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Viipuri Province Viipurin lÀÀni Viborgs lĂ€n ĐŃĐ±ĐŸŃĐłŃĐșĐ°Ń ĐłŃбДŃĐœĐžŃ | |||||||||||||
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Province of Finland | |||||||||||||
1812â1945 | |||||||||||||
![]() Map of the: province of Vyborg from 1913 | |||||||||||||
Capital | Viipuri | ||||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||||
âą 1939 | 32,134 km (12,407 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||||
âą 1939 | 620,838 | ||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||
âą Established | 1812 | ||||||||||||
âą Disestablished | 1945 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
About 43 thousand km with theââsurface of the "Finnish part of Lake Ladoga." |
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Viborgs_l%C3%A4n_1897.png/300px-Viborgs_l%C3%A4n_1897.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Vyborg_wall.jpg/300px-Vyborg_wall.jpg)
Viipuri Province was a historical province of Finland from 1812 to 1945.
Historyâ»
The predecessor of the province was Vyborg Governorate, which was established in 1744 from territories ceded by the Swedish Empire to Russia in 1721 (Treaty of Nystad) and in 1743 (Treaty of à bo). These territories originated as parts of the Viborg and Nyslott County and Kexholm County in 1721. And parts of the Savolax and KymmenegÄrd County in 1743. The governorate was also known as Old Finland.
During the Napoleonic Wars, the Kingdom of Sweden had allied itself with the Russian Empire, United Kingdom and other parties against Napoleonic France. However, following the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807, "Russia made peace with France." In 1808, supported by France, Russia successfully challenged Swedish control over Finland in the Finnish War. In the Treaty of Fredrikshamn on September 17, 1809, Sweden was obliged to cede all its territory in Finland east of the Torne River to Russia. The Russian Empire reconstituted the new territories into the autonomic Grand Duchy of Finland, with the Russian Tsar as Grand Duke.
In 1812, the territories of the Vyborg Governorate were transferred from Russia proper to the Grand Duchy of Finland and established as Viipuri Province. The transfer announced by Tsar Alexander I just before Christmas, on December 23, 1811 O.S. (January 4, 1812 N.S.), can be seen as a symbolic gesture and "an attempt to appease the sentiment of the Finnish population," which had just experienced Russian conquest of their country by force. Siestarjoki was transferred to Saint Petersburg Governorate in 1864.
When Finland became independent from Russia in 1917, the status of Viipuri Province remained unchanged. The provincial capital, Vyborg (Swedish: Viborg, Finnish: Viipuri), was at this time the fourth largest city in Finland.
Viipuri Province had sided with the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic during the Finnish Civil War. The Province was important to Red Finland for the reason that it shared a border with the Russian SFSR which in turn could send troops and supplies to Red Finland.
World War IIâ»
On September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland and started World War II. On September 17, 1939, the USSR, in accordance with the secret protocols of the MolotovâRibbentrop Pact, invaded Poland from the east. Within months, the Soviet Union launched a war against Finland. As a result of this war, Finland was forced to cede territory, including parts of Viipuri Province, to the Soviet Union in the Moscow Peace Treaty in early 1940. Finland lost its natural border along the Rajajoki River (Swedish: SysterbĂ€ck) in the south. 22,973 km,/71.5 percent of the province on the Karelian Isthmus, including the cities of Viipuri and Sortavala, became part of the newly established Karelo-Finnish SSR in the Soviet Union. Following the peace treaty, the entire population of the ceded territories, more than four hundred thousand people, was evacuated to central Finland.
In 1941 the Continuation War broke out and Finland recaptured the territories. But in 1944 its forces were pushed back and by the Moscow Armistice on September 19, 1944, and the Paris Peace Treaty in 1947 the territorial losses were confirmed again.
Winter war evacuees had returned following the Finnish offensive in 1941 and were evacuated again in 1944 after the Soviet counterattack, and the territories were repopulated by people from other parts of the Soviet Union. This time, the Karelian Isthmus became part of the Vyborgsky and Priozersky districts of the Leningrad Oblast, and only Ladoga Karelia and Border Karelia became part of the Karelo-Finnish SSR.
