β2:6,28β30; 19:21; 31:9β11; 33:9β22 | Hebrew | 50β1 BCE
Transitional: Hasmonean to Early Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | ||
4QDeut | 4Q36 | Deuteronomy 20:9β13; 21:23; 22:1β9; 23:6β8, 12β16, 22β26; 24:1 | Hebrew | 100β50 BCE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | ||
4QDeut | 4Q37 | Exodus 12:43β44, 46β51; 13:1β5; Deuteronomy 5:1β11, 13β15, 21β33; 6:1β3; 8:5β10; 11:6β10, 12β13; 30:17β18; 32:7β8 | Hebrew | 50 CE
Late Herodian |
Fragments of Exodus and Deuteronomy | ||
4QDeut | 4Q38 | Deuteronomy 5:28β31; 11:6β13; 32:17β18, 22β23, 25β27 | Hebrew | 30β1 BCE
Early Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | ||
4QDeut | 4Q38a | Deuteronomy 19: 8β16; 20: 6β19; 21:16; 23:22β26; 24:1β3; 25:19; 26:1β5, 18β19; 27:1 | Hebrew | 30β1 BCE
Early Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | ||
4QDeut | 4Q38b | Deuteronomy 30: 16β18 | Hebrew | 50 CE
Late Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | ||
4QDeut | 4Q39 | Deuteronomy 10:1,14β15; 28:67β68; 29:2β5; 31:12; 33:1β2; 34:4β6,8 | Hebrew | 50 CE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy about choosing Life or Death | ||
4QDeut | 4Q40 | Deuteronomy 3:18β22; 4:32β33; 7:18β22 | Hebrew | 50β1 BCE
Transitional: Hasmonean to Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | ||
4QDeut | All Souls Deuteronomy | 4Q41 | Deuteronomy 5:1β33; 6:1; 8:5β10 | Hebrew | 30β1 BCE
Early Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | |
4QDeut | Deuteronomy | 4Q42 | Deuteronomy 2:8; 4:30β34; 5:1β5, 8β9; 28:15β18, 33β36, 47β52, 58β62; 29:22β25 | Hebrew | 75β50 BCE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | |
4QDeut | 4Q43 | Deuteronomy 6:4β11 | Hebrew | 75β50 BCE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy about Loving God | ||
4QDeut | 4Q44 | Deuteronomy 32:9β10, 37β43 | Hebrew | 50 BCEβ25 CE
Late Hasmonean or Early Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | ||
4QpaleoDeut | Paleo-Deuteronomy | 4Q45 | Deuteronomy 7:2β7, 16β25; 11:28,30β12:1,11β12; 13:19; 14:19β22, 26β29; 15:5β6, 8β10; 19:2β3; 21:8β9; 22:3β6,12β15; 28:15β18, 20; 30:7β8; 32:2β8,10β11,13β14, 33β35; 33:2β8, 29; 34:1β2 | Hebrew | 100β25 BCE
Paleo-Hebrew script |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | |
4QpaleoDeut | 4Q46 | Deuteronomy 26:14β15 | Hebrew | 250β200 BCE
Archaic Paleo-Hebrew script |
Fragments of Deuteronomy about giving Tithes | ||
4QJosh | Joshua | 4Q47 | Joshua 8:34β35; 5:?,2β7; 6:5β10; 7:12β17; 8:3β14, 18?; 10:2β5, 8β11. | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Joshua | |
4QJosh | 4Q48 | Joshua 2:11β12; 3:15β16; 4:1β3; 17:11β15 | |||||
4QJudg | Judges | 4Q49 | Judges 6:2β6, 11β13 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Judges | |
4QJudg | 4Q50 | Judges 19:5β7; 21:12β25 | |||||
4QSam | Samuel | 4Q51 | 1 Samuel 1:9, 11β13, 17β18, 22β26, 28; 2:1β10,16β36; 3:1β4,18β21; 4:9β12; 5:8β12; 6:1β7,12β13,16β18,20β21; 7:1; 8:9β20; 9:6β8,11β12,16β24; 10:3β18,25β27; 11:1,7β12; 12:7β8,14β19; 14:24β25,28β34,47β51; 15:24β32; 17:3β6; 24:4β5,8β9,14β23; 25:3β12,20β21,25β26,39β40; 26:10β12,21β23; 27:8β12; 28:1β2,22β25; 30:28β30; 31:2β4; 2 Samuel 2:5β16,25β27,29β32; 3:1β8,23β39; 4:1β4,9β12; 5:1β3,6β16; 6:2β9,12β18; 7:23β29; 8:2β8; 10:4β7,18β19; 11:2β12,16β20; 12:4β5,8β9,13β20,30β31; 13:1β6,13β34,36β39; 14:1β3,18β19; 15:1β6,27β31; 16:1β2,11β13,17β18,21β23; 18:2β7,9β11; 19:7β12; 20:2β3,9β14,23β26; 21:1β2,4β6,15β17; 22:30β51; 23:1β6; 24:16β20 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel | |
4QSam | 4Q52 | 1 Samuel 16:1β11; 19:10β17; 20:27β42; 21:1β10; 23:9β17 | Hebrew | Early Hellenistic | Fragments of 1 Samuel | ||
4QSam | 4Q53 | 1 Samuel 25:30β32; 2 Samuel 14:7β33; 15:1β15 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel | ||
4QKgs | Kings | 4Q54 | 1 Kings 7:31β41; 8:1β9,16β18 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of 1 Kings | |
4QIsa | Isaiah | 4Q55 | Isaiah 1:1β3; 2:7β10; 4:5β6; 6:4β7; 11:12β15; 12:4β6; 13:4β6; 17:9β14; 19:9β14; 20:1β6; 21:1β2,4β16; 22:13β25; 23:1β12 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Isaiah | |
4QIsa | 4Q56 | Isaiah 1:1β6; 2:3β16; 3:14β22; 5:15β28; 9:10β11; 11:7β9; 12:2; 13:3β18; 17:8β14; 18:1,5β7; 19:1β25; 20:1β4; 21:11β14; 22:24β25; 24:2; 26:1β5,7β19; 35:9β10; 36:1β2; 37:2932; 39:1β8; 40:1β4,22β26; 41:8β11; 43:12β15; 44:19β28; 45:20β25; 46:1β3; 49:21β23; 51:14β16; 52:2,7; 53:11β12; 61:1β3; 64:5β11; 65:1; 66:24 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QIsa | 4Q57 | Isaiah 9:3β12; 10:23β32; 11:4β11,15β16; 12:1; 14:1β5,13; 22:10β14; 23:8β18; 24:1β15,19β23; 25:1β2,8β12; 30:8β17; 33:2β8,16β23; 45:1β4,6β13; 48:10β13,17β19; 50:7β11; 51:1β16; 52:10β15; 53:1β3,6β8; 54:3β17; 55:1β6; 66:20β24 | Hebrew | ||||
4QIsa | 4Q58 | Isaiah 46:10β13; 47:1β6,8β9; 48:8β22; 49:1β15; 52:4β7; 53:8β12; 54:1β11; 57:9β21; 58:1β3,5β7 | Hebrew | ||||
4QIsa | 4Q59 | Isaiah 2:1β4; 7:17β20; 8:2β14; 9:17β20; 10:1β10; 11:14β15; 12:1β6; 13:1β4; 14:1β13,20β24; 59:15β16 | Hebrew | ||||
4QIsa | 4Q60 | Isaiah 1:10β16,18β31; 2:1β3; 5:13β14, 25; 6:3β8,10β13; 7:16β18,23β25; 8:1,4β11; 20:4β6; 22:14β22,25; 24:1β3; 27:1,5β6,8β12; 28:6β9,16β18,22,24; 29:8 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | |||
4QIsa | 4Q61 | Isaiah 42:14β25; 43:1β4,17β24 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QIsa | 4Q61 | Isaiah 42:4β11 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QIsa | 4Q62 | Isaiah 56:7β8; 57:5β8 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | |||
4QIsa | 4Q63 | Isaiah 1:1β6 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QIsa | 4Q64 | Isaiah 28:26β29:9 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | |||
4QIsa | 4Q65 | Isaiah 7:14β15; 8:11β14 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | |||
4QIsa | 4Q66 | Isaiah 60:20β61:1,3β6 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | |||
4QIsa | Isaiah | 4Q67 | Isaiah 58:13β14 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Isaiah, including elements on punishment (4Q67) and God's blessings for his people (4Q67, 4Q69a). | |
