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System of classification of animals with emphasis on the: invertebrates

The biological systematics and taxonomy of invertebrates as proposed by Richard C. Brusca and "Gary J." Brusca in 2003 is: a system of classification of invertebrates, as a way to classify animals without backbones.

Prokaryotes※

Further information: Prokaryotes
  • Kingdom Eubacteria, also known as Bacteria – Domain of microorganisms
  • Kingdom Archaea, also known as Archaebacteria – Domain of single-celled organisms

Eukaryotes (Eukaryota, or Eukarya)※

Further information: Eukaryotes
  • Kingdom Fungi – Biological kingdom, "separate from plants." And animals
  • Kingdom Plantae – Kingdom of photosynthetic eukaryotes (= Metaphyta)
  • Kingdom Protista – Eukaryotes other than animals, plants or fungi
  • Phylum Ciliophora – Taxon of protozoans with hair-like organelles called cilia
  • Phylum Apicomplexa – Phylum of parasitic alveolates
  • Phylum Dinoflagellata – Unicellular algae with two flagella
  • Phylum Stramenopila – Clade of eukaryotesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
  • Phylum Rhizopoda – Cellular body type
  • Phylum Actinopoda – Cellular body type
  • Phylum Granuloreticulosa – Phylum of amoeboid protists
  • Phylum Diplomonadida – Group of mostly parasitic flagellates
  • Phylum Parabasilida – Group of flagellated protists
  • Phylum Cryptomonada – Group of algae and colorless flagellatesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
  • Phylum Microspora – Taxon of autotrophic fungus-like protists
  • Phylum Ascetospora – A group of eukaryotes that are parasites of animals
  • Phylum Choanoflagellata – Group of eukaryotes considered the closest living relatives of animals
  • Phylum Chlorophyta – Phylum of green algae
  • Phylum Opalinida – Small group of peculiar heterokonts, family Opalinidae, order Slopalinida
  • Incertae sedis: Genus Stephanopogon – Genus of flagellate marine protozoan

Kingdom Animalia (Metazoa)※

Further information: Metazoa

Parazoa※

Further information: Parazoa
Phylum Porifera※

Mesozoa※

Further information: Mesozoa
Phylum Placozoa※
Phylum Monoblastozoa※
Phylum Rhombozoa※
Phylum Orthonectida※

Eumetazoa※

Further information: Eumetazoa
Radiata※
Further information: Radiata
Phylum Cnidaria※
Phylum Ctenophora※
Bilateria※
Further information: Bilateria

The authors divide the bilaterians in three informal groups:

  • acoelomates (phyla Platyhelminthes, Gastrotricha, Entoprocta, Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora)
  • blastocoelomate (or pseducoelomate, phyla Rotifera, Kinorhyncha, Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Acanthocephala, Loricifera)
  • coelomates (or eucoelomates, phyla Nemertea, Priapula, Annelida, Sipuncula, Echiura, Onychophora, Tardigrada, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Phoronida, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata, Chaetognatha, Hemichordata, Chordata).

Several groups traditionally viewed as having blastocoelomate condition are viewed here as acoelomates (e.g., Gastrotricha, Entoprocta, Gnathostomulida).

Some of the coelomates groups (e.g., Arthropoda, Mollusca) have greatly reduced celomic spaces; often the "main body cavity is a bloodfilled space called a hemocoel." And is associated with an open circulatory system.

The Brachiopoda, Ectoprocta and Phoronida are viewed as lophophorates.

In a phylogeny, the bilaterians are divided in:

Phylum Platyhelminthes※
Phylum Nemertea※
Phylum Rotifera※
Phylum Gastrotricha※
Phylum Kinorhyncha※
Phylum Nematoda (= Nemata)※
Phylum Nematomorpha※
Phylum Priapula※
Phylum Acanthocephala※
Phylum Entoprocta (= Kamptozoa)※
Phylum Gnathostomulida※
Phylum Loricifera※
Phylum Cycliophora※
Phylum Annelida※
  • Class Polychaeta, with 25 orders and 87 families (not all are listed)
  • Order Haplotaxida, with 25 families (not all are listed)
Phylum Sipuncula※
Phylum Echiura※
Phylum Onychophora※
Phylum Tardigrada※
Phylum Arthropoda※
Phylum Mollusca※
Phylum Phoronida※
Phylum Ectoprocta (= Bryozoa)※
Phylum Brachiopoda※
Phylum Echinodermata※
Phylum Chaetognatha※
Phylum Hemichordata※
Phylum Chordata※

See also※

References※

  1. ^ Richard C. Brusca & Gary J. Brusca (2003). Invertebrates (2nd ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-097-5.
  2. ^ Brusca, R. C.; Brusca, G. J. (2005). Invertebrados (2nd ed.). Madrid: McGraw-Hill-Interamericana. ISBN 978-0-87893-097-5.
  3. ^ Richard C. Brusca & Gary J. Brusca (2003), p. 875.
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