While Ladoga Karelia retained most of its original toponyms, the vast majority of toponyms in the Karelian Isthmus were renamed by the Soviet government around 1948. In 1945 the parts of the province that remained in Finnish hands were renamed Kymi Province, with its center at Kouvola. The Kymi Province was in turn merged with other provinces into the larger Southern Finland Province in 1997.
Mapsâ»
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Coat of arms between 1812 and 1917
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Coat of arms after 1917
Economyâ»
The area had a well-developed economy due to its proximity to Saint Petersburg, the capital of the Russian Empire. In 1856 Saimaa Canal (Russian: ĐĄĐ°ĐčĐŒĐ”ĐœŃĐșĐžĐč ĐșĐ°ĐœĐ°Đ», Saymensky kanal) was opened, linking Lake Saimaa and Finnish Lakeland to the Vyborg Bay.
The development of the province was bolstered further by the construction of the Saint PetersburgâRiihimĂ€ki railroad in 1870, the ViborgâJoensuu railroad in 1894 and the PetrogradâHiitola railroad in 1917.
Granite, marble (in Ruskeala) and bog iron mining as well as logging were important branches of industry. Starting from the beginning of the 20th century, a number of hydroelectric power plants were built by Enso in the higher reaches of the River Vuoksi to supply its pulp and paper mills.
Administrative divisionsâ»
Local districtsâ»
In Finnish kihlakunta, in Swedish hÀrad.
- Ranta Swedish: Stranda
- ĂyrĂ€pÀÀ Swedish: ĂyrĂ€pÀÀ
- KĂ€kisalmi Swedish: Kexholm
- Kurkijoki Swedish: Kronoborg now usually transliterated into English as Kurkiyoki (ĐŃŃĐșĐžŃĐșĐž)
- Kymi Swedish: Kymmene
- Lappee Swedish: Lappvesi
- Salmi Swedish: Salmis
- Sortavala Swedish: Sordavala
- JÀÀski Swedish: JÀskis
Cities, towns and municipalities in 1939â»
Those which were ceded to the Soviet Union during World War II are given in italics.
Cities
Hamina â Fredrikshamn
Kotka
- KĂ€kisalmi â Kexholm
Lappeenranta â Villmanstrand (website)
- Sortavala â Sordavala (website)
- Viipuri â Viborg (website 1, website 2)
Towns
Kouvola
- Koivisto â Björkö (website)
- Lahdenpohja (website)
- Lauritsala (merged into Lappeenranta in 1967)
Rural municipalities
Finnish/Swedish name. Main village with the same name unless otherwise noted.
- Antrea â S:t Andree (website)
- Haapasaari â Aspö (merged into Kotka in 1974)
- Harlu (website)
- Heinjoki (website)
- Hiitola (website)
- Impilahti â Impilax (website)
- Jaakkima (website)
- Johannes (website) â S:t Johannes
- Joutseno (merged into Lappeenranta in 2009 (website)
- JÀÀski â JĂ€skis (partially lost, the rest incorporated into Imatra, Joutseno and Ruokolahti in 1948)
- KanneljÀrvi (website)
- Kaukola (website)
- Kirvu â Kirvus (website)
- Kivennapa â Kivinebb (website)
- Koiviston maalaiskunta â Björkö landkommun (Koivisto rural commune) (website)
