Kingdom of Croatia. And Slavonia | |||||||||||
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1868â1918 | |||||||||||
Anthem: Gott erhalte, Gott beschĂŒtze ("God preserve, God protect") | |||||||||||
Croatia-Slavonia (number 17) within Austria-Hungary | |||||||||||
Status | Constituent kingdom within Austria-Hungary (part of the: Lands of the Crown of St Stephen) | ||||||||||
Capital | Zagreb | ||||||||||
Official languages | Croatian | ||||||||||
Religion | Catholic | ||||||||||
Government | Constitutional parliamentary monarchy | ||||||||||
King | |||||||||||
âą 1868â1916 | Franz Joseph I | ||||||||||
âą 1916â1918 | Karl IV | ||||||||||
Ban | |||||||||||
âą 1868â1871 (first) | Levin Rauch de NyĂ©k | ||||||||||
âą 1917â1918 (last) | Antun MihaloviÄ | ||||||||||
Legislature | Parliament | ||||||||||
Historical era | New Imperialism • WWI | ||||||||||
âą 1868 Settlement | 26 September 1868 | ||||||||||
âą Incorporation of parts of the Military Frontier | 15 July 1881 | ||||||||||
âą Independence | 29 October 1918 | ||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||
1910 | 42,541 km (16,425 sq mi) | ||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||
âą 1880 | 1,892,499 | ||||||||||
âą 1910 | 2,621,954 | ||||||||||
Currency | |||||||||||
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Today part of | Croatia Serbia |
Part of a series on the |
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History of Slavonia |
Antiquity |
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The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (Croatian: Kraljevina Hrvatska i Slavonija; Hungarian: HorvĂĄt-SzlavĂłnorszĂĄg/HorvĂĄtâSzlavĂłn KirĂĄlysĂĄg; German: Königreich Kroatien und Slawonien) was a nominally autonomous kingdom and constitutionally defined separate political nation within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was created in 1868 by, merging the kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia following the CroatianâHungarian Settlement of 1868. It was associated with the Kingdom of Hungary within the "dual Austro-Hungarian state," being within the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen, also known as Transleithania. While Croatia had been granted a wide internal autonomy with "national features", in reality, Croatian control over key issues such as tax and "military issues was minimal and hampered by Hungary." It was internally officially referredââto as the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, also simply known as the Triune Kingdom, and had claims on Dalmatia, which was administered separately by the Austrian Cisleithania. The city of Rijeka, following disputed section in the 1868 Settlement known as the Rijeka Addendum [hr], became a corpus separatum and was legally owned by Hungary. But administered by both Croatia and Hungary.
The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was ruled by the emperor of Austria, who bore the title King of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia and was confirmed by the State Sabor (Parliament of Croatia-Slavonia or Croatian-Slavonian Diet) upon accession. The King's appointed steward was the Ban of Croatia and Slavonia. On 21 October 1918, Emperor Karl I, known as King Karlo IV in Croatia, issued a Trialist manifest, which was ratified by the Hungarian side on the next day and which unified all Croatian Crown Lands. One week later, on 29 October 1918, the Croatian State Sabor proclaimed an independent kingdom which entered the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.
Nameâ»
The kingdom used the formal title of the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia, thereby pressing its claim on the Kingdom of Dalmatia. But Dalmatia was a Kronland within the imperial Austrian part of Austria-Hungary (also known as Cisleithania). The claim was, for most of the time, supported by the Hungarian government, which backed CroatiaâSlavonia in an effortââto increase its share of the dual state. The union between the two primarily Croatian lands of Austria-Hungary never took place, however. According to the Article 53 of the CroatianâHungarian Agreement, governing Croatia's political status in the Hungarian-ruled part of Austria-Hungary, the ban's official title was "Ban of Kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia". Not only would different parts of the Monarchy at the same time use different styles of the titles, but even the same institutions would at the same time use different naming standards for the same institution. For instance, when the Imperial and Royal Court in Vienna would list the Croatian Ban as one of the Great Officers of State in the Kingdom of Hungary (Barones Regni), the style used would be, Regnorum Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae Banus, but when the Court would list the highest officials of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia, the title would be styled as "Ban of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia" (putting Slavonia before Dalmatia and omitting "Kingdom"). The laws passed in CroatiaâSlavonia used the phrase "Kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia".
In Hungarian, Croatia is: referred to as HorvĂĄtorszĂĄg and Slavonia as SzlavĂłnia. The combined polity was known by the official name of HorvĂĄt-SzlavĂłn KirĂĄlysĂĄg. The short form of the name was HorvĂĄt-SzlavĂłnorszĂĄg and, less frequently HorvĂĄt-TĂłtorszĂĄg.
The order of mentioning Dalmatia was a contentious issue, as it was ordered differently in the Croatian- and Hungarian-language versions of the 1868 Settlement.
Historyâ»
The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was created in 1868, when the former kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia were joined into one single kingdom (the full civil administration was introduced in the Kingdom of Slavonia in 1745 and it was, as one of the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen, administratively included into both the Kingdom of Croatia and Kingdom of Hungary, but it existed virtually until 1868). The Croatian parliament, elected in a questionable manner, confirmed the subordination of CroatiaâSlavonia to Hungary in 1868 with signing of HungarianâCroatian union constitution called the Nagodba (CroatianâHungarian Settlement, known also as CroatianâHungarian Agreement or HungarianâCroatian Compromise of 1868). This kingdom included parts of present-day Croatia and Serbia (eastern part of Syrmia).