4QIsa | 4Q68 | Isaiah 14:28β15:2 | |||||
4QIsa | 4Q69 | Isaiah 5:28β30 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | |||
4QIsa | 4Q69a | Isaiah 54:10β13 | |||||
4QIsa | 4Q69b | Isaiah 30:23 | |||||
4QJer | Jeremiah | 4Q70 | Jeremiah 6:30?, 7:1β2, 15β19, 28β9:2, 7β15; 10:9β14, 23; 11:3β6, 19β20; 12:3β7, 13β16, 17; 13:1β7, 22β23? β», 27; 14:4β7; 15:1β2; 17:8β26; 18:15β23; 19:1; 20:14β18; 21:1?; 22:3β16; 26:10? | Hebrew | 200 BCE β 1 BCE | Fragments of Jeremiah | |
4QJer | 4Q71 | Jeremiah 9:22β25; 10:1β21 | |||||
4QJer | 4Q72 | Jeremiah 4:5, 13β16; 8:1β3, 21β23; 9:1β5; 10:12β13; 19:8β9; 20:2β5, 7β9, 13β15; 21:7β10; 22:4β6, 10β28; 25:7β8,15β17, 24β26; 26:10β13; 27:1β3, 13β15; 30:6β9, β», 17β24; 31:1β14, 19β26; 33:?, 16β20 | |||||
4QJer (olim 4QJer) | 4Q72a | Jeremiah 43:2β10 | |||||
4QJer (olim 4QJer) | 4Q72b | Jeremiah 50:4β6 | |||||
4QEze | Ezekiel | 4Q73 | Ezekiel 10:5β16, 17β22; 11:1β11; 23:14β15, 17β18, 44β47; 41:3β6 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Ezekiel | |
4QEze | 4Q74 | Ezekiel 1:10β13, 16β17, 19β24 | |||||
4QEze | 4Q75 | Ezekiel 24:2β3 | |||||
4QXII | The Twelve Minor Prophets | 4Q76 | Zechariah 14:18; Malachi 2:10β3:24; Jonah 1:1β5, 7β2:1, 7; 3:2 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of the Twelve Minor Prophets | |
4QXII | 4Q77 | Zephaniah 1:1β2; 2:13β15; 3:19β20; Haggai 1:1β2; 2:2β4 | |||||
4QXII | 4Q78 | Hosea 2:13β15; 3:2β4; 4:1β19; 5:1; 7:12β13; 13:3β10, 15; 14:1β6; Joel 1:10β20; 2:1, 8β23; 4:6β21; Amos 1:1?; 2:11β16; 3:1β15; 4:1β2; 6:13β14; 7:1β16; Zephaniah 2:15; 3:1β2; Malachi 3:6β7? | |||||
4QXII | 4Q79 | Hosea 1:6β2:5 | |||||
4QXII | 4Q80 | Haggai 2:18β19, 20β21; Zechariah 1:4β6, 8β10, 13β15; 2:10β14; 3:2β10; 4:1β4; 5:8β6:5; 8:2β4, 6β7, 12:7β12 | |||||
4QXII | 4Q81 | Jonah 1:6β8, 10β16; Micah 5:1β2 | |||||
4QXII | 4Q82 | Hosea 2:1β5,14β19, 22β25; 3:1β5; 4:1, 10β11, 13β14; 6:3β4, 8β11; 7:1, 12β13, 13β16; 8:1; 9:1β4, 9β17; 10:1β14; 11:2β5, 6β11; 12:1β15; 13:1, 6β8?, 11β13; 14:9β10; Joel 1:12β14; 2:2β13 4:4β9, 11β14, 17, 19β20; Amos 1:3β15; 2:1, 7β9, 15β16; 3:1β2; 4:4β9; 5:1β2, 9β18; 6:1β4, 6β14; 7:1, 7β12, 14β17; 8:1β5, 11β14; 9:1, 5β6, 14β15; Obadiah 1β5, 8β12, 14β15; Jonah 1:1β9; 2:3β11; 3:1β3; 4:5β11; Micah 1:7,
12β15; 2:3β4; 3:12; 4:1β2; 5:6β7 (7β8); 7:2β3, 20; Nahum 1:7β9; 2:9β11; 3:1β3, 17; Habakkuk 2:4?; Zephaniah 3:3β5; Zechariah 10:11β12; 11:1β2; 12:1β3 |
|||||
4QPs | Psalms | 4Q83 | Psalm 5:9β13; 6:1β4; 25:15; 31:24β25; 33:1β12; 35:2,14β20,26β28; 36:1β9; 38:2β12,16β23; 47:2; 53:4β7; 54:1β6; 56:4; 62:13; 63:2β4; 66:16β20; 67:1β7; 69:1β19; 71:1β14 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Psalms. | |
4QPs | 4Q84 | Psalm 91:5β8,12β15; 92:4β8,13β15; 93:5; 94:1β4,8β14,17β18,21β22; 96:2; 98:4; 99:5β6; 100:1β2; 102:5,10β29; 103:1β6,9β14,20β21; 112:4β5; 113:1; 115:2β3; 116:17β19; 118:1β3,6β11,18β20,23β26,29 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QPs & 4QPs | 4Q85 / 4Q98 | Psalm 16:7β9; 18:3β14,16β18,33β41; 27:12β14; 28:1β2,4; 35:27β28; 37:18β19; 45:8β11; 49:1β17; 50:14β23; 51:1β5; 52:6β11; 53:1 Psalm 88:15β17 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QPs | 4Q86 | Psalm 146:10; 147:1β3,13β17,20; 104:1β5,8β11,14β15,22β25,33β35 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | |||
4QPs | 4Q87 | Psalm 76:10β12; 77:1; 78:6β7,31β33; 81:2β3; 86:10β11; 88:1β4; 89:44β46,50β53; 104:1β3,20β21; 105:22β24,36β45; 109:13; 115:15β18; 116:1β3; 120:6; 125:2β5; 126:1β5; 129:8; 130:1β3 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QPs | 4Q88 | Psalm 22:14β17; 107:2β4,8β11,13β15,18β19,22β30,35; 109:4β6, 25β28; Apostrophe to Zion; Apostrophe to Judah; Eschatological Hymn | Hebrew | Hasmonean | |||
4QPs | 4Q89 | Psalm 119:37β43,44β46,49β50,73,81β83,90 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QPs | 4Q90 | Psalm 119:10β21 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QPs | 4Q91 | Psalm 48:1β7; 49:6,9β12,15,17 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QPs | 4Q92 | Psalm 26:7β12; 27:1; 30:9β13; 135:7β16; | Hebrew | Hasmonean | |||
4QPs | 4Q93 | Psalm 104:3β5,11β12 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QPs | 4Q94 | Psalm 93:3β5; 95:3β6; 97:6β9; 98:4β8 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QPs | 4Q95 | Psalm 135:6β9,11β12; 136:23β24 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QPs | 4Q96 | Psalm 114:7; 115:1β2,4; 116:3, 5, 7β10 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QPs (olim 4Q237) | 4Q97 | Psalm 143:2β4, 6β8 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QPs | Psalms | 4Q98 | Psalm 31:24β25; 33:1β18; 35:4β20 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Psalms, including elements on putting one's hope in God (4Q98d), the earth shaking at the presence of God (4Q98e), the blessings of God's Children and the struggle of the wicked (4Q98f). | |
4QPs | 4Q98a | Psalm 26:7β12; 27:1; 30:9β13 | |||||
4QPs | 4Q98b | Psalm 5:8β13; 6:1 | |||||
*4QPs (see 4QPs) | *4Q98c | Psalm 88:15β17 | |||||
4QPs | 4Q98d | Psalm 42:5 | |||||
4QPs (olim 4QPs frg. 2) | 4Q98e | Psalm 99:1 | |||||
4QPs | 4Q98f | Psalm 112:1β9 | |||||
4QPs (olim 4Q236) | 4Q98g | Psalm 89:20β22, 26, 23, 27β28, 31 | |||||
4QJob | Job | 4Q99 | Job 31:14β19; 32:3β4; 33:10β11, 24β26, 28β30; 35:16; 36:7β11, 13β27, 32β33; 37:1β5, 14β15 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Job |
|
4QJob | 4Q100 | Job 8:15β17; 9:27; 13:4; 14:4β6; 31:20β21 | Herodian | ||||
4QpaleoJob | Paleo-Job | 4Q101 | Job 13:18β20, 23β27; 14:13β18 | Hebrew | Early Hellenistic; Paleo-Hebrew script | Fragment of Job | |
4QProv | Proverbs | 4Q102 | Proverbs 1:27β33; 2:1 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Proverbs | |
4QProv | 4Q103 | Proverbs 13:6β9; 14:5β10, 12β13, 31β35; 15:1β8, 19β31; 7:9, 11? | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QRuth | Ruth | 4Q104 | Ruth 1:1β12 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Ruth | |
