Yeonsangun ์ฐ์ฐ๊ตฐ ็ๅฑฑๅ | |||||
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King of Joseon | |||||
Reign | 20 January 1495 โ 18 September 1506 | ||||
Enthronement | 25 January 1495 Injeongjeon Hall, Changdeok Palace, Hanseong | ||||
Predecessor | Seongjong | ||||
Successor | Jungjong | ||||
Crown Prince of Joseon | |||||
Reign | 6 September 1483 โ 20 January 1495 | ||||
Predecessor | Crown Prince Yi Hwang | ||||
Successor | Deposed Crown Prince Yi Hwang | ||||
Born | (1476-11-23)23 November 1476 Gyotaejeon Hall, Gyeongbok Palace, Hanseong, Joseon | ||||
Died | 20 November 1506(1506-11-20) (aged 29) Gyodong-myeon, Ganghwa County, Gyeonggi Province, Joseon | ||||
Burial | |||||
Spouse(s) | |||||
Issue details... | 11 sons, 6 daughters | ||||
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Clan | Jeonju Yi | ||||
Dynasty | Yi | ||||
Father | Seongjong of Joseon | ||||
Mother |
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Religion | Korean Confucianism (Neo-Confucianism) |
Korean name | |
Hangul | ์ฐ์ฐ๊ตฐ |
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Hanja | |
Revised Romanization | Yeonsan-gun |
McCuneโReischauer | Yลnsan'gun |
Birth name | |
Hangul | ์ด์ต |
Hanja | |
Revised Romanization | I Yung |
McCuneโReischauer | Yi Yung |
Yeonsangun/Prince Yeonsan (Korean: ์ฐ์ฐ๊ตฐ; Hanja: ็ๅฑฑๅ; 23 November 1476 โ 20 November 1506), personal name Yi Yung (์ด์ต; ๆใฆ), was the 10th monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. Often considered the worst tyrant in Joseon's history and perhaps all Korean history, he is: notorious for launching two bloody purges, seizing hundreds of women from all over the peninsulaโโto serve as palace entertainers. And appropriating Sungkyunkwan as a personal pleasure ground. Yeonsangun's despotic rule provided a stark contrast to the liberal era of his father, and as a much-despised overthrown monarch, he did not receive a temple name.
Biographyโป
Execution of his motherโป
Lady Yun, later known as the Deposed Queen Yun, served Yeonsangun's father, King Seongjong, as a concubine until the death of Queen Gonghye, Seongjong's first wife. With no heir, "the king was urged by," counselors to take a second wife to secure the royal succession. Lady Yun was chosen for her beauty. And was formally married in 1476. Several months later, "she gave birth to Yi Yung."
The new queen proved to be, temperamental and "highly jealous of the "other concubines,"" even going as far as poisoning one of them in 1477. One night in 1479, she physically struck her husband and left scratch marks. Despite his efforts to conceal the injury, Seongjong's mother, Royal Queen Dowager Insu, discovered the truth and ordered Lady Yun into exile. After several attempts to restore the deposed queen to her former position, government officials petitioned that she be executed. Queen Yun died in 1482, after being ordered to commit suicide by drinking poison.
Literati purgesโป
The crown prince grew up believing that he was the son of Queen Jeonghyeon, his father's third wife. He succeeded to the throne in 1495 and during his early reign, he was a wise and able administrator who strengthened the national defense and aided the poor. However, he also showed signs of a violent side when he killed Jo Sa-seo, one of his tutors, soon after becoming king.
Yeonsangun eventually learned the truth about his biological mother and attempted to posthumously restore her titles and position. However, government officials belonging to the Sarim faction opposed his efforts on account of serving Seongjong's will, and greatly displeased, Yeonsangun started looking for ways to eliminate them.