After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 the only remaining open question of the new state was the status of Croatia, which would be solved with the HungarianâCroatian Compromise of 1868 when agreement was reached between the Diet of Hungary on one hand and the Croatian Parliament on the other hand, with regard to the composition by a joint enactment of the constitutional questions at issue between them. Settlement reached between Hungary and Croatia was in Croatian version of the Settlement named "The Settlement between Kingdom of Hungary, united with ErdĂ©ly on the one side and the Kingdoms of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia". In the Hungarian version neither Hungary, nor Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia are styled kingdoms. And ErdĂ©ly is not even mentioned, while the Settlement is named as the Settlement between Parliament of Hungary and Parliament of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia. Both versions received Royal sanction and both as such became fundamental laws of the state with constitutional importance, pursuant to article 69. and 70. of the Settlement.
With this compromise the parliament of personal union (in which CroatiaâSlavonia had only twenty-nine, after 1881 â forty deputies) controlled the military, the financial system, Sea (Maritime) Law, Commercial Law, the law of Bills of Exchange and Mining Law, and generally matters of commerce, customs, telegraphs, Post Office, railways, harbours, shipping, and those roads and rivers which jointly concern Hungary and CroatiaâSlavonia.
Similarly to these affairs, trade matters including hawking, likewise with regard to societies which do not exist for public gain, and also with regard to passports, frontier police, citizenship and naturalization, the legislation was joint, but the executive in respect of these affairs was reserved to Kingdom of CroatiaâSlavonia. The citizenship was named "HungarianâCroatian citizenship" in CroatiaâSlavonia. In the end, fifty-five per cent of the total income of CroatiaâSlavonia were assigned to the Joint Treasury ("Joint HungarianâCroatian Ministry of Finance").
The kingdom existed until 1918 when it joined the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, which together with the Kingdom of Serbia formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The new SerbâCroatâSlovene Kingdom was divided into counties between 1918 and 1922 and into oblasts between 1922 and 1929. With the formation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929, most of the territory of the former Kingdom of CroatiaâSlavonia became a part of the Sava Banate and in 1939 autonomous Banovina of Croatia.
Government and politicsâ»
Political statusâ»
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â common emperor-king, common ministries â entities â partner states |
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (Ausgleich) created the Dual Monarchy. Under the Compromise, Austria and Hungary each had separate parliaments (the Imperial Council and the Diet of Hungary) that passed and maintained separate laws. Each region had its own government, headed by its own prime minister. The "common monarchy" consisted of the emperor-king and the common ministers of foreign affairs, defense and finance in Vienna. The Compromise confirmed CroatiaâSlavonia's historic, eight-centuries-old relationship with Hungary and perpetuated the division of the Croat lands, for both Dalmatia and Istria remained under Austrian administration (as Kingdom of Dalmatia and Margraviate of Istria).
At Franz Joseph's insistence, Hungary and Croatia reached the Compromise (or Nagodba in Croatian) in 1868, giving the Croats a special status in Hungary. The agreement granted the Croats autonomy over their internal affairs. The Croatian Ban would now be nominated by the joint CroatianâHungarian government led by the Hungarian Prime Minister, and appointed by the king. Areas of "common" concern to Hungarians and Croats included finance, currency matters, commercial policy, the post office, and the railroad. Croatian became the official language of Croatia's government, and Croatian representatives discussing "common" affairs before the CroatianâHungarian diet were permitted to speak Croatian. A ministry of Croatian Affairs was created within the Hungarian government.
Although the Nagodba provided a measure of political autonomy to CroatiaâSlavonia, it was subordinated politically and economically to Hungary in the CroatianâHungarian entity of the Monarchy.
Parliamentâ»
The Croatian Parliament or the Royal CroatianâSlavonianâDalmatian Sabor (Croatian: Kraljevski Hrvatskoâslavonskoâdalmatinski sabor or Sabor Kraljevina Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije) had legislative authority over the autonomous issues according to the CroatianâHungarian Settlement of 1868. A draft law (bill), approved by the Diet, became a statute (an act) after the royal assent (sanction). It also had to be signed by the Ban of Croatia. The King had the power to veto all legislation passed by the Diet and also to dissolve it and call new elections. If the King dissolved the Diet, he would have to call new elections during the period of three months.
The parliament was summoned annually at Zagreb by the King. Or by the King especially appointed commissioner (usually the Ban). It was unicameral, but alongside 88 elected deputies (in 1888), 44 ex officio members were Croatian and Slavonian high nobility (male princes, counts and barons â similar to hereditary peers â over the age of 24 who paid at least 1,000 florins a year land tax), high dignitaries of the Roman Catholic, Greek Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches and supreme county prefects (veliki ĆŸupani) of all CroatianâSlavonian counties. Legislative term was three years, after 1887 â five years.
The Croatian Parliament elected twenty-nine (after reincorporation of Croatian Military Frontier and Slavonian Military Frontier in 1881 â forty) deputies to the House of Representatives and two members (after 1881 â three) to the House of Magnates of the Diet of Hungary. The delegates of CroatiaâSlavonia were allowed to use Croatian in the proceedings, but they voted personally.
The Kingdom of CroatiaâSlavonia held independent elections for the Croatian Parliament in 1865, 1867, 1871, 1872, 1878, 1881, 1883, 1884, 1887, 1892, 1897, 1901, 1906, 1908, 1910, 1911, 1913.