4QRuth | 4Q105 | Ruth 1:1β6, 12β15 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QCant | Canticles (Song of Songs) | 4Q106 | Song of Songs 3:4β5, 7β11; 4:1β7; 6:11?β12; 7:1β7 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Pesher on Song of Songs/Canticles, including an introduction (4Q106). | |
4QCant | 4Q107 | Song of Songs 2:9β17; 3:1β2, 5, 9β11; 4:1β3, 8β11, 14β16; 5:1 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QCant | 4Q108 | Song of Songs 3:7β8 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
4QQoh | Ecclesiastes | 4Q109 | Ecclesiastes 5:13β17; 6:1?,3β8,12; 7:1β10,19β20 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Ecclesiastes | |
4QQoh | 4Q110 | Ecclesiastes 1:10β15 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QLam | Lamentations | 4Q111 | Lamentations 1:1β15, 17, 16, 18; 2:5 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Lamentations | |
4QDan | Daniel | 4Q112 | Daniel 1:16β20; 2:9β11, 19β49; 3:1β2; 4:29β30; 5:5β7, 12β14, 16β19; 7:5β7, 25β28; 8:1β5; 10:16β20; 11:13β16 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Daniel | |
4QDan | 4Q113 | Daniel 5:10β12, 14β16, 19β22; 6:8β22, 27β29; 7:1β6, 11?, 26β28; 8:1β8, 13β16 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QDan | 4Q114 | Daniel 10:5β9, 11β16, 21; 11:1β2, 13β17, 25β29 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | |||
4QDan | 4Q115 | Daniel 3:8β10?, 23β25; 4:5β9, 12β16; 7:15β23 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QDan | 4Q116 | Daniel 9:12β17 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | |||
4QEzra | Ezra | 4Q117 | Ezra 4:2β6, 9β11; 5:17; 6:1β5 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Ezra-Nehemiah | |
4QChr/4QChron | Chronicles | 4Q118 | 2 Chronicles 28:27; 29:1β3 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of 2 Chronicles | |
4QLXXLev gr | Septuagint Leviticus | 4Q119 | Leviticus 26:2β16 | Greek | Hasmonean | Fragments of Leviticus | |
4QpapLXXLev/ pap4QLXXLev gr | 4Q120 | Leviticus 1:11; 2:3β5, 7β8?; 3:4, 7, 9β14; 4:3β4, 6β8, 10β11, 18β19, 26β28, 30; 5:6, 8β10, 16β24; β» | Greek | Hasmonean | 97 fragments of Leviticus. Contains ΞΞΞ© for the tetragrammaton | ||
4QLXXNum gr | Septuagint Numbers | 4Q121 | Numbers 3:40β43,50β51?; 4:1?,5β9,11β16; 3:39? | Greek | Herodian | Fragments of Numbers | |
4QLXXDeut gr | Septuagint Deuteronomy | 4Q122 | Deuteronomy 11:4 | Greek | Early Hellenistic | Fragments of Deuteronomy | |
4QpaleoparaJosh | Paraphrase on Joshua | 4Q123 | Joshua | Hebrew | Paleo-Hebrew script | "Rewritten Joshua" | |
4QUnid gr | Unidentified text | 4Q126 | β | Greek | Herodian | Fragmentary religious text | |
4Qpap paraExod / pap4QParaExod gr | Paraphrase on Exodus | 4Q127 | Exodus | Greek | Herodian | "Rewritten Exodus" | |
4Qphyl | Phylactery Scrolls | 4Q128 | Deuteronomy 5:1β14,27β6:3; 10:12β11:21; Exodus 12:43β13:7 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Fragments of Deuteronomy and Exodus. | |
4Qphyl | 4Q129 | Exodus 13:9β16 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
4Qphyl | 4Q130 | Exodus 13:13β16; Deuteronomy 6:4β9; 11:13β21 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
4Qphyl | 4Q131 | Deuteronomy 11:13β21 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
4Qphyl | 4Q132 | Exodus 13:1β10 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
4Qphyl | 4Q133 | Exodus 13:11β16 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
4Qphyl | 4Q134 | Deuteronomy 5:1β21; Exodus 13:11β12 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
4Qphyl | 4Q135 | Deuteronomy 5:22β6:5; Exodus 13:14β16 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
4Qphyl | 4Q136 | Deuteronomy 6:6β7; 11:13β21; Exodus 12:43β13:10 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
4Qphyl (olim 4Qphyl) | 4Q137 | Deuteronomy 5:24β32; 6:2β3 | Hebrew | ||||
4Qphyl | 4Q138 | Deuteronomy 10:12β11:17 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
4Qphyl | 4Q139 | Deuteronomy 5:7β24 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
4Qphyl | 4Q140 | Exodus 12:44β13:10; Deuteronomy 5:33β6:5 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
4Qphyl | 4Q141 | Deuteronomy 32:14β20, 32β33 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
4Qphyl | 4Q142 | Deuteronomy 5:1β16, 6:7β9 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
4Qphyl | 4Q143 | Deuteronomy 10:22β11:3,18β21 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
4Qphyl | 4Q144 | Exodus 13:4β9; Deuteronomy 11:4β18 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
4Qphyl | 4Q145 | Exodus 13:1β10 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
4QPhyl | 4Q146 | Deuteronomy 11:19β21 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
4Qphyl | 4Q147 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Could not be deciphered | |||
4Qphyl | 4Q148 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | ||||
4QMez | Mezuzah Scrolls | 4Q149 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Exodus and Deuteronomy | ||
4QMez | 4Q150 | Deuteronomy 6:5β6; 10:14β11:2 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QMez | 4Q151 | Deuteronomy 5:27β6:9; 10:12β20 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QMez | 4Q152 | Deuteronomy 6:5β7 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QMez | 4Q153 | Deuteronomy 11:17β18 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
4QMez | 4Q154 | Deuteronomy 13:1β4 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | |||
4QMez | 4Q155 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | ||||
4QtgLev | Targum of Leviticus | 4Q156 | Leviticus 16:12β15,18β21 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | Fragments of Leviticus | |
4QtgJob | Targum of Job | 4Q157 | Job 3:5β6; 4:17β5:4 | Aramaic | Herodian | Fragments of Job | |
