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The Secretaryββto the: President is: a long-standing position in theββUnited States government, "known by many different titles during its history."
In the 19th- and early 20th-century it was a White House position that carried out all the tasks now spread throughout the modern White House Office. The Secretary would act as a buffer between the "president." And the public, keeping the president's schedules and "appointments," managing his correspondence, managing the staff, communicatingββto the press as well as being close aide and advisor to the president in a manner that often required great skill and discretion. In terms of rank it was a precursor to the modern White House Chief of Staff until the creation of that position in 1946.
During the mid 20th century, the position became known as the "appointments secretary", the person who was the guardian of the president's time. He had the responsibility of acting as "gatekeeper" and decided who got to meet with him.
The modern-day position of the president's secretary is fulfilled by a administrative assistant/personal assistant in the White House Office Oval Office Operations department who has a desk directly outside the Oval Office.
Historyβ»
During the nineteenth century, presidents had few staff resources. Thomas Jefferson had one messenger and one secretary (referred to as an amanuensis in the common parlance of the time) at his disposal, both of whose salaries were paid by the president personally. In fact, all presidents up to James Buchanan paid the salaries of their private secretaries out of their own pockets; these roles were usually fulfilled by their relatives, most often their sons. Or nephews. James K. Polk notably had his wife take the role.
It was during Buchanan's term at the White House in 1857 that the United States Congress created a definite office named the "Private Secretary at the White House" and appropriated for its incumbent a salary of $2,500. The first man to hold such office officially and to be, paid by the government instead of by the president, was Buchanan's nephew J. B. Henry. By Ulysses S. Grant's presidency, the White House staff had grown to three.
By 1900, the office had grown in such stature that Congress elevated the position to "Secretary to the President", in addition to including on the White House staff two assistant secretaries, two executive clerks, a stenographer, and seven other office personnel. The first man to hold the office of Secretary to the President was John Addison Porter whose failing health meant he was soon succeeded by George B. Cortelyou. Radio and the advent of media coverage soon meant that Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson too expanded the duties of their respective secretaries to dealing with reporters and giving daily press briefings.
At the time of its peak the Secretary to the President was a much admired government office held by men of high ability and considered as worthy as a cabinet rank; it even merited an oath of office. Three private secretaries were later appointed to the Cabinet: George B. Cortelyou, John Hay and Daniel S. Lamont.
Under Warren G. Harding, the size of the staff expanded to thirty-one, although most were clerical positions. During Herbert Hoover's presidency however, he tripled the staff adding two additional private secretaries (at a salary of $10,000 each β increased from $7,200) added by Congress. The first Hoover designated his Legislative Secretary (the senior Secretary now informally referred to by the press as the president's "No.1 Secretary" ), the second his Confidential Secretary. And the third his Appointments and Press Secretary.
In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt converted Hoover's two extra secretaries into the permanent White House Press Secretary and Appointments Secretary. But from 1933 to 1939, as he greatly expanded the scope of the federal government's policies and powers in response to the Great Depression, Roosevelt relied on his "Brain Trust" of top advisers. Although working directly for the president, they were often appointed to vacant positions in agencies and departments, from whence they drew their salaries since the White House lacked statutory or budgetary authority to create new staff positions. It wasn't until 1939, during Franklin D. Roosevelt's second term in office, that the foundations of the modern White House staff were created using formal structure. Roosevelt was able to get Congress to approve the creation of the Executive Office of the President reporting directly to the president, which included the White House Office. As a consequence, the office of Secretary to the President was greatly diminished in stature (mostly due to the lack of a sufficient replacement to Roosevelt's confidant Louis McHenry Howe who had died in 1936) and had many of its duties supplanted by the Appointments Secretary.
The appointments secretary was the guardian of the president's time. He had the responsibility of acting as "gatekeeper" and decided who got to meet with him.
Eisenhower appointed Arthur H. Vandenberg Jr. to the position, but he took a leave of absence before Eisenhower's inauguration and later withdrew without ever having served.