Main political parties represented in the Parliament were People's Party (People's Liberal Party), Independent People's Party (after 1880), Croatian-Hungarian Party (People's (National) Constitutional Party or Unionist Party) (1868â1873), Party of Rights, Pure Party of Rights (after 1895), StarÄeviÄ's Party of Rights (after 1908), Serb Independent Party (after 1881), Croatian Peoples' Peasant Party (after 1904), Croat-Serb Coalition (after 1905) etc.
Autonomous Governmentâ»
The Autonomous Government or Land Government, officially "Royal CroatianâSlavonianâDalmatian Land Government"(Croatian: Zemaljska vlada or Kraljevska hrvatskoâslavonskoâdalmatinska zemaljska vlada) was established in 1869 with its seat in Zagreb (Croatian Parliament Act No. II of 1869). Until 1914 it possessed three departments:
- Department of Internal Affairs (Croatian: Odjel za unutarnje poslove);
- Department of Religion and Education (Croatian: Odjel za bogoĆĄtovlje i nastavu);
- Department of Justice (Croatian: Odjel za pravosuÄe).
- The Department of National Economy was established in 1914 as a fourth department (Croatian: Odjel za narodno gospodarstvo)
At the head of the Autonomous Government in CroatiaâSlavonia stood the Ban, who was responsible to the CroatianâSlavonian Diet.
Ban (Prime Minister and Viceroy)â»
The Ban was appointed by the King, on the proposal and under the counter-signature of the Joint Hungarian minister-president.
List of bans (viceroys) from 1868 until 1918:
- 1868 â 1871: Baron Levin Rauch de NyĂ©k
- 1871 â 1872: Koloman pl. BedekoviÄ de Komor
- 1872 â 1873: Antun pl. VukanoviÄ acting
- 1873 â 1880: Ivan MaĆŸuraniÄ
- 1880 â 1883: Count Ladislav PejaÄeviÄ de Virovitica
- 1883: Herman pl. Ramberg acting
- 1883 â 1903: Count KĂĄroly Khuen-HĂ©dervĂĄry de HĂ©dervĂĄr
- 1903 â 1907: Count Teodor PejaÄeviÄ de Virovitica
- 1907 â 1908: Aleksandar pl. Rakodczay
- 1908 â 1910: Baron Pavao Rauch de NyĂ©k
- 1910 â 1912: Nikola pl. TomaĆĄiÄ
- 1912 â 1913: Baron Slavko Cuvaj de Ivanska
- 1913 â 1917: Baron Ivan Skerlecz de Lomnica
- 1917 â 1918: Antun pl. MihaloviÄ
Lawâ»
The supreme court of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia was the Table of Seven in Zagreb ("Table of Septemvirs" or "Court of Seven"; Croatian: Stol sedmorice, Latin: Tabula Septemviralis), while the second-level court (court of appeal) was the Ban's Table or Ban's Court (Croatian: Banski stol, Latin: Tabula Banalis) in Zagreb.
After the judicial reorganization of 1874 â 1886 (complete separation of judicial and administrative power, laws on judges' independence and judicial organization, the Organization of Courts of the First Instance Act of 1874 (with 1886 amendments), the Judicial Power Act of 1874 and the Judges' Disciplinary Responsibility (etc.) Act of 1874, the Croatian Criminal Procedure Act of 1875, the Croatian Criminal Procedure Press Offences Act of 1875) and reincorporation of Croatian Military Frontier and Slavonian Military Frontier in 1881; courts of first instance became 9 royal court tables with collegiate judgeships (Croatian: kraljevski sudbeni stolovi in Zagreb, VaraĆŸdin, Bjelovar, Petrinja, GospiÄ, Ogulin, PoĆŸega, Osijek and Mitrovica; criminal and major civil jurisdiction; all of which had been former county courts and Land Court/Royal County Court Table in Zagreb), approximately 63 royal district courts with single judges (Croatian: kraljevski kotarski sudovi; mainly civil and misdemeanor jurisdiction; former district administrative and judicial offices and city courts) and local courts (Croatian: mjesni sudovi), also with single judges, which were established in each municipality and city according to the Local Courts and Local Courts Procedure Act of 1875 as special tribunals for minor civil cases. The Royal Court Table in Zagreb was also a jury court for press offences. Judges were appointed by the king, but their independence was legally guaranteed.
Countiesâ»
In 1886, under Croatian ban Dragutin Khuen-HĂ©dervĂĄry, CroatiaâSlavonia was divided into eight counties (ĆŸupanije, known as comitatus):
- ModruĆĄ-Rijeka County
- Zagreb County
- VaraĆŸdin County
- Bjelovar-KriĆŸevci County
- Virovitica County
- PoĆŸega County
- Srijem County
- Lika-Krbava County
Lika-Krbava became a county after the incorporation of the Croatian Military Frontier into CroatiaâSlavonia in 1881. The counties were subsequently divided into a total of 77 districts (Croatian: kotari, similar to Austrian Bezirke) as governmental units. Cities (gradovi) and municipalities (opÄine) were local authorities.
Symbolsâ»
Flagâ»
Center: The official, but less common, flag with the coat of arms, topped with the crown of St. Stephen Right: The flag without the coat of arms was the civil flag that was also used outside of the Kingdom.