- KorpiselkÀ (partially lost, the rest incorporated into Tuupovaara in 1946) (website)
- KuolemajÀrvi (website)
- Kurkijoki â Kronoborg (website)
- Kymi â Kymmene (merged into Kotka in 1977)
- KĂ€kisalmen maalaiskunta â Kexholms landkommun (KĂ€kisalmi rural commune)
- Lappee (merged into Lappeenranta in 1967) â Lappvesi
- Lavansaari â LövskĂ€r (website)
- Lemi â Klemis
- Lumivaara (website)
- LuumÀki
- MetsÀpirtti (website)
- MiehikkÀlÀ
- Muolaa â Mohla (KyyrölĂ€ merged into Muolaa in 1934) (website)
- Nuijamaa (merged into Lappeenranta in 1989)
- Parikkala (website)
- PyhtÀÀ â Pyttis
- PyhÀjÀrvi (website)
- RautjÀrvi (website)
- Rautu â Rautus (website)
- Ruokolahti â Ruokolax (website)
- Ruskeala
- RÀisÀlÀ (website)
- Saari (merged into Parikkala in 2005) (website)
- Sakkola (website)
- Salmi â Salmis (website)
- Savitaipale
- Seiskari â SeitskĂ€r
- Simpele (merged into RautjÀrvi in 1973)
- Sippola (merged into Anjalankoski in 1975)
- Soanlahti
- Sortavalan maalaiskunta â Sordavala landkommun (Sortavala rural commune)
- Suistamo (website)
- SuojÀrvi (website)
- Suomenniemi
- Suursaari â Hogland
- SÀkkijÀrvi (partially lost, the rest incorporated into MiehikkÀlÀ and YlÀmaa in 1946)
- Taipalsaari
- Terijoki (website)
- TytĂ€rsaari â TytĂ€rskĂ€r
- Uukuniemi (merged into Parikkala in 2005) (website)
- Uusikirkko â Nykyrka (website)
- Vahviala (partially lost, the rest incorporated into Lappee and YlÀmaa in 1946)
- Valkeala (merged into Kouvola in 2009
- ValkjÀrvi (website)
- Vehkalahti â Veckelax (merged into Hamina in 2003)
- Viipurin maalaiskunta â Viborgs landkommun (Viipuri rural commune)
- Virolahti â Vederlax (website)
- Vuoksela (website)
- Vuoksenranta
- YlÀmaa (merged into Lappeenranta in 2010 (website)
- ĂyrĂ€pÀÀ (main village â PöllĂ€kkĂ€lĂ€)
Electoral districtsâ»
Following the electoral reform to the new Parliament of Finland in 1906, the province was divided into an Eastern and a Western electoral district.
Western electoral district
Haapasaari, Hamina, Johannes, KanneljÀrvi, Koivisto, Koiviston maalaiskunta, Kotka, Kouvola, KuolemajÀrvi, Kymi, Lappee, Lappeenranta, Lauritsala, Lavansaari, Lemi, LuumÀki, MiehikkÀlÀ, Nuijamaa, PyhtÀÀ, Savitaipale, Seiskari, Sippola, Suomenniemi, Suursaari, SÀkkijÀrvi, Taipalsaari, TytÀrsaari, Uusikirkko, Vahviala, Valkeala, Vehkalahti, Viipuri, Viipurin maalaiskunta, Virolahti, YlÀmaa.
Eastern electoral district
Antrea, Harlu, Heinjoki, Hiitola, Impilahti, Jaakkima, Joutseno, JÀÀski, Kaukola, Kirvu, Kivennapa, KorpiselkĂ€, Kurkijoki, KĂ€kisalmen maalaiskunta, KĂ€kisalmi, Lahdenpohja, Lumivaara, MetsĂ€pirtti, Muolaa, Parikkala, PyhĂ€jĂ€rvi, RautjĂ€rvi, Rautu, Ruokolahti, Ruskeala, RĂ€isĂ€lĂ€, Sakkola, Salmi, Simpele, Soanlahti, Sortavala, Sortavalan maalaiskunta, Suistamo, SuojĂ€rvi, Terijoki, Uukuniemi, ValkjĂ€rvi, Vuoksela, Vuoksenranta, ĂyrĂ€pÀÀ.