4QRP | Reworked Pentateuch A | 4Q158 | Genesis 32:25β30; 32:31 ?; Exodus 3:12; 4:27β28; 19:17β23; 24:4β6; 20:12β17,19β21 (Samaritan), 22β26; 21:15β25, 32β37; 22:1β13; 30:32.34; Deuteronomy 5:30β31; 21:1β10 | Hebrew | Herodian | Reworked Pentateuch | |
4QOrdinances | Ordinances A | 4Q159 | Hebrew | Herodian | Non-biblical composition | ||
4QVisSam | Vision of Samuel | 4Q160 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Non-biblical composition | ||
4QpIsaiah | Pesher on Isaiah | 4Q161 | Hebrew | Herodian | Non-biblical composition | ||
4QpIsaiah | 4Q162 | Hebrew | Herodian | Non-biblical composition | |||
4QpHosA | Pesher on Hosea A | 4Q166 | Hebrew | Herodian | Hosea Commentary Scroll | ||
4QpHosB | Pesher on Hosea B | 4Q167 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QpMic(?) | Pesher on Micah? | 4Q168 | Hebrew | Herodian | Micah Commentary? | ||
4QpNah | Pesher on Nahum | 4Q169 | Nahum 1:3β6; 2:12β14; 3:1β5, 6β9, 10β12, 14 | Hebrew | Herodian | Containing the term "The Seekers after Smooth Things" | |
4Q Eschatological Commentary A | Florilegium or Midrash on the Last Days | 4Q174 | 2 Samuel 7:10β14 (1 Chronicles 17:9β13); Exodus 15:17β18; Amos 9:11; Psalm 1:1; Isaiah 8:11; Ezekiel 37:23?; Psalm 2:1; Daniel 12:10; 11:32; Deuteronomy 33:8β11, 12, 19β21 | Hebrew | Herodian | Quotations from biblical passages with midrashic commentary | |
4QTest | Testimonia | 4Q175 | Deuteronomy 5:28β29; 18:18β19; 33:8β11
Numbers 24:15β17 Joshua 6:26, quoted in Psalms of Joshua (4Q379, frag. 22) |
Hebrew | Herodian; Hasmonean script | A list of quotations; Messianic Anthology or Testimonia | |
4QapocrLamA | Apocryphal Lamentations A | 4Q179 | Lamentations | Hebrew | Herodian | cf. 4Q501 | |
4Q Horoscope | Physiognomies/Horoscopes | 4Q186 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QpapTobit | Tobit | 4Q196 | Tobit | Aramaic | Hasmonean | On Papyrus. cf. 4Q501 | |
4QTobit | Tobit | 4Q197 | Tobit | Aramaic | Herodian | cf. 4Q501 | |
4QTobit | Tobit | 4Q198 | Tobit | Aramaic | Hasmonean | cf. 4Q501 | |
4QTobit | Tobit | 4Q199 | Tobit | Aramaic | Hasmonean | cf. 4Q501 | |
4QTobit | Tobit | 4Q200 | Tobit | Hebrew | Herodian | cf. 4Q501 | |
4QEn | The Enoch Scroll | 4Q201 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | |||
4QALD / 4QLevi ar | The Aramaic Levi Document (ALD) | 4Q213 4Q213a 4Q213b 4Q214 4Q214a 4Q214b | Aramaic | Hasmonean | Multiple compositions | ||
4QTNaph | Testament of Naphtali | 4Q215 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QCant(?) | Pesher on Canticles/Song of Songs | 4Q240 | Song of Songs | Hebrew | Herodian | Included in Milik's original list. But this fragment has never been located | |
4QapocrDan | Aramaic Apocalypse or The Son of God Text | 4Q246 | Aramaic | Herodian | |||
4QCommentary on Gen A /4QCommGenA | Commentary/Pesher on Genesis | 4Q252 | Genesis 6:3; 7:10β8:18; 9:24β27; 11:31; 15:9, 17, 17:20?; 18:31β32 (with Deuteronomy 13:16, 17; 20:11, 14); 22:10β12; 28:3β4; 36:12; 49:3β4, 10 (with Jeremiah 33:17), 20β21 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments/ commentary of Genesis. | |
4QCommentary on Gen B /4QCommGenB | 4Q253 | Genesis | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QCommentary on Gen C /4QCommGenC | 4Q254 | Genesis 9:24β25; 22:5?, 17? | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QCommentary on Gen D (olim 4QpGen) | 4Q254β820 | Genesis 6:15 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QS | Serekh ha-Yahad or Community Rule | 4Q258 | Hebrew | Herodian | cf. 1QS | ||
4QD | The Damascus Document | 4Q265β273 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | cf. 4QD = 4Q266/272, 4QD = 4Q266/270, 5Q12, 6Q15, 4Q265β73 | ||
4Q Sefer ha-Milhamah | Rule of War | 4Q285 | Hebrew | Herodian | cf. 11Q14 | ||
4QMyst | The Book of Mysteries The Book of Secrets |
4Q299 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QMyst | 4Q300 | Hebrew | Herodian | ||||
4QMyst | The Book of Mysteries The Book of Secrets |
4Q301 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QRP | Reworked Pentateuch | 4Q364 | Genesis 25:18β21; 26:7β8; 27:39; 28:6; 29:32β33; 30:8β14,26β36; 31:47β53; 32:18β20,26β30; 34:2; 35:28; 37:7β8; 38:14β21; 44:30β34; 45:1,21β27; 48:14β15; Exodus 21:14β22; 19:17; 24:12β14,18; 25:1β2; 26:1,33β35; Numbers 14:16β20; 33:31β49; 20:17β18; Deuteronomy 2:8β14, 30β37; 3:2,18β23; 9:6β7,12β18, 21β25,27β29; 10:1β4, 6β7, 10β13,22; 11:1β2,6β9,23β24; 14:24β26 | Hebrew | Late Hasmonean or Herodian | Reworked Pentateuch | |
4QRP | 4Q365 | Exodus 8:13β19; 9:9β12; 10:19β20; 14:10,12β21; 15:6-β»,22β26; 17:3β5; 18:13β16; 26:34β36; 28:16β20; 29:20β22; 30:27β38; 31:1β2; 35:β»β5; 36:32β38; 37:29; 38:1β7; 39:1β19; Leviticus 11:1β»,17-β»,32-β»,β»-β»; 13:6β8,15-β»,51β52; 16:6β7; 18:β»-β»; 23:42β44; 24:1β2; 25:7β9; 26:17β32; 27:34; Numbers 1:1β5; 3:26β30; 4:47β49; 7:1,78β80; 8:11β12; 9:15β23; 10:1-β»; 13:β»β25,β»β30; 15:26-β»; 17:20β24; 27:11; 36:1β2; Deuteronomy 2:24; 19:20β21; 20:1 | Hebrew | Late Hasmonean/ Early Herodian | |||
4QRP | 4Q366 | Exodus 21;35β37; 22:1β5; Leviticus 24:20β22; 25:39β43; Numbers 29:14-β», 32β39; 30:1; Deuteronomy 16:13β14; 14:β»β21 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QRP | 4Q367 | Leviticus 11:47; 12:1β8; 13:1; 15:14β15; 19:1β4,9β15; 20:13; 27:30β34 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | |||
4QapocrJosh | Apocryphon of Joshua | 4Q378 | Hebrew | Herodian | Texts drawing on the content of Joshua, Exodus and Numbers. | ||
4QapocrJosh | 4Q379 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | ||||
4QpsEzek | Pseudo-Ezekiel | 4Q385 4Q385b 4Q385c 4Q386 4Q388 4Q391 |
Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QMMT /4Q Cal.Doc.D | Miqsat Ma'ase Ha-Torah or Some Precepts of the Law or the Halakhic Letter | 4Q394β399 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4Q Non-Canonical Psalms A | Songs of Sabbath Sacrifice or the Angelic Liturgy | 4Q400β407 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | cf. 11Q5β6 | ||