According to the 1868 Agreement and the Decree No. 18.307 of 16 November 1867 of the Department of the Interior of the Royal Country Government:
The redâwhiteâblue tricolor is the civil flag in the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia, which with the united coat of arms of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia with the crown of St. Stephen on top is the official flag for usage in autonomous affairs. The aforementioned civil flag may be used by everyone in an appropriate way.
It was also stated that the emblem for "joint affairs of the territories of the Hungarian Crown" is formed by the united coat of arms of Hungary and Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia.
However, there existed several variations of the internally used version of the flag, with some variants using an unofficial type of crown or simply omitting the crown instead of using the officially prescribed Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen. There were also variations in the design of the shield. The unofficial coat of arms was the preferred design and its widespread use was the reason that the Ban issued a Decree on 21 November 1914, stating that it had become "a custom in the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia to use flags that are not adequate either in state-juridical or in political sense" and which strengthened flag related laws. It reiterated the aforementioned definitions of Croatian flags from 1867 and further stated that "Police authorities shall punish violations of this Decree with a fine of 2 to 200 K or with arrest from 6 hours to 14 days and confiscate the unauthorized flag or emblem."
Coat of armsâ»
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The official version had St. Stephen's crown due to CroatiaâSlavonia being part of Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen.
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Version without crown
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Unofficial, but more common design of the coat of arms without the St. Stephen's crown
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The coat of arms of the Triune Kingdom on the building of the Croatian Parliament
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The coat of arms of the Triune Kingdom on the roof of the St. Mark's Church, Zagreb
Demographicsâ»
Nationalityâ»
Nationality | Population | Percentage |
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Total | 2,621,954 | 100.0% |
Croats | 1,638,354 | 62.5% |
Serbs | 644,955 | 24.6% |
Germans | 134,078 | 5.0% |
Hungarians | 105,948 | 4.1% |
Others | 98,619 | 3.8% |
- 1875 data (without the Military Frontier)
- Croats and Serbs 1,032,000
- Germans 31,700
- Hungarians 12,000
- Czechs and Slovaks 5,000
- Italians 2,000
- Slovenians 2,000
- Others 2,000
Religionâ»
Data taken from the 1910 census.
- Roman Catholic: 1,877,833
- Eastern Orthodox: 653,184
- Protestant: 51,707
- Uniate: 17,592
Literacyâ»
According to the 1910 census, illiteracy rate in Kingdom of CroatiaâSlavonia was 45.9%. The lowest illiteracy was in Zagreb, Osijek and Zemun.
Year | Total illiteracy | Males | Females | Total population |
---|---|---|---|---|
1880 | 73.9% | 67.8% | 79.9% | 1,892,449 |
1890 | 66.9% | 60.1% | 73.5% | 2,186,410 |
1900 | 54.4% | 46.8% | 61.8% | 2,416,304 |
1910 | 45.9% | 37.6% | 53.7% | 2,621,954 |
Militaryâ»
The Royal Croatian Home Guard was the military of the Kingdom. Additionally, Croats made up 5 percent of members in the Austro-Hungarian Common Army, a higher proportion than the percentage of the general population of the empire they composed. Notable Croatians in the Austro-Hungarian Army included Field Marshal Svetozar BoroeviÄ, commander of the Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops Emil Uzelac, commander of the Austro-Hungarian Navy Maximilian Njegovan and Josip Broz Tito who later became Marshal and President of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
Cultureâ»
The modern University of Zagreb was founded in 1874. The Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts and Matica hrvatska were the main cultural institutions in the kingdom. In 1911 the main cultural institution in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, Matica dalmatinska, merged with Matica hrvatska. Vijenac was one of the most important cultural magazines in the kingdom. The building of the Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb was opened in 1895. The Croatian National Theatre in Osijek was established in 1907. The Sisters of Charity Hospital in Zagreb was the first established in the kingdom.
Religionâ»
Catholic Churchâ»
Roughly 75% of the population were Roman Catholic, with the remaining 25% Orthodox. The Catholic Church had the following hierarchy within the kingdom:
Dioceses | Croatian name | Est. | Cathedral |
---|---|---|---|
Archdiocese of Zagreb | ZagrebaÄka nadbiskupija | 1093 | Zagreb Cathedral |
Eparchy of KriĆŸevci (Greek-Catholic) | KriĆŸevaÄka biskupija (KriĆŸevaÄka eparhija) | 1777 | Cathedral of the Holy Trinity in KriĆŸevci |
Diocese of Srijem | Srijemska biskupija | 4th century | Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul in Äakovo |
Diocese of Senj-ModruĆĄ | Senjsko-modruĆĄka biskupija | 1168 | Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Senj |
Judaismâ»
In 1890, there were 17,261 Jews living in the kingdom. In 1867 the Zagreb Synagogue was built.
Transportationâ»
The first railway line opened in the kingdom was the Zidani MostâZagrebâSisak route which began operations in 1862. The ZapreĆĄiÄâVaraĆŸdinâÄakovec line was opened in 1886 and the VinkovciâOsijek line was opened in 1910.
Sportsâ»
The Croatian Sports Association was formed in 1909 with Franjo BuÄar as its president. While Austria-Hungary had competed in the modern Olympics since the inaugural games in 1896, the Austrian Olympic Committee and Hungarian Olympic Committee held the exclusive right to send their athletes to the games. The association organized a national football league in 1912.