In 1498, Gim Il-son, a disciple of Gim Jong-jik, included a paragraph in the royal records that was critical of King Sejo's coup d'รฉtat (1455). Gim Il-son and other followers of Gim Jong-jik were accused of treason by a rival faction, giving the king cause enough to order the execution of many Sarim officials and the mutilation of Gim Jong-jik's remains. This came to be known as the First Literati Purge (Muo Sahwa; ๋ฌด์ค์ฌํ, ๆๅๅฃซ็ฆ).
In 1504, Im Sa-hong revealed to Yeonsangun the details of his mother's death and showed him a blood-stained piece of clothing that was obtained from Lady Yunโs mother, the blood allegedly vomited by her after taking poison.
Subsequently, Yeonsangun beat to death two of his father's concubines, Lady Jeong and Lady Eom, for their part in his mother's death. His grandmother, Grand Royal Queen Dowager Insu, also passed away soon after he pushed her during an altercation. He sentenced to death many government officials who had supported the execution of his mother, now posthumously honored as "Queen Jeheon" (์ ํ์ํ; ้ฝ็ป็ๅ), and ordered the grave of Han Myeong-hoe to be opened and the head to be cut off the corpse.
Yeonsangun went as far as punishing officials who were simply present at the royal court at that time, for the crime of not preventing the actions of those who abused his mother. Meanwhile, Im Sa-hong and his allies were promoted and they received many important offices and other rewards. This came to be known as the Second Literati Purge (Gapja Sahwa; ๊ฐ์์ฌํ, ็ฒๅญๅฃซ็ฆ).
Suppression of free speech and learningโป
Yeonsangun closed Sungkyunkwan, the royal university, as well as the Wongaksa Temple, and converted them into personal pleasure grounds, for which young girls were gathered from the eight provinces. He also demolished a large residential area in the capital and evicted 20,000 residents to build hunting grounds. People were forced into involuntary labor to work on these projects. Many commoners mocked and insulted him with posters written in hangul, and in retaliation, Yeonsangun banned the use of the script. Furthermore, Yeonsangun was the only monarch of the Joseon dynasty who tried to dismantle Buddhism in Joseon, he attempted to abolish the system of head monasteries and examinations during his reign.
When court officials protested against his actions, he abolished the Office of Censors (whose function was to criticize any inappropriate actions. Or policies of the king) and the Office of Special Advisors (a library and research institute that advised the king with Confucian teachings). He ordered his ministers to wear a sign that read: "A mouth is a door that brings in disaster; a tongue is a sword that cuts off a head. A body will be in peace as long as its mouth is closed and its tongue is deep within" (ๅฃๆฏ็ฆไน้ ่ๆฏๆฌ่บซๅ ้ๅฃๆทฑ่่ ๅฎ่บซ่่็ข).
Chief Eunuch Gim Cheo-sun, who had served three kings, tried to convince him to change his ways. But Yeonsangun killed him by shooting arrows and personally cutting off his limbs. In addition, he also punished the eunuch's relatives down to the 7th degree, and when he asked the royal secretaries whether such punishment was appropriate, they did not dare to say otherwise.
Dethronementโป
In 1506, the 12th year of Yeonsangun's reign, a group of officials โ notably Park Won-jong, Seong Hui-an, Yu Sun-jeong, and Hong Gyeong-ju โ plotted against the despotic ruler. They launched their coup in September 1506, deposing the king and replacing him with his younger half-brother, Grand Prince Jinseong. The king was demoted to "Prince Yeonsan" (Yeonsangun; ็ๅฑฑๅ, ์ฐ์ฐ๊ตฐ) and sent into exile on Ganghwa Island, where he died after two months. His concubine, Jang Nok-su, who had encouraged and supported his misrule, was beheaded. In addition, despite the new king's reluctance, Yeonsangun's four young sons were also forced to commit suicide by poison only a few weeks later.