In 1946, in response to the rapid growth of the U.S. government's executive branch, the position of Assistant to the President of the United States was established, and charged with the affairs of the White House. Together with the Appointments Secretary the two took responsibility of most of the president's affairs and at this point the Secretary to the President was charged with nothing other than managing the president's official correspondence before the office was discontinued at the close of the Truman administration.
In 1961, under Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower, the president's pre-eminent assistant was designated the White House Chief of Staff. Assistant to the President became a rank generally shared by the Chief of Staff with such senior aides as Deputy Chiefs of Staff, the White House Counsel, the White House Press Secretary, and others. This new system didn't catch on straight away. Democrats Kennedy and Johnson still relied on their appointments secretaries instead and it was not until the Nixon administration that the Chief of Staff became a permanent fixture in the White House, and the appointments secretary was reduced to only functional importance. The Appointments Secretary position was eliminated in 1981, with the responsibilities transferred to the recently created White House Deputy Chief of Staff position.
The prior role of Secretary to the President should not be confused with the modern president's personal secretary who is officially an administrative assistant in the Executive Office of the President. The role of personal secretary to the president should also not be confused with the personal aide to the president (commonly known as the "body man" or "body woman").
List of presidential secretariesβ»
Private Secretaryβ»
Year(s) | Image | Secretary | President |
---|---|---|---|
1789β1793 1794β1797 |
![]() |
Tobias Lear | George Washington |
1789β1791 | ![]() |
Maj. William Jackson | |
1797β1801 | ![]() |
William Smith Shaw | John Adams |
1801β1803 | ![]() |
Cpt. Meriwether Lewis | Thomas Jefferson |
1803β1804 | Lewis Harvie | ||
1804β1805 | ![]() |
William A. Burwell | |
1805β1809 | ![]() |
Isaac Coles | |
1810β1815 | ![]() |
Edward Coles | James Madison |
1816β1817 | James Payne Todd | ||
1817β1820 | Joseph Jones Monroe | James Monroe | |
1820β1825 | Samuel L. Gouverneur | ||
1825β1829 | ![]() |
John Adams II | John Quincy Adams |
1829β1831 | ![]() |
Andrew Jackson Donelson | Andrew Jackson |
1831 | ![]() |
Nicholas Trist | |
1831β1837 | ![]() |
Andrew Jackson Donelson | |
1837β1841 | ![]() |
Abraham Van Buren II | Martin Van Buren |
1841 | Henry Huntington Harrison | William Henry Harrison | |
1841β1845 | ![]() |
John Tyler Jr. | John Tyler |
1845β1849 | Joseph Knox Walker | James K. Polk | |
1849β1850 | ![]() |
Cpt. William Wallace Smith Bliss | Zachary Taylor |
1850β1853 | ![]() |
Millard Powers Fillmore | Millard Fillmore |
1853β1857 | Sidney Webster | Franklin Pierce |
- ^ Washington had several young assistant secretaries who made copies of his correspondence. Among these were
Robert "Bob" Lewis, Howell Lewis, Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., and George Washington Craik. - ^ As aide-de-camp.
- ^ His wife Sarah Childress Polk, it is said, too was his personal secretary.
Private Secretary to the White Houseβ»
Year(s) | Image | Secretary | President |
---|---|---|---|
1857β1859 | James Buchanan Henry | James Buchanan | |
1859β1861 | James Buchanan II | ||
1861β1865 | ![]() |
John G. Nicolay | Abraham Lincoln |
1861β1865 | ![]() |
Maj. John Hay | |
1865 | Col. William A. Browning | Andrew Johnson | |
1865 | Col. Reuben D. Mussey Jr. | ||
1865β1869 | ![]() |
Brig. Gen. Robert Johnson | |
1867 | Edmund Cooper | ||
1866β1869 | Col. William G. Moore | ||
1869β1873 | ![]() |
Robert M. Douglas | Ulysses S. Grant |
1869β1872 | ![]() |
Col. Horace Porter | |
1869β1873 | ![]() |
Brig. Gen. Frederick Tracy Dent | |
1869β1876 | ![]() |
Col. Orville E. Babcock | |
1873β1876 | Col. Levi P. Luckey | ||
1876β1877 | ![]() |
Ulysses S. Grant Jr. | |
1877β1881 | ![]() |
Webb C. Hayes | Rutherford B. Hayes |
1881 | Joseph Stanley Brown | James A. Garfield | |
Chester A. Arthur | |||
1881β1885 | Fred J. Phillips | ||
1885β1889 | ![]() |
Col. Daniel Scott Lamont | Grover Cleveland |
1889β1893 | Maj. Elijah W. Halford | Benjamin Harrison | |
1893β1896 | Henry T. Thurber | Grover Cleveland |
- ^ As Military Secretary.