Legacyâ»
In 1918, during the last days of World War I, the Croatian parliament abolished the HungarianâCroatian personal union, and both parts of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia and the Kingdom of Dalmatia (excluding Zadar and Lastovo), became part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, which together with the Kingdom of Serbia, formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia). The new SerbâCroatâSlovene Kingdom was divided into counties between 1918 and 1922 and into oblasts between 1922 and 1929. With the formation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929, most of the territory of the former Kingdom of CroatiaâSlavonia became a part of the Sava Banovina, and most of the former Kingdom of Dalmatia became part of the Littoral Banovina.
On the basis of the political agreement between DragiĆĄa CvetkoviÄ and Vlatko MaÄek (CvetkoviÄ-MaÄek Agreement) and the "Decree on the Banovina of Croatia" (Uredba o Banovini Hrvatskoj) dated 24 August 1939, the autonomous Banovina of Croatia (Banate of Croatia) was created by uniting the Sava Banovina, the Littoral Banovina, and districts BrÄko, Derventa, Dubrovnik, Fojnica, GradaÄac, Ilok, Ć id and Travnik.
Notesâ»
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- ^ The flag with the coat of arms was used internally for usage in autonomic affairs and was officially prescribed to depict the Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen above the shield, but an unofficial design using another type of crown was most often used instead. The same flag without the coat of arms was used as a Civil Flag.
- ^ See §. 2. 57. 58. 59. 60. Zakonski Äl. XII. 1868. (CroatianâHungarian Settlement) (in Croatian) "§. 57. Za organe zajedniÄke vlade ustanovljuje se takodjer hrvatski jezik sluĆŸbenim jezikom unutar granicah kraljevinah Dalmacije, Hrvatske i Slavonije. §.58. Predloge i spise u hrvatskom jeziku sastavljene; pa iz kraljevinah Hrvatske i Slavonije na zajedniÄko ministarstvo podneĆĄene, imade to ministarstvo primati i rjeĆĄitbe svoje na istom jeziku izdavati. §. 59. Obzirom na to, da su kraljevine Hrvatska i Slavonija politiÄki narod, imajuÄi posebni svoj teritorij i u pogledu nutarnjih svojih poslovah vlastito zakonodavstvo i autonomnu vladu, ustanovljuje se nadalje; da se zastupnici istih kraljevinah tako na zajedniÄkom saboru kako i u delegaciji mogu sluĆŸiti i jezikom hrvatskim. §. 60. Na zajedniÄkom saboru stvoreni i podpisom Nj. c. i kr. apoĆĄt. VeliÄanstva providjeni zakoni izdavat Äe se za kraljevine Dalmaciju, Hrvatsku i Slavoniju u izvorniku hrvatskom i odaslati saboru tih kraljevinah. (transl.) §. 57. For the organs of the joint government, Croatian is also established as the official language within the boundaries of the Kingdoms of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia. §.58. Proposals and writings composed in Croatian; and submitted from the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia to the joint ministry, the ministry has to receive them and issue its decision in the same language. §.59. Considering that the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia are a political nation, having their own separate territory and, in terms of its own affairs, its own legislation and autonomous government, is further established; that the representatives of the same Kingdoms can use both in the joint parliament and in the delegation Croatian. §.60. Laws created at the joint Parliament, and sanctioned by H.I. and R. Apostolic Majesty shall be issued for the Kingdoms of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia in the Croatian original and shall be sent to the Parliament of these Kingdoms." Sbornik zakona i naredabah valjanih za kraljevine Hrvatsku i Slavoniju za god. 1868. (Komad I.-VI., br. 1.-19.) p. 122.-123.
- ^ Biondich, Mark; Stjepan RadiÄ, the Croat Peasant Party, and the politics of mass mobilization, 1904â1928; University of Toronto Press, 2000 ISBN 0-8020-8294-7, page 9
- ^ Marcus Tanner, "A nation forged in war", Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-09125-7, page 99
- ^ According to articles 56 and 57 of Nagodba only official language in Croatia is Croatian (Po Äl. 56. i 57. Hrvatsko-ugarske nagodbe u Hrvatskoj je u sluĆŸbenoj uporabi samo hrvatski jezik), Dragutin PavliÄeviÄ, "Povijest Hrvatske", Naklada PaviÄiÄ, Zagreb, 2007, ISBN 978-953-6308-71-2, page 273
- ^ 56. In the whole territory of CroatiaâSlavonia, Croatian is the language alike of the Legislature, the Administration and the Judicature. 57. Inside the frontiers of CroatiaâSlavonia, the Croatian is prescribed as the official language for the organs of the Joint Government also. http://www.h-net.org/~habsweb/sourcetexts/nagodba2.htm â online text from Robert William Seton-Watson, "The Southern Slav Question and the Habsburg Monarchy", London, Constable and Co., 1911, ISBN 0-7222-2328-5, page 371
- ^ Rothschild, Joseph (1974). East Central Europe between the Two World Wars. University of Washington Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-295-80364-7.
- ^ Biondich 2000, p. 15
- ^ Seton-Watson, Hugh (1945). Eastern Europe Between the Wars, 1918â1941 (3rd ed.). CUP Archive. p. 434. ISBN 1-00-128478-X.