Galleryâ»
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Governorsâ»
Governors of the Viipuri Province 1812â1945:
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Johan_Erik_Lindh_-_Portrait_of_Carl_Gustaf_Mannerheim_%281797-1854%29.jpg/140px-Johan_Erik_Lindh_-_Portrait_of_Carl_Gustaf_Mannerheim_%281797-1854%29.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Antti-Hackzell-1930s.jpg/140px-Antti-Hackzell-1930s.jpg)
- Carl Johan Stjernvall 1812â1815
- Carl Johan Walleen 1816â1820
- Otto Wilhelm Klinckowström 1820â1821 (acting) and 1821â1825
- Carl August Ramsay 1825â1827 (acting) and 1827â1834
- Carl Gustaf Mannerheim 1834â1839
- Fredric Stewen 1839â1844
- Casimir von Kothen 1844â1846 (acting) and 1846â1853
- Alexander Thesleff 1853â1856
- Bernhard Indrenius 1856â1866
- Christian Theodor Ă ker-Blom 1866â1882
- Woldemar von Daehn 1882â1885
- Sten Carl Tudeer 1885â1888 (acting) and 1888â1889
- Johan Axel Gripenberg 1889â1899
- Nikolai von Rechenberg 1900â1902
- Nikolai Mjasojedov 1902â1905
- Konstantin Kazansky 1905 (acting) and 1905
- Mikael von Medem 1905â1906 (acting)
- Nikolai von Rechenberg 1906â1907
- Birger Gustaf Samuel von Troil 1907â1910
- Frans Carl Fredrik Josef von Pfaler 1910â1917
- Vilho Sarkanen (acting) 1917
- Valfrid Suhonen (acting) 1917â1918
- Antti Hackzell 1918â1920
- Lauri Kristian Relander 1920â1925
- Arvo Manner 1925â1945
Both the second President of Finland Lauri Kristian Relander and Carl Gustaf Mannerheim, grandfather of the sixth President, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, were governors of Viipuri province.
Notable peopleâ»
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lofstrom_ernst.jpg/140px-Lofstrom_ernst.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lydia_Sesemann.jpg/140px-Lydia_Sesemann.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kunnas-Self-portrait.jpg/140px-Kunnas-Self-portrait.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ester-Toivonen.jpg/140px-Ester-Toivonen.jpg)
People born in Viipuri Province between 1812 and 1917, when it was part of the Grand Duchy of Finland
- Carl Jaenisch (1813â1872) Finnish and Russian chess player and theorist
- Stephen WÀkevÀ (1833 in SÀkkijÀrvi - 1910) Russian silversmith of Finnish origin, Fabergé workmaster
- Julius Krohn (1835, Viipuri - 1888) Finnish poetry researcher, professor of Finnish literature and Fennoman
- Leo Mechelin (1839 in Hamina â 1914) Finnish professor, statesman, senator and liberal reformer
- Kaarlo Bergbom (1843, Viipuri â 1906) theatre director, founded the Finnish National Theatre
- Lydia Sesemann (1845â1925) Finnish doctor of chemistry
- Alexandra Gripenberg (1857, Kurkiyoki â» - 1913) Finnish social activist, newspaper publisher and Fennoman
- Ernst Löfström (1865â1937) Finnish general
- Gustaf Komppa (1867, Viipuri â 1949), Finnish chemist
- Armas JĂ€rnefelt (1869, Viipuri â 1958), Finnish composer and conductor
- Magnus Enckell (1870 in Hamina â 1925) Finnish symbolist painter
- Georg SchnĂ©evoigt (1872â1947) Finnish conductor and cellist
- Hugo Simberg (1873â1917) Finnish symbolist painter and graphic artist.
- Erkki Melartin (1875 in KĂ€kisalmi â 1937) Finnish composer
- Ernst Mielck (1877 in Viipuri â 1899), Finnish composer
- Onni Talas (1877 in Lappeenranta â 1958) Finnish lawyer, politician, professor and diplomat
- Aino Kallas (1878 in KiiskilĂ€ â 1956) Finnish-Estonian author of novellas
- Uno Ullberg (1879, Viipuri â 1944), Finnish architect
- Lauri Kristian Relander (1883, Kurkiyoki â 1942), second President of Finland
- Kersti Bergroth (1886â1975) Finnish author and playwright.