4QInstruction | Sapiential Work A | 4Q415β418 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4QParaphrase | Paraphrase of Genesis and Exodus | Hebrew | |||||
4Q Barkhi Nafshi | Barkhi Nafshi β Apocryphal Psalms | 4Q434 | Hebrew | Herodian | 15 fragments: likely hymns of thanksgiving praising God for his power and expressing thanks | ||
4Q Apocr. Psalm and Prayer | Hymn to King Jonathan or The Prayer For King Jonathan Scroll | 4Q448 | Psalms 154 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | In addition to parts of Psalms 154 it contains a prayer mentioning "King Jonathan". | |
4QpapGen or papJub | pap-Genesis or pap-Jubilees | 4Q483 | Genesis 1:28β29, or Book of Jubilees | Hebrew | Herodian | ||
4QShir | Songs of the Sage or Songs of the Maskil |
4Q510β511 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4Q Messianic Apocalypse | Messianic Apocalypse | 4Q521 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Made up of two fragments | ||
4Q Jonathan | 4Q523 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | MeKleine Fragmente, z.T. gesetzlichen Inhalts; Fragment is legal in content. PAM number, 41.944 | |||
4QTempleScroll | Temple Scroll | 4Q524 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | |||
4QBeatitudes | 4Q525 | Sirach 25:10; Matthew 5:3 β12 (Beatitudes) | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
4Q TJoseph | Testament of Joseph | 4Q539 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | |||
4QapocrLevi(?) | Testament of Levi | 4Q541 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | Aramaic frag. also called "4QApocryphon of Levi ar" | ||
4QTKohath (4QTQahat) | Testament of Qahat | 4Q542 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | |||
4QNJ | New Jerusalem | 4Q555 | Aramaic | Herodian | cf. 1Q32, 2Q24, 5Q15, 11Q18 | ||
4QGen | Genesis | 4Q576 | Genesis 34:7β10; 50:3 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | ||
Unnumbered | Hebrew | Nine unopened fragments recently rediscovered in storage |
Qumran Cave 5β»
Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qumran Cave 5 | |||||||
5QDeut | Deuteronomy | 5Q1 | Deuteronomy 7:15β24; 8:5β9:2 | Hebrew | Early Hellenistic | ||
5QKgs | Kings | 5Q2 | 1 Kings 1:1,16β17,27β37 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | ||
5QIsa | Isaiah | 5Q3 | Isaiah 40:16,18β19 | Hebrew | Herodian | ||
5QAmos | Amos | 5Q4 | Amos 1:2β5 | Hebrew | |||
5QPs | Psalms | 5Q5 | Psalm 119:99β101,104,113β20,138β42 | Hebrew | Herodian | ||
5QLam | Lamentations | 5Q6 | Lamentations 4:5β8,11β16,19β22; 5:1β13,16β17 | Hebrew | Herodian | ||
5QLam | 5Q7 | Lamentations 4:17β20 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
5QPhyl | Phylactery | 5Q8 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Phylactery in its unopened case | ||
5QapocrJosh or 5QToponyms | Toponyms | 5Q9 | Hebrew | Herodian | Seven fragments with names of places | ||
5QapocrMal | Apocryphon of Malachi | 5Q10 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Apocryphon of Malachi | ||
5QS | Rule of Community (Serek ha-Yahad) | 5Q11 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
5QD | Damascus Document | 5Q12 | Hebrew | Herodian | Damascus Document | ||
5QRule or 5QRΓ©gle | Rule of Community | 5Q13 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Fragments related to 1QS | ||
5QCurses | Curses | 5Q14 | Hebrew | Herodian | Liturgical compositions with curses | ||
5QNJ | New Jerusalem Scroll | 5Q15 | Aramaic | Hellenistic-Roman | Description of the New Jerusalem | ||
5QUnid | Unidentified | 5Q16β5Q24 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Unidentified fragments | ||
5QUnc | Unclassified | 5Q25 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Unclassified fragments |
Qumran Cave 6β»
Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qumran Cave 6 | |||||||
6QpaleoGen | Genesis | 6Q1 | Genesis 6:13β21 | Hebrew | Early Hellenistic; Palaeo-Hebrew script | ||
6QpaleoLev | Leviticus | 6Q2 | Leviticus 8:12β13 | Hebrew | Early Hellenistic; Palaeo-Hebrew script | ||
pap6QDeut or 6QpapDeut(?) | Deuteronomy | 6Q3 | Deuteronomy 26:19 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | A few letters of Deuteronomy 26:19 on papyrus | |
6QpapKgs | Kings | 6Q4 | 1 Kings 3:12β14; 12:28β31; 22:28β31; 2 Kings 5:26; 6:32; 7:8β10,20; 8:1β5; 9:1β2; 10:19β21 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Made up of 94 Fragments. | |
pap6QPs or 6QpapPs(?) | Psalms | 6Q5 | Psalm 78:36β37 | Hebrew | Herodian | ||
6QCant | Song of Songs | 6Q6 | Song of Songs 1:1β7 | Hebrew | Herodian | ||
6QpapDan | Daniel | 6Q7 | Daniel 8:20β21; 10:8β16; 11:33β36,38; 8:16β17 | Hebrew | Herodian | 13 papyrus fragments. | |
6QpapGiants or pap6QEnGiants | Book of Giants from Enoch | 6Q8 | Aramaic | Herodian | Part of the "Book of Giants" | ||
6Qpap apocrSam-Kgs or pap6QapocrSam/Kgs | Apocryphon on SamuelβKings | 6Q9 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | SamuelβKings apocryphon. Written on papyrus. | ||
6QpapaProph or pap6QProph | Unidentified prophetic fragment | 6Q10 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Prophetic text. Written in papyrus | ||
6QAllegory | Allegory of the Vine | 6Q11 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragment containing an Allegory mentioning vine | ||
6QapProph | An apocryphal prophecy | 6Q12 | Herodian | ||||
6QPriestProph | Priestly Prophecy | 6Q13 | Herodian | A priestly prophecy | |||
6Q Apocalypse | Apocalyptic text | 6Q14 | Aramaic | Herodian | Two fragments with apocalyptic text | ||
6QD | Damascus Document | 6Q15 | Hebrew | Herodian | Damascus Document 4:19β21; 5:13β14,18β21; 6:1β2,20β21; 7:1 | ||
6QpapBened or pap6QBen | papBenediction | 6Q16 | Herodian | Blessings related 1QSb. On papyrus | |||
6QCalDoc | Calendrical Document | 6Q17 | Herodian | Calendric fragment | |||
pap6QHymn | Hymn | 6Q18 | Herodian | Fragment of a hymn, related to 1QM | |||