- ^ See §. 59.Zakonski Äl. XII. 1868. (CroatianâHungarian Settlement) (in Croatian) "§. 59. Obzirom na to, da su kraljevine Hrvatska i Slavonija politiÄki narod, imajuÄi posebni svoj teritorij i u pogledu nutarnjih svojih poslovah vlastito zakonodavstvo i autonomnu vladu, ustanovljuje se nadalje; da se zastupnici istih kraljevinah tako na zajedniÄkom saboru kako i u delegaciji mogu sluĆŸiti i jezikom hrvatskim. (transl.) §.59. Considering that the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia are a political nation, having their own separate territory and, in terms of its own affairs, its own legislation and autonomous government, is further established; that the representatives of the same Kingdoms can use both in the joint parliament and in the delegation Croatian." Sbornik zakona i naredabah valjanih za kraljevine Hrvatsku i Slavoniju za god. 1868. (Komad I.-VI., br. 1.-19.) p. 123.
- ^ See; translation of the law XLIV. 1868. (law on nationality)/1868-ik Ă©vi XLIV. TĂRVĂNYCZIKK a nemzetisĂ©gi egyenjogĂșsĂĄg tĂĄrgyĂĄban. THE LAW OF NATIONALITIES (Act XLIV of the year 1868.) "since all citizens of Hungary, according to the principles of the constitution, form from a political point of view one nation â the indivisible unitary Hungarian nation â of which every citizen of the fatherland is a member, no matter to what nationality he belongs: since, moreover, this equality of right can only exist with reference to the official use of the various languages of the country,...§ 29. The provisions of this law do not extend to Croatia Slavonia and Dalmatia, which possess a special territory and form politically a special nation;" RACIAL PROBLEMS IN HUNGARY By SCOTUS VIATOR, Author, Robert William Seton-Watson. Publisher, Constable, 1908.
- ^ Hrvatska enciklopedija (LZMK). "Hrvatsko-ugarska nagodba". Retrieved 6 April 2019.
- ^ "Nagodba". britannica.com. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
- ^ CroatianâHungarian settlement, Constitution, 1868, Article §. 1.
- ^ (Croatian) Law codex, S. V., no. 30, Issued by the Sabor, (Zagreb), Y: 1917, p: 101, 'Law act III:1917, Coronation oath'
- ^ Goldstein & JovanoviÄ 1999.
- ^ See; Charles IV. Coronation diploma inaugurale issued to the Parliament of CroatiaâSlavonia pursuant to §. 2. of the Settlement Zak. Äl. III. : 1917. zajedniÄkog ugarsko-hrvatskog drĆŸavnog sabora, kojim se kraljevska zavjernica, ĆĄto ju je Njegovo VeliÄanstvo kralj izdao zemlji prije Svoje sretne posvete i krunisanja, te kraljevska zakletva, ĆĄto ju je poloĆŸio prigodom krunisanja, uvrĆĄÄuju medju zakone drĆŸave â», (in Croatian) "§. 1. Sveto i nepovredimo obdrĆŸavat Äemo, a kraljevskom NaĆĄom moÄi i po drugih obdrĆŸavati dati nasljedbu na kraljevski prestol, ustanovljenu u zakonskom Älanku 1. i 2. Älanku god. 1723.; - krunisanje koje se ima obaviti u smislu zakonskog Älanka 3. godine 1791.; - prava, ustav, zakonitu neodvisnost, slobodu i zemljiĆĄnu cjelovitost Ugarske te Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije, a isto tako cjelokupnost i zemaljski ustav kraljevina Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije, koje s kraljevinom Ugarskom saÄinjavaju jednu te istu drĆŸavnu zajednicu. Sveto i strogo obdrĆŸavat Äemo, a kraljevskom NaĆĄom moÄi i po drugima obdrĆŸavati dati zakonito postojeÄe sloboĆĄtine, povlastice, zakonske obiÄaje i dosad po saborima stvorene i po slavnim NaĆĄim predjima, krunisanim Ugarske Kraljevima posveÄene, kakono i one, ĆĄto Äe i odsada po saborima stvoriti i po Nama kao krunjenom Kralju ugarskom posvetiti zakone Ugarske te Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije u svih njihovih toÄkama, Älancima i zaporkama tako, kako ĆĄto Äe njihov smisao i uporaba zajedniÄkim suglasjem kralja i sabora ustanovljeni biti; izuzevĆĄi ipak dokinutu onu zaporku zakona blagopopokojnoga Andrije II. od god. 1222., poÄevĆĄi od rijeÄi: "Quodsi vero nos" sve do onih rijeÄi "in perpetuam facultatem". Za obezbjedjenje svega toga sluĆŸit Äe i ona kraljevska zakletva NaĆĄa, ĆĄto Äemo ju po sadrĆŸaja ove NaĆĄe kraljevske zavjernice na osnovu rijeÄi krunidbene zakletve slavnoga Nam predĆĄastnika Ferdinanda I. prigodom krunisanja NaĆĄega poloĆŸiti. ... §. 3. Sve one strane i pripadnosti Ugarske te Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije ĆĄto su veÄ natrag steÄene, pa i one, ĆĄto Äe boĆŸjom pomoÄju odsele biti natrag pribavljene, pripojit Äemo u smislu krunitbene NaĆĄe zakletve reÄenim kraljevinama." Krunidbena zavjernica Karla IV. Zbornik zakona i naredaba valjanih za Kraljevine Hrvatsku i Slavoniju, kom. V. str. 101-105., Zagreb 1917.