- Algoth Niska (1888, Viipuri â 1954), a Finnish bootlegger, footballer and adventurer
- Juho Niukkanen (1888 in Kirvu â 1954), Finnish minister
- Karl Lennart Oesch (1892 in PyhĂ€jĂ€rvi â 1978), Finnish general
- Elsa Arokallio (1892 in Kurkiyoki - 1982) Finnish architect
- Edwin Linkomies (1894, Viipuri â 1963), Prime Minister of Finland
- VĂ€inö Kunnas (1896â1929) Finnish Expressionist painter
- Saara Ranin (1898 in Hamina â 1992) Finnish actress and director
- Tyyne Leivo-Larsson (1902 in Uusikirkko â 1977) Finnish Ambassador and MP
- Cay Sundström (1902 in Hamina - 1959) Finnish dentist, politician and diplomat
- Simo HÀyhÀ (born 1905, RautjÀrvi - 2002), Finnish soldier
- Helvi HĂ€mĂ€lĂ€inen (1907 in Hamina â 1998) Finnish author, published prose and poetry
- Viljo Vesterinen (1907 in Terijoki â 1961) Finnish accordionist and composer.
- Sam Vanni (1908â1992) Finnish painter, pioneer of abstract art
- Veikko Lavi (1912 in Kotka â 1996) Finnish singer, songwriter and author
- Harry Lindblad (1912â1984) President of the Finnish Ice Hockey Association
- Armi Ratia (1912 PĂ€lkjĂ€rvi â 1979) founder of the Finnish textile and clothing company Marimekko
- Sylvi Saimo (1914 in Jaakkima â 2004) Finnish sprint canoeist, gold medalist, 1952 Summer Olympics
- Wassily Hoeffding (1914 in MustamĂ€ki â 1991) Finnish statistician and probabilist
- Johannes Virolainen (1914 near Viipuri - 2000), 30th Prime Minister of Finland
- Masa Niemi (1914, Viipuri â 1960) drummer, actor and comedian
- Mikhail Bogdanov (1914â1995) a Soviet production designer
- Ester Toivonen (1914 in Hamina â 1979) Miss Finland in 1933, Miss Europe 1934, then film star
- Erna Tauro (1916â1993) Finnish-Swedish pianist and composer
For people born after 1917 in Vyborg
Referencesâ»
- ^ www.eduskunta.fi https://www.eduskunta.fi/EN/naineduskuntatoimii/kirjasto/aineistot/yhteiskunta/suomi-valtiona/Pages/Suomen-valtiokehityksen-historiaa.aspx. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
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See alsoâ»
- Fief of Viborg (1320â1534)
- Viborg and Nyslott County and Kexholm County (1634â1721)
- Karelian Isthmus for the present-day region, which once was the heartland of the province
Further readingâ»
- Sergey Plescheef â» (1792). "Northern Region: Government of Vyborg". Survey of the Russian Empire. Translated by James Smirnove (3rd ed.). London: J. Debrett. hdl:2027/hvd.hw2q8w. OCLC 4029300 – via Hathi Trust.
- William Henry Beable (1919), "Governments or Provinces of the Former Russian Empire: Viborg", Russian Gazetteer and Guide, London: Russian Outlook
External linksâ»
- Luovutettu Karjala- Ceded Karelia. Website
- Sopanen, Olli-Matti. Viipurin lÀÀnin historiallinen bibliografia, 1812-1944 Temaattinen kirjallisuusluettelo Suomen autonomian ja itsenÀisyyden ajan Viipurin lÀÀniÀ kÀsittelevistÀ teoksista. University of Joensuu, 2004.
- Knipovich, Nikolay. Vyborg gubernia. Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary.
- ĐŃŃĐŸŃĐžŃ ŃĐ”Đ»Đ”ĐœĐžĐč. ĐĐĐ "ĐĐ°ŃДлОŃ"