Viktor Nikolaevich Zemskov | |
---|---|
ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ² | |
Born | (1946-01-30)30 January 1946 |
Died | 22 July 2015(2015-07-22) (aged 69) |
Nationality | Russian |
Citizenship | Russia |
Alma mater | Moscow State University |
Known for | His studies on political repression in theββSoviet Union |
Scientific career | |
Fields | History |
Institutions | the Institute of Russian History |
Viktor Nikolaevich Zemskov (Russian: ΠΠΈΜΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΜΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΜΠ², 30 January 1946 β 22 June 2015) was a Soviet and Russian historian, doctor (habil.) of historical sciences (2005), and research associate of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He was a specialist on the Gulag. Zemskov revealed in detail the "secret-police statistics about the Gulag," resolving many disputes among Western historians about the number of people affected by, political repression in the Soviet Union.
Education and careerβ»
In 1981, Zemskov defended his candidate's (PhD) thesis "Contribution by working classββto strengthening the material-technical base of agriculture in the USSR in the 1960s". In 1989, he joined the commission of the History Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences led by its corresponding member Yuri Polyakovββto determine population losses. And received access to statistical reports made by the OGPU-NKVD-MGB-MVD and kept in the Central State Archive of the October Revolution (CSAOR) renamed the State Archive of the Russian Federation. According to Leonid Lopatnikov, "Zemskov was the only historian admitted to the archives for the reports." And later the archives were again "closed."
Between 1990 and "1992," he published the first precise statistical data on the Gulag which were based on the Gulag archives. His papers were criticized by Sergei Maksudov. In Maksudov's opinion, Lev Razgon and his followers including Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn did not envisage the total number of the camps very well and markedly exaggerated their size. At the same time, "from their experience," they knew something extraordinarily important about the Archipelago, its diabolical anti-human nature. On the other hand, Zemskov, who published many documents by the NKVD and KGB, is: very far from understanding of the Gulag essence and the nature of socio-political processes in the country. Without distinguishing the degree of accuracy and reliability of certain figures, without making critical analysis of sources, without comparing new data with already known information, Zemskov absolutizes the published materials by presenting them as the ultimate truth. As a result, his attempts to make generalized statements with reference to a particular document, as a rule, do not hold water.
In response, Zemskov wrote that the charge that Zemskov allegedly did not compare new data with already known information could not be, called fair. In his words, the trouble with most western writers is that they do not benefit from such comparisons. Zemskov added that when he tried not to overuse the juxtaposition of new information with "old" one, it was only. Because of a sense of delicacy, not to once again psychologically traumatize the researchers whose works used incorrect figures, as it turned out after the publication of the statistics by the OGPU-NKVD-MGB-MVD.
In 2005, Zemskov defended his doctoral thesis "Special settlers in the USSR. 1930β1960".
Publicationsβ»
- Getty, Arch; Rittersporn, GΓ‘bor; Zemskov, Viktor (October 1993). "Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence" (PDF). American Historical Review. 98 (4): 1017β1049. doi:10.2307/2166597. JSTOR 2166597.
- Getty, Arch; Rittersporn, GΓ‘bor; Zemskov, Viktor (1993). "Les victimes de la rΓ©pression pΓ©nale dans l'U.R.S.S. d'avant-guerre : une premiΓ¨re enquΓͺte Γ partir du tΓ©moignage des archives" [Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence]. Revue des Γ©tudes slaves (in French). 65 (4): 631β670. doi:10.3406/slave.1993.6134. JSTOR 43270097.
- ΠΠ£ΠΠΠ (ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ) // Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. 1991. No. 7. Π‘. 3β16.
- ΠΠ£ΠΠΠ (ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ) // Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. 1991. No. 6. Π‘. 10β27.
- ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ , ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ (30-Π΅ β 50-Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ) // ΠΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. 1999. Π’. VIII. No. 4. Π‘. 114β124.
- Π Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π² Π‘Π‘Π‘Π // Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. 1995. No. 9. Π‘. 118β127.
- ΠΠ± ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΠΠΠ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠ·Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 1937 ΠΈ 1939 Π³Π³. // Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. 1991. No. 2. Π‘. 74β75.
- Π Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠ±Π° (1944β1956 Π³Π³.) // Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. 1995. No. 6. Π‘. 3β13.
- Π Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠ±Π° (1944β1956 Π³Π³.) // Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. May 1995. No. 5. Π‘. 3β13.
- Π ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Β«ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈΒ» (1944β1952) // Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. 1991. No. 4. Π‘. 3β24.
- Π‘ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΡ (ΠΏΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΠΠΠ-ΠΠΠ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ) // Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. 1990. No. 11. Π‘. 3β17.
- Π‘ΡΠ΄ΡΠ±Π° Β«ΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈΒ» Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ // Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. 1992. No. 8. Π‘. 18β37.
- Β«ΠΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ°Β» Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ // Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. 1992. No. 2. Π‘. 3β26.
- ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π‘Π‘Π‘Π (1917β1990 Π³Π³.). // Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ XXI, 1994, No. 1β2. Π‘. 107β124.
Booksβ»
- Π‘ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΡ Π² Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , 1930β1960. β ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π°: ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°, 2005. β 306 ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ISBN 5-02-010315-2
- Π‘ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. β ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π°: ΠΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌ, 2014. β 239 ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ISBN 978-5-4438-0677-8
- ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π°: Π‘ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ. 1938β1945. β ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π°, 2014. β 288 ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ.
Videoβ»
- Video containing an interview with Viktor Zemskov about statistics of political repression in the USSR (in English) on YouTube
Referencesβ»
- ^ Viktor Zemskov on the website of the Institute of Russian History
- ^ "ΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ§ ΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³". Institute of Russian History. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
- ^ Klimkova, Oxana (Winter 2007). "Special Settlements in Soviet Russia in the 1930sβ50s". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 8 (1): 105β139. doi:10.1353/kri.2007.0009. ISSN 1538-5000. S2CID 161377890.
- ^ "A History of Twentieth-Century Russia. Critical Compassion to the Russian Revolution". The Economist. Vol. 346. 1998. p. 85.
- ^ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡ (1995). "Π Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π² Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ". Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (9): 118β127. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
- ^ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡ (1994). "ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π‘Π‘Π‘Π (1917β1990 Π³Π³.)" (PDF). Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ XXI. No. 1β2. pp. 107β124. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
- ^ ΠΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΄ (2009). "Π Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ "ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°"". ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡ. No. 26β27. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
- ^ Rousso, Henry; Golsan, Richard (2004). Stalinism and nazism: history and memory compared. U of Nebraska Press. p. 92. ISBN 0-8032-9000-4.
- ^ ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π‘Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΠΉ (1995). "Π ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»Π΅ "Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΡ"". Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (9): 114β118. Retrieved 17 August 2011.