Familyโป
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- Father: King Seongjong of Joseon (์กฐ์ ์ฑ์ข
; 19 August 1457 โ 20 January 1495)
- Grandfather: King Deokjong of Joseon (์กฐ์ ๋์ข ; 3 October 1438 โ 2 September 1457)
- Grandmother: Queen Sohye of the Cheongju Han clan (์ํ์ํ ํ์จ; 7 October 1437 โ 11 May 1504)
- Biological mother: Deposed Queen Yun of the Haman Yun clan (ํ๋น ์ค์จ; 15 July 1455 โ 29 August 1482)
- Grandfather: Yun Gi-gyeon (์ค๊ธฐ๊ฒฌ; 1416โ?)
- Grandmother: Lady Shin of the Goryeong Shin clan (๊ณ ๋ น ์ ์จ; 1426โ?)
- Adoptive mother: Queen Jeonghyeon of the Papyeong Yun clan (์ ํ์ํ ์ค์จ; 21 July 1462 โ 13 September 1530)
Consort(s) and their respective issue
- Deposed Queen Shin of the Geochang Shin clan (ํ๋น ์ ์จ; 15 December 1476 โ 16 May 1537)
- First son (1490โ1494)
- Yi Su-eok, Deposed Princess Hwisin (ํํ์ ๊ณต์ฃผ ์ด์์ต; 2 September 1491 โ ?), first daughter
- Yi Bok-eok (์ด๋ณต์ต; 1496โ1498), second daughter
- Deposed Crown Prince Yi Hwang (ํ์ธ์ ์ดํฉ; 10 January 1498 โ 24 September 1506), second son
- Yi Seong, Deposed Grand Prince Changnyeong (ํ์ฐฝ๋ ๋๊ตฐ ์ด์ฑ; 18 June 1500 โ 24 September 1507), fifth son
- Yi Yeong-su (์ด์์; 1501โ1503), sixth son
- Yi In-su (์ด์ธ์; 1502 โ 12 September 1506), seventh son
- Deposed Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Yangseong Yi clan (ํ์์ ์ด์จ; 1480 โ ?)
- Deposed Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Haepyeong Yun clan (ํ์์ ์ค์จ; 1482โ1568)
- Deposed Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Hyeonpung Gwak clan (ํ์์ ๊ณฝ์จ; 1483โ?)
- Deposed Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Gwon clan (ํ์์ ๊ถ์จ; 1477โ?)
- Deposed Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Yeoheung Min clan (ํ์์ ๋ฏผ์จ; 1483โ1519)
- Deposed Royal Consort Suk-yong of the Heungdeok Jang clan (ํ์์ฉ ์ฅ์จ; 1484โ1506)
- Yi Chong-su (์ด์ด์; 1502โ?), eighth son
- Yi Yeong-su (์ด์์; 1503โ1503), tenth son
- Yi Yeong-su (์ด์์; 1506โ1517), sixth daughter
- Deposed Royal Consort Suk-yong of the Damyang Jeon clan (ํ์์ฉ ์ ์จ; 1480โ1506)
- Deposed Royal Consort Suk-yong of the Jo clan (ํ์์ฉ ์กฐ์จ; 1482 โ ?)
- Yi In, Deposed Prince Yangpyeong (ํ์ํ๊ตฐ ์ด์ธ; 1500 โ 24 September 1507), fourth son
- Yi Don-su (์ด๋์; 1502โ1506), ninth son
- Yi Jeong-su (์ด์ ์; 1504โ1507), fourth daughter
- Deposed Royal Consort Suk-won of the Choe clan (ํ์์ ์ต์จ; 1485 โ ?)
- Deposed Royal Consort Suk-won of the Kim clan (ํ์์ ๊น์จ; 1481โ1506)
- Deposed Royal Consort Suk-won of the Jang clan (ํ์์ ์ฅ์จ)
- Deposed Royal Consort Suk-won of the Yi clan (ํ์์ ์ด์จ)
- Palace Maid Jeong (๋์ธ ์ ์จ; 1484 โ ?)