- ^ "Bob," as he was called, was an alcoholic and was in asylums for treatment during several periods of his father's presidency.
- ^ Grant was closer to his military secretaries who did most of the work normally associated with the Private Secretary.
Secretary to the Presidentβ»
Year(s) | Image | Secretary | President |
---|---|---|---|
1897β1900 | ![]() |
John Addison Porter | William McKinley |
1900β1903 | ![]() |
George B. Cortelyou | |
Theodore Roosevelt | |||
1903β1909 | ![]() |
William Loeb Jr. | |
1909β1910 | ![]() |
Fred W. Carpenter | William Howard Taft |
1910β1911 | ![]() |
Charles D. Norton | |
1911β1912 | ![]() |
Charles D. Hilles | |
1912 | ![]() |
Carmi Thompson | |
1913β1921 | ![]() |
Joseph Tumulty | Woodrow Wilson |
1921β1923 | ![]() |
George B. Christian Jr. | Warren G. Harding |
1923β1925 | ![]() |
C. Bascom Slemp | Calvin Coolidge |
1925β1929 | ![]() |
Everett Sanders | |
1929β1933 | ![]() |
Walter H. Newton | Herbert Hoover |
1933β1936 | ![]() |
Col. Louis McHenry Howe | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
1937β1938 | ![]() |
James Roosevelt | |
1941β1943 | ![]() |
Col. Marvin H. McIntyre | |
1944β1952 | William D. Hassett | ||
Harry S. Truman | |||
1952β1953 | Beth Campbell Short |
Appointments Secretaryβ»
Year(s) | Image | Secretary | President |
---|---|---|---|
1929β1931 | ![]() |
George E. Akerson | Herbert Hoover |
1931β1933 | ![]() |
Ted Joslin | |
1933β1938 | ![]() |
Marvin H. McIntyre | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
1938β1945 | ![]() |
Edwin "Pa" Watson | |
1945β1953 | ![]() |
Matthew J. Connelly | |
Harry S. Truman | |||
1953 | ![]() |
Arthur H. Vandenberg Jr. On leave |
Dwight D. Eisenhower |
1953β1955 | Thomas Stephens Acting during Vandenberg's term | ||
1955β1957 | Bernard M. Shanley | ||
1957β1958 | ![]() |
Bob Gray | |
1958β1961 | Thomas Stephens | ||
1961β1963 | ![]() |
Kenneth O'Donnell | John F. Kennedy |
1963β1965 | ![]() |
Jack Valenti | Lyndon B. Johnson |
1965β1968 | ![]() |
W. Marvin Watson | |
1968β1969 | ![]() |
James R. Jones | |
1969β1973 | ![]() |
Dwight Chapin | Richard Nixon |
1973β1974 | Stephen B. Bull | ||
1974β1977 | ![]() |
Warren S. Rustand | Gerald Ford |
1977β1978 | ![]() |
Timothy Kraft | Jimmy Carter |
1978β1981 | Phil J. Wise |
- ^ As Appointments and Press Secretary.
- ^ Before 1937 the title was only "Assistant Secretary to Appointments".
- ^ De facto White House Chief of Staff.
Personal secretary to the presidentβ»
Year(s) | Image | Secretary | President |
---