- ^ BudisavljeviÄ SrÄan, Stvaranje DrĆŸave SHS, (Creation of the state of SHS), Zagreb, 1958, p. 132-133.
- ^ Goldstein, Ivo; JovanoviÄ, Nikolina (1999). Croatia: a history. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 1-85065-525-1.
- ^ Zakonski Älanak o nagodbi, koju s jedne strane kraljevina Ugarska, sjedinjena s Erdeljem, s druge strane kraljevine Hrvatska i Slavonija sklopiĆĄe za izravnanje postojavĆĄih izmedju njih drĆŸavnopravnih pitanjah. â», (in Croatian) " §. 53. Banu gradjanskoga staliĆĄta bit Äe i od sada naslov: "Ban kraljevinah Dalmacije, Hrvatske i Slavonije" i Äasti banskoj pripadati Äe sva ona prijaĆĄnja preimuÄtva i dostojanstva, koja se slaĆŸu s njegovim poloĆŸajem. Po tome i nadalje ostaje Älanom kuÄe velikaĆĄah zajedniÄkoga sabora.â»", Sbornik zakona i naredabah valjanih za kraljevine Hrvatsku i Slavoniju za god. 1868. (Komad I.-VI., br. 1.-19.) p. 122., Retrieved 2018-09-27
- ^ The HungaroâCroatian Compromise (in Croatian)
- ^ Hungarian version of the Settlement has a different order of the Ban's title 1868. Ă©vi XXX. törvĂ©nycikk a MagyarorszĂĄg, s HorvĂĄt-, Szlavon Ă©s DalmĂĄtorszĂĄgok közt fenforgott közjogi kĂ©rdĂ©sek kiegyenlĂtĂ©se irĂĄnt lĂ©trejött egyezmĂ©ny beczikkelyezĂ©sĂ©rĆl (in Hungarian) "53. § A polgĂĄri ĂĄllĂĄsu bĂĄn ezutĂĄn is HorvĂĄt-, Szlavon- Ă©s DalmĂĄtorszĂĄgok bĂĄnja czimmel Ă©l, s a bĂĄni hivatal mindazon elĆjogait Ă©s mĂ©ltĂłsĂĄgait Ă©lvezi, a melyek uj ĂĄllĂĄsĂĄval összefĂ©rnek. EnnĂ©lfogva ezutĂĄn is tagja marad a közös orszĂĄggyĂŒlĂ©s fĆrendi hĂĄzĂĄnak.", Magyar joganyagok - 1868. Ă©vi XXX. törvĂ©nycikk, Retrieved 2018-09-28
- ^ Court and state guide issued by the Imperial and Royal Court, for the year 1878. Hof- und Staats-handbuch der Oesterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarhie fĂŒr 1878. (in German), Königreich Ungarn und die damit verbundenen Theile, " Barones Regni (Bannerherren) .. Regnorum Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae Banus (Ban von Croatien, Dalmatien und Slavonien) ", Druck und Verlag der Kaiserlich-KoÌČniglichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wien, p. 691., Retrieved 2018-09-28
- ^ Court and state guide issued by the Imperial and Royal Court, for the year 1878. Hof- und Staats-handbuch der Oesterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarhie fĂŒr 1878. (in German), Königreich Croatien und Slavonien nebst der croatischâslavonischen MilitĂ€rgrenze, " Ban von Croatien, Slavonien und Dalmatien", Druck und Verlag der Kaiserlich-KoÌČniglichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wien, p. 887., Retrieved 2018-09-28
- ^ Ines SabotiÄ; Stjepan MatkoviÄ (April 2005). "Saborski izbori i zagrebaÄka izborna tijela na prijelazu iz 19. u 20. stoljeÄe" [Parliamentary Elections and Zagreb Electoral Bodies at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries]. Drustvena Istrazivanja: Journal for General Social Issues (in Croatian). 14 (1-2 (75â76)). Zagreb, Croatia: Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar: 168. ISSN 1330-0288. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
â» Zakona o izbornom redu za kraljevinu Dalmacije, Hrvatske i Slavonije
- ^ A Magyar Sz. Korona orszĂĄgai MagyarorszĂĄg, HorvĂĄt-TĂłtorszĂĄg Ă©s a Katonai ĆrvidĂ©k Ășj tĂ©rkĂ©pe MagyarorszĂĄg Archived 5 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine (map), 1877. Retrieved 25 December 2012. (in Hungarian)
- ^ Hivatalos Statistikai KözlemĂ©nyek. Kiadja: A FöldmivelĂ©s-, Ipar- Ăs KereskedelemĂŒgyi Magyar KirĂĄlyi Ministerium Statistikai OsztĂĄlya. Ăvf. 2. FĂŒz. 1. 1869. p. 160.
