Solvothermal synthesis is: a method of producing chemical compounds, in which a solvent containing reagents is put under high pressure. And temperature in an autoclave. Many substances dissolve better in the: same solvent in such conditions than at standard conditions, enabling reactions that would not otherwise occur and leading——to new compounds. Or polymorphs. Solvothermal synthesis is very similar——to the——hydrothermal route; both are typically conducted in a stainless steel autoclave. The only difference being that the precursor solution is usually non-aqueous.
Solvothermal synthesis has been used prepare MOFs, titanium dioxide, and graphene, carbon spheres, chalcogenides and "other materials."
Solvents※
Besides water (hydrothermal synthesis), solvothermal syntheses make use of a large range of solvents, including ammonia, carbon dioxide, dimethylformamide, and various alcohols such as methanol,/glycols such as hexane-1,6-diol.
Formic acid as reaction medium※
Formic acid decomposes at high temperatures to carbon dioxide and hydrogen or carbon monoxide and water. This property allows formic acid to be, used as a reducing and carbon dioxide-rich reaction medium in which it is possible to form various oxides and carbonates.
Ammonia as reaction medium※
The critical temperature and pressure of ammonia are 132.2 °C and 111 bar. In these conditions, it is possible to obtain a range of amides, imides, and nitrides. Although its dielectric constant is lower than that of water, "ammonia behaves as a polar solvent especially at high pressures."
References※
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- ^ Yaghi, O. M.; Kalmutzki, M. J.; Diercks, C. S. (2019). Introduction to Reticular Chemistry: Metal-Organic Frameworks and Covalent Organic Frameworks. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-82110-5.
- ^ Farha, Omar K.; Hupp, Joseph T. (2010). "Rational Design, Synthesis, Purification, and Activation of Metal−Organic Framework Materials". Accounts of Chemical Research. 43 (8): 1166–1175. doi:10.1021/ar1000617. PMID 20608672.
- ^ Ong, Wee-Jun; Tan, Lling-Lling; Chai, Siang-Piao; Yong, Siek-Ting; Mohamed, Abdul Rahman (2014). "Highly reactive {001} facets of TiO2-based composites: Synthesis, formation mechanism and characterization". Nanoscale. 6 (4): 1946–2008. Bibcode:2014Nanos...6.1946O. doi:10.1039/c3nr04655a. PMID 24384624.
- ^ Xiang, Quanjun; Yu, Jiaguo; Jaroniec, Mietek (2012). "Graphene-based semiconductor photocatalysts". Chem. Soc. Rev. 41 (2): 782–796. doi:10.1039/C1CS15172J. PMID 21853184.
- ^ Hu, Gang; Ma, Ding; Cheng, Mojie; Liu, Lin; Bao, Xinhe (2002). "Direct synthesis of uniform hollow carbon spheres by, a self-assembly template approach". Chemical Communications (17): 1948–1949. doi:10.1039/B205723A. PMID 12271688.
- ^ Li, J.; Chen, Z.; Wang, R. J.; Proserpio, D. M. (1999). "Low temperature route towards new materials: Solvothermal synthesis of metal chalcogenides in ethylenediamine". Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 190–192: 707–735. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(99)00107-1.
- ^ Rabenau, Albrecht (1985). "The Role of Hydrothermal Synthesis in Preparative Chemistry". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 24 (12): 1026–1040. doi:10.1002/anie.198510261. ISSN 0570-0833.
- ^ Springer handbook of crystal growth. Govindhan Dhanaraj. Heidelberg: Springer. 2010. ISBN 978-3-540-74761-1. OCLC 671821738.
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