6Q Text Related to Genesis | Genesis | 6Q19 | Possibly from Genesis | Aramaic | Herodian | Related to Genesis 10:6,20 | |
6QDeut(?) | Deuteronomy | 6Q20 | Possibly from Deuteronomy | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Related to Deuteronomy 11:10 | |
6QfrgProph or 6Q Prophetic Text | Possibly prophetic text | 6Q21 | Hebrew | Herodian | Prophetic fragment containing 5 words. | ||
pap6QUnidA | Unclassified fragments | 6Q22 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
pap6QUnidA ar | Unclassified fragments | 6Q23 | Aramaic | Herodian | Related to "Words of the Book of Michael" | ||
6QUnidB | Unclassified fragments | 6Q24 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
6QUnidB | Unclassified fragments | 6Q25 | Aramaic | Herodian | |||
6QUnidB or 6QpapAccount or Contract | Accounts or contracts | 6Q26 | Aramaic | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
6QUnidB | Unclassified fragments | 6Q27β6Q28 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||
6QpapProv | Proverbs | 6Q30 | Proverbs 11:4bβ7a,10b | Hebrew | Roman | Single six-line fragment | |
6QUnidB | Unclassified fragments | 6Q31 | Aramaic | Herodian |
Qumran Cave 7β»
Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qumran Cave 7 | |||||||
7QpapLXXExod | Exodus | 7Q1 | Exodus 28:4β7 | Greek | Hasmonean | Greek fragment of Exodus | |
7QpapEpJer | Letter of Jeremiah | 7Q2 | Letter of Jeremiah verses 43β44 | Greek | Hasmonean | Epistle of Jeremiah. On papyrus. | |
7Q3 | Unidentified | 7Q3 | Greek | Herodian | Unknown biblical text | ||
7Q4 | Unidentified | 7Q4 | Greek | Hasmonean | Unknown biblical text | ||
7Q5 | Unidentified | 7Q5 | Greek | Herodian | Unknown biblical text. Believed by some to be Mark 6:52β53 | ||
7Q6β18 | Unidentified | 7Q6β18 | Greek | Hellenistic-Roman; Herodian | Very tiny unidentified fragments written on papyrus | ||
7Q papImprint | Unidentified | 7Q19 | Greek | Herodian | Unidentified papyrus imprint. Very tiny fragments written on papyrus |
Qumran Cave 8β»
Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qumran Cave 8 | |||||||
8QGen | Genesis | 8Q1 | Genesis 17:12β13, 15, 18β19; 18:20β22, 24β25 | Hebrew | Herodian | ||
8QPs | Psalms | 8Q2 | Psalm 17:5β9, 14; 18:5β12 | Hebrew | Herodian | ||
8QPhyl | Phylacteries | 8Q3 | Exodus 13:1β16; 12:43β51; 20:11
Deuteronomy 6:4β5; 6:1β3; 10:20β22; 10:12β19; 5:1β14; 10:13; 11:2β3; 10:21β22; 11:1; 11:6β12 |
Hebrew | 1β100 CE
Herodian |
Fragments from a "Phylactery" | |
8QMez | Mezuzah | 8Q4 | Deuteronomy 10:1β11:21 | Hebrew | 30 BCEβ68 CE
Herodian |
||
8QHymn | Unidentified hymn | 8Q5 | Hebrew | Herodian | Non-biblical composition. |
Qumran Cave 11β»
Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qumran Cave 11 | |||||||
11QpaleoLev | Paleo-Leviticus | 11Q1 | Leviticus 4:24β26; 10:4β7; 11:27β32; 13:3β9; 13:39β43; 14:16β21; 14:52β15:5; 16:2β4; 16:34β17:5; 18:27β19:4; 20:1β6; 21:6β11; 22:21β27; 23:22β29; 24:9β14; 25:28β36; 26:17β26; 27:11β19 | Hebrew | Herodian/palaeo-Hebrew script | ||
11QLev | Leviticus | 11Q2 | Leviticus | Hebrew | Herodian/palaeo-Hebrew script | ||
11QDeut | Deuteronomy | 11Q3 | Deuteronomy 1:4β5; 2:28β30 | Hebrew | 50 CE
Late Herodian |
||
11QEzek | Ezekiel | 11Q4 | Ezekiel | Hebrew | Herodian | ||
11QPs | The Great Psalms Scroll | 11Q5 | Psalms | Hebrew | Herodian | A unique Psalms scroll with only about a quarter of the Masoretic psalms (in atypical order), three Syriac psalms, one from Ben Sira, and the only known copies of three more unique psalmsβPlea for Deliverance, Apostrophe to Zion, and Hymn to the Creatorβall of which are unattested by other sources, as well as the short text of David's Compositions. | |
11QPs | Psalms | 11Q5 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
11QPs | 11Q6 | Psalm 77:18β21; 78:1; 109:3β4; 118:1; 118:15β16; 119:163β165; 133:1β3; 141:10; 144:1β2 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
11QPs | 11Q7 | Psalm 2:1β8; 9:3β7; 12:5β9; 13:1β6; 14:1β6; 17:9β15; 18:1β12; 19:4β8; 25:2β7 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
11QPs | 11Q8 | Psalm 6:2β4; 9:3β6; 18:26β29; 18:39β42; 36:13; 37:1β4; 39:13β14; 40:1; 43:1β3; 45:6β8; 59:5β8; 68:1β5; 68:14β18; 78:5β12; 81:4β9; 86:11β14; 115:16β18; 116:1 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
11QPs | 11Q9 | Psalm 50:3β7 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
11QtgJob | Targum Job | 11Q10 | Job | Aramaic | Herodian | A unique Aramaic translation of the Book of Job; presents Job somewhat more favourably. | |
11QapocrPs | Apocryphal Psalms | 11Q11 | Psalm 91 | Hebrew | Herodian | Apocryphal paraphrase of Psalms 91 | |
11QJub | Jubilees | 11Q12 | Hebrew | Herodian | Ethiopic text of Jubilees 4:6β11; 4:13β14; 4:16β17; 4:29β31; 5:1β2; 12:15β17; 12:28β29 | ||
11QMelch | Melchizedek | 11Q13 | Contains Pesher/commentary on Leviticus 25:13; Deuteronomy 15:2; Psalm 7:8β9; 82:2; Isaiah 52:7; Daniel 9:25; Leviticus 25:9 | Hebrew | 50β25 BCE or 75β50 BCE
Late Hasmonean or Early Herodian |
Describes a tenth jubilee and portrays Melchizedek as a messianic agent of salvation, using similar language to that used for Jesus in Hebrews, such as "Heavenly Prince Melchizedek" | |
11Q Sefer ha-Milhamah | Sefer ha-Milhamah ("The Book of War") | 11Q14 | Hebrew | Herodian | An account of the final eschatological battle of the Israelites and the Kittim (Romans), including messianic figure named the "Prince of the Congregation." | ||
11QHymns | Hymns | 11Q15 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
11QHymns | 11Q16 | Hebrew | Herodian | ||||
11QShirShabb | Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice | 11Q17 | Hebrew | Herodian | Collection of 13 hymns describing a heavenly temple service. | ||
11QNJ | New Jerusalem | 11Q18 | Aramaic | Herodian | Appears to be an apocalyptic vision, including some architectural details of a very large city (cf. Ezekiel and Revelation) | ||