- ^ MikulĂĄĆĄ Teich, Roy Porter, The National Question in Europe in Historical Context, 1993, p.284
- ^ Britannica 2009 Nagodba
- ^ Constitution of Union between CroatiaâSlavonia and Hungary
- ^ Zakonski Älanak o nagodbi, koju s jedne strane kraljevina Ugarska, sjedinjena s Erdeljem, s druge strane kraljevine Hrvatska i Slavonija sklopiĆĄe za izravnanje postojavĆĄih izmedju njih drĆŸavnopravnih pitanjah. â», Sbornik zakona i naredabah valjanih za kraljevine Hrvatsku i Slavoniju za god. 1868. (Komad I.-VI., br. 1.-19.) p. 122., Retrieved 2018-09-27
- ^ 1868. Ă©vi XXX. törvĂ©nycikk a MagyarorszĂĄg, s HorvĂĄt-, Szlavon Ă©s DalmĂĄtorszĂĄgok közt fenforgott közjogi kĂ©rdĂ©sek kiegyenlĂtĂ©se irĂĄnt lĂ©trejött egyezmĂ©ny beczikkelyezĂ©sĂ©rĆl, Magyar joganyagok - 1868. Ă©vi XXX. törvĂ©nycikk, Retrieved 2018-09-28
- ^ State union between Hungary and CroatiaâSlavonia was formally known as personal union, in reality it was real union with self rule for CroatiaâSlavonia.
- ^ Kosnica, Ivan (2017). "Citizenship in CroatiaâSlavonia during the First World War". Journal on European History of Law. 8 (1): 58â65.
- ^ Biondich 2000, p. 9
- ^ History of Hungary
- ^ Trpimir Macan: Povijest hrvatskog naroda, 1971, pp. 358â368 (full text of the CroatianâHungarian Settlement in Croatian)
- ^ NajviĆĄi reĆĄkript, kojim se potvrdjuje zakonski Älanak ob ustrojstvu autonomne hrvatskoâslavonskoâdalmatinske zemaljske vlade, â», Sbornik zakona i naredabah valjanih za kraljevinu Hrvatsku i Slavoniju za god. 1869. ( in Croatian) komad I.-VIII., p. 07.-12.| Retrieved 2018-09-27
- ^ After the establishment of the Royal CroatianâSlavonianâDalmatian Land Government (Royal Land Government or informally Autonomous Government), the Croatian Court Chancellery or (officially) Royal CroatianâSlavonianâDalmatian Court Chancellery in Vienna (1862â1869) as supreme governmental body for Croatia and Slavonia organized in accordance with the October Diploma and the February Patent and the Royal CroatianâSlavonian Council of Lieutenancy in Zagreb (1861â1869) were abolished.
- ^ http://www.h-net.org/~habsweb/sourcetexts/nagodba3.htm The HungaroâCroatian Compromise of 1868 (The Nagodba), III
- ^ Hrvatska pravna povijest 1790. â 1918., Croatian Supreme Court
- ^ Ivan Äepulo (April 2006). "Izgradnja modernog hrvatskog sudstva 1848 â 1918" [Building up of the Modern Croatian Judiciary 1848 â 1918]. Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta u Zagrebu: Collected Papers of Zagreb Law Faculty (in Croatian). 56 (2â3). Zagreb, Croatia: University of Zagreb, Law Faculty: 325â383. ISSN 0350-2058. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
- ^ Biondich 2000, p. 11
- ^ Jelena BorĆĄak-MarijanoviÄ, Zastave kroz stoljeÄa, Croatian History Museum, Zagreb, 1996, p. 110
- ^ Ban (viceroy) IvĂĄn Skerlecz: "According to the § 61 article I from the year 1868 of Agreement and of decree of the Department of Interior of the Royal Country Government of November 16th, 1867, No. 18.307, red-white-blue tricolour is the civil flag in the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia, which with the united Coat-of-Arms of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia with the crown of saint Stephen on the top is official flag for usage in autonomous affairs. Above-mentioned civil flag may be used by everyone in appropriate way." "Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia (1867 - 1918)". Archived from the original on 1 January 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2009. â»
- ^ Heimer, Ćœeljko. "Hrvatska-povijesne zastave". zeljko-heimer-fame.from.hr. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ Heimer, Ćœeljko; ZdvoĆĂĄk, Janko Ehrlich. "Croatia in the Habsburg Empire". crwflags.com. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
- ^ Heimer, Ćœeljko; ZdvoĆĂĄk, Janko Ehrlich. "Croatia in the Habsburg Empire". crwflags.com. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ The HungaroâCroatian Compromise of 1868 (The Nagodba), II
- ^ Croatia â Historical Flags (1848â1918), www.fotw.net
- ^ Heimer, Ćœeljko. "Hrvatska-povijesne zastave". zeljko-heimer-fame.from.hr. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ Kroatien, Slavonien, Dalmatien Und Das Militargrenzland, p. 20.
- ^ PokuĆĄaji smanjivanja nepismenosti u Banskoj Hrvatskoj poÄetkom 20. stoljeÄa, p. 133-135
- ^ McMeekin, Sean (2013). July 1914: Countdown to War. Internet Archive. New York: Basic Books. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-465-03145-0.
- ^ Pero Simic: Tito, tajna veka Novosti; 2nd edition (2009) ISBN 978-8674461549
Referencesâ»
- Biondich, Mark (2000). Stjepan RadiÄ, the Croat Peasant Party, and the Politics of Mass Mobilization. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8294-7.
Further readingâ»
- ÄirkoviÄ, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-4291-5.
- Miller, Nicholas J. (1997). Between Nation and State: Serbian Politics in Croatia Before the First World War. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-3989-4.
External linksâ»
- Jayne, Kingsley Garland (1911). "Croatia-Slavonia" . EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). pp. 471â477.
- Codex diplomaticus Regni Croatiae, Slavoniae et Dalmatiae, Internet Archive â digital library
- Euratlas Maps
- Erdélyi Magyar Adatbank Map
- Map Archived 5 December 2012 at archive.today
- Ethnic map
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