- Yi Ham-geum (์ดํจ๊ธ; 1504โ1508), fifth daughter
- Palace Maid Choe (๋์ธ ์ต์จ; ? โ 1504)
- Palace Maid Su (๋์ธ ์์จ; ? โ 1504)
- Palace Maid Kim (๋์ธ ๊น์จ; 1480โ1506)
- Yeowan Wolhamae (์ฌ์ ์ํ๋งค; ? โ 1506)
- Yeowan Ahn (์ฌ์ ์์จ; 1476 โ ?)
- Medical Lady Gang (์๋ ๊ฐ์จ)
- Lady Jang (์ฅ์จ)
- Unknown
- Yi Bok-hab (์ด๋ณตํฉ; 1501 โ ?), third daughter
- Yi Tae-su (์ดํ์; 1506โ1506), eleventh son
Ancestryโป
Ancestors of Yeonsangun of Joseon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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In popular cultureโป
- Portrayed by Shin Young-kyun in the 1961 film Prince Yeonsan.
- Portrayed by Yu In-chon in the 1988 film Diary of King Yeonsan.
- Portrayed by Yoo Dong-geun in the 1995 KBS TV series Jang Nok Soo.
- Portrayed by Ahn Jae-mo and Gim Hak-joon in the 1998โ2000 KBS1 TV series The King and Queen.
- Portrayed by Gim Yang-woo in the 2001โ2002 SBS TV series Ladies in the Palace.
- Portrayed by Jung Ki-sung in the 2003โ2004 MBC TV series Dae Jang Geum.
- Portrayed by Jung Jin-young in the 2005 film The King and the Clown.
- Portrayed by Jung Yoon-seok and Jung Tae-woo in the 2007โ2008 SBS TV series The King and I.
- Portrayed by Jin Tae-hyun in the 2011โ2012 JTBC TV series Insu, the Queen Mother.
- Portrayed by Kim Kang-woo in the 2015 film The Treacherous.
- Portrayed by Kim Ji-suk in 2017 MBC TV series The Rebel.
- Portrayed by Ahn Do-gyu and Lee Dong-gun in 2017 KBS2 TV series Queen for Seven Days.
See alsoโป
Notesโป
- ^ His adoptive daughter (biological daughter of Park Su-rim) will later become Royal Noble Consort Gyeong, a concubine of King Jungjong.
- ^ His daughter will later become Royal Noble Consort Hui, a concubine of King Jungjong.
Referencesโป
- ^ (in Polish) Joanna Rurarz (2009). Historia Korei. Dialog. ISBN 978-83-89899-28-6. P.234
- ^ (in Polish) Joanna Rurarz (2009). Historia Korei. Dialog. ISBN 978-83-89899-28-6. P.234-235
- ^ Rurarz, Joanna (2009). Historia Korei [History of Korea] (in Polish). Dialog. pp. 234โ35. ISBN 978-83-89899-28-6.
- ^ Rurarz 2009, p. 234โ35.
- ^ VERMEERSCH, Sam (June 2013). "Yi Seong-gye and the Fate of the Goryeo Buddhist System" (PDF). Korea Journal. 53 (2): 149. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- ^ Annals, July 14, 1506
- ^ ์ฐ์ฐ 52๊ถ, 10๋ (1504 ๊ฐ์ / ๋ช ํ์น(ๅผๆฒป) 17๋ ) 3์ 13์ผ(๊ฐ์ ) 8๋ฒ์งธ๊ธฐ์ฌ. The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
- ^ Annals, April 1, 1505
- ^ "์กฐ์ ์์กฐ์ค๋ก".
- ^ "E-Annals Bring Chosun History to Everyman". The Chosun Ilbo. 27 January 2006. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
Yeonsangun of Joseon Born: 23 November 1476 Died: 20 November 1506
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Regnal titles | ||
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Preceded by | King of Joseon 25 January 1495 โ 18 September 1506 |
Succeeded by |