11QT | Temple Scroll | 11Q19 | Hebrew | Herodian | Rephrases the Pentateuch laws in the spirit of Deuteronomy, seeks to resolve biblical legal conflicts and expand ritual laws. | ||
11QT | Temple Scroll | 11Q20 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||
11QT | 11Q21 | Hebrew | Herodian | ||||
11Q Unidentified | Unidentified | 11Q22 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Unidentified fragments. | ||
11Q23 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||||
11Q24 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | |||||
11Q25 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||||
11Q26 | Hebrew | Herodian | |||||
11Q27 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||||
11Q28 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | |||||
11Q29 | Serekh ha-Yahad related | ||||||
11Q Unidentified | Unidentified | 11Q30 | Hebrew | Herodian | Unidentified fragments. | ||
11Q Unidentified | Unidentified | 11Q31 | Unidentified fragment | ||||
11Q9999 | Unidentified | Hellenistic-Roman |
See alsoβ»
Notesβ»
- ^ In 2022, D. Longacre and B. Strawn demonstrated this small fragment to be part of the larger manuscript 4QPs, as opposed to a separate manuscript of the Psalms.
Referencesβ»
- ^ H. Kelley, Daniel Stephen Mynatt, Timothy G. Crawford, The Masorah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia: introduction and annotated glossary, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1998, p. 18
- ^ Randall Price, Searching for the Original Bible, Harvest House Publishers, 2007, p. 45-50
- ^ Thomas Hartwell Horne, An introduction to the critical study and knowledge of the Holy Scriptures (1836), vol. 2, p. 7. Page 6 states: "To Dr. Kennicott's Hebrew Bible, M. De Rossi published an important supplement at Parma (1784β1787), in four volumes..."
- ^ Old Testament manuscripts
- ^ Fragmentos do Gueniza do Cairo
- ^ David Sinclair, An Overview of the Bible Archived 2013-12-28 at the Wayback Machine (2006)
- ^ WΓΌrthwein Ernst (1988). Der Text des Alten Testaments, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, pp. 38β39; translated into English and published in 1995 as Wurthwein, The Text of the Old Testament (2nd rev. ed, 1995, Grand Rapids, Mich., Wm.B. Eerdmans Publg. Co.)(this is the source for most of the dates of the mss listed).
- ^ Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA), Oldest Torah scroll still in use found in Italy, 3 March 2016, accessed 2 August 2019
- ^ WΓΌrthwein, Ernst (1995). The text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Biblia Hebraica. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-8028-0788-5.
- ^ "Piecing Together the Past | the Israel Museum, Jerusalem".
- ^ Engel, Edna; Mishor, Mordechay (2015). "An Ancient Scroll of the Book of Exodus: The Reunion of Two Separate Fragments" (PDF). Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology. 7: 24β61.
- ^ British Library Asian and African studies blog 10 April 2014
- ^ Manuscript written by two different scribes, the older square script believed to be from the 10th century, whereas the newer Yemenite square script was written in the 16th century. See the British Library, Or. 4445 Archived 2022-12-08 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Digitised Manuscripts". Archived from the original on 2022-12-08. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
- ^ Khomami, Nadia (February 15, 2023). "Oldest complete Hebrew Bible expected to break auction records". The Bible | The Guardian. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
- ^ "Hebrew Manuscripts in the Collections of the National Library of Russia. Second Firkovich Collection".
- ^ Eleazar Birnbaum, The Michigan Codex: An important Hebrew Bible manuscript, Vetus Testamentum, vol. 17 pages 373-415 (Oct. 1967).
- ^ Damascus Pentateuch
- ^ β» British Library
- ^ Vat. ebr. 448
- ^ British Library collection
- ^ "Pentateuch, Codex Hilleli, Bible. Pentateuch. Hebrew. 1241 | Jewish Theological Seminary".
- ^ "Hebrew Bible". www.metmuseum.org. MET. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
- ^ The Farhi Bible
- ^ Rabinowicz, H. (1966). "The Sassoon Treasures". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 57 (2): 141. doi:10.2307/1453413. JSTOR 1453413.
- ^ Rashba Bible, Info from Sotheby
- ^ Rabinowicz, H. (1966). "The Sassoon Treasures". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 57 (2): 143β144. doi:10.2307/1453413. JSTOR 1453413.
- ^ GonzΓ‘lez LΓ³pez, Emilio (1967). "Un tesouro de arte galego: A Biblia en hebreo da Universidade de Oxford" (PDF). Grial (in Galician) (16): 198.
- ^ The Lisbon Bible β 1483
- ^ Irwin, W. A. (1932). "An Ancient Biblical Text". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. 48 (3): 184β193. doi:10.1086/370339. ISSN 1062-0516. JSTOR 528842.
- ^ Lazaro, Enrico de (2016-09-23). "En-Gedi Scroll Finally Deciphered | Sci.News". Sci.News: Breaking Science News. Retrieved 2023-06-23.
- ^ Timothy Lim, The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2005, Dating the Scrolls, β»
- ^ The Great Isaiah Scroll at The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem.
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 14β15.
- ^ 1Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 15β16.
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 18.
- ^ Bruce, F.F.,"The Dead Sea Habakkuk Scroll," The Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society I (1958/59): 5β24.
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 16.
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 16β18.
- ^ Schiffman, Lawrence H. (2000). Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 19.
- ^ 1Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ OakTree Software, Inc. Accordance 10: Bible Software. 2008.
- ^ 1Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 20.
- ^ 1Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q16 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 20β21.
- ^ 1Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 21.
- ^ 1Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 21β22.
- ^ 1Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 22.
- ^ 1Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q27 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q28 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q28 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q29 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q30 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q31 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 23.
- ^ 1Q32 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q34 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q35 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q36 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q37 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q38 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q39 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q40 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ "Leon Levy Collection". Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Israel Antiquities Authority. Retrieved 2015-01-22.
- ^ 1Q71 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q72 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 25.
- ^ 2Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 26.
- ^ 2Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q16 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 26β27.
- ^ 2Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 27.
- ^ 2Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 3Q1 at Leon Levy Collection
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 28.
- ^ 3Q2 at Leon Levy Collection
- ^ 3Q3 at Leon Levy Collection
- ^ 3Q4 at Leon Levy Collection
- ^ 3Q5 at Leon Levy Collection
- ^ 3Q6 at Leon Levy Collection
- ^ 3Q7 at Leon Levy Collection
- ^ 3Q8 at Leon Levy Collection
- ^ 3Q9 at Leon Levy Collection
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 28β29.
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 29.
- ^ 3Q14 at Leon Levy Collection
- ^ 3Q15 at Leon Levy Collection
- ^ 4Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 30.
- ^ 4Q8 4QGen h1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q8 4QGen h2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q8 4QGen h-para at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 246
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 31.
- ^ 4Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 31β32.
- ^ 4Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 32.
- ^ 4Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q27 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q28 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q29 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 32β33.
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 33.
- ^ 4Q38 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Accessed 20 May 2013
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 34.
- ^ 4Q47 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 34β35.
- ^ 4Q48 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 35.
- ^ 4Q49 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q50 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q51 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q52 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q53 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q54 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 36.
- ^ 4Q55 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q56 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q57 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q58 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q59 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q60 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q61 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 37.
- ^ 4Q62 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q63 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q64 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q65 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q66 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q67 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q68 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q69 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 270
- ^ Schiffman, Lawrence; VanderKam, James (2008). Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195084504.
- ^ Flint, Peter (2013). The Dead Sea Scrolls. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780687494491.
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 38.
- ^ 4Q73 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q74 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Sanderson 1997. DJD 15: 215β218.
- ^ 4Q75 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q76 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q77 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q78 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 39.
- ^ 4Q79 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q80 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q81 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q82 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q83 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q84 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 41.
- ^ 4Q85 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Longacre, Drew, and Brent A. Strawn. "A New Identification of a Psalm Manuscript from Qumran: 4Q85 + 4Q98c", Dead Sea Discoveries, doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685179-bja10037
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 40.
- ^ 4Q86 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q87 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q88 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q89 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q90 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q91 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q92 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q93 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q94 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q95 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q96 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q97 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q98 4QPs at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q99 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 42.
- ^ 4Q100 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q101 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q102 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q103 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q104 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q105 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q106 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q107 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q108 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 43.
- ^ 4Q109 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q110 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q111 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q112 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q113 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q114 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q115 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q116 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q117 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q118 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 44.
- ^ 4Q119 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q120 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q121 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q122 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q123 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Tov, Emanuel; et al. (The Greek Biblical Texts from the Judean Desert) (2008). "23". Hebrew Bible, Greek Bible and Qumran: Collected Essays. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism. Vol. 121. Mohr Siebeck. p. 346. ISBN 9783161495465.
- ^ 4Q126 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q127 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 44β45.
- ^ 4Q128 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 45.
- ^ 4Q129 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q130 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q131 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q132 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q133 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q134 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q135 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q136 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 46.
- ^ 4Q138 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q139 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q140 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q141 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q142 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q143 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q144 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q145 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q146 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q147 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q148 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 46β47.
- ^ 4Q149 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 47.
- ^ 4Q150 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q151 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q152 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q153 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q154 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q155 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Wise, Michael O.; Abegg, Martin G.; Cook, Edward M. (2005). The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 577. ISBN 9780060766627.
- ^ 4Q156 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 47β48.
- ^ 4Q157 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 305ff
- ^ 4Q158 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 48.
- ^ 4Q159 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q160 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q161 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q162 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ "The Qumran Library: Scrolls". Library of Congress.
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 49.
- ^ 4Q166 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q167 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q168 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q169 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 50.
- ^ 4Q174 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q175 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q179 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q186 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q196 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q197 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q198 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q199 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q200 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q201 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 54β55.
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 55.
- ^ 4Q215 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Gault, Brian P. (2010) "Fragments of Canticles at Qumran". Revue de Qumran. p.352
- ^ 4Q246 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 62.
- ^ 4Q252 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q253 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q254 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q254a-820 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q258 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q285 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q299 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q300 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q301 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 74.
- ^ 4Q364 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 75.
- ^ 4Q365 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q366 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q367 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q378 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q379 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q385 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q394 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q400 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q434 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q483 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q521 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Buitenwerf, Rieuwerd, The Gog and Magog Tradition in Revelation 20:8, in, H. J. de Jonge, Johannes Tromp, eds., The book of Ezekiel and its influence, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007, p.172; scheduled to be published in Charlesworth's edition, volume 9
- ^ 4Q523 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 98.
- ^ Collins, J. J., 44. Ecclesiasticus, or The Wisdom of Jesus Son of Sirach, in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary, p. 684
- ^ 4Q539 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q541 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q542 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q555 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ "Uncovered in Jerusalem, 9 tiny unopened Dead Sea Scrolls". The Times of Israel.
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 104β105.
- ^ 5Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 105.
- ^ 5Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 106.
- ^ 5Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 104, 106.
- ^ 6Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 107.
- ^ 6Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 108.
- ^ 6Q16 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q30 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q31 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 7Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 7Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 7Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 7Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 7Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 7Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 110.
- ^ 11Q4 - 11QEzek at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 11Q31 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library.
Bibliographyβ»
- Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 9780802862419.
Further readingβ»
- WΓΌrthwein Ernst (1988). Der Text des Alten Testaments, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft 1988, p. 40β47; English translation The text of the Old Testament: an introduction to the Biblia Hebraica
- Malcolm C. Davis, Ben Outhwaite, Hebrew Bible Manuscripts in the Cambridge Genizah Collections: Taylor-Schechter additional series 32β255, with addenda to previous volumes, Cambridge University Library 2003
- Bernhard Pick, Lost Hebrew Manuscripts, Journal of the Society of Biblical Literature, β» vol. 2, pages 122-127 (1882).
- C. David Ginsburg, Introduction to the Massoretico-Critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible (1897, London: Trinitarian Bible Society), β» especially chapt. XII, History and Description of the Manuscripts, pages 469β778, and elsewhere in the volume for information on lost mss.
- Paul Kahle, The Hebrew Ben Asher Manuscripts, Vetus Testamentum, vol. 1, pages 161-167 (July 1951); mentions the Leningrad Codex, the Aleppo Codex, the Cairo Prophets (Codex Cairensis), and British Museum Or. 4445.
- β»,"Bible Manuscripts", Jewish Encyclopedia (1902)β» volume 3, pages 178β181, includes information on lost mss.
- Adolph Neubauer, The Introduction of the Square Characters in Biblical Manuscripts and an Account of the Earliest Manuscripts of the Old Testament, Studia Biblica et Ecclesiastica β»(Oxford Univ.), vol. 3, pages 1β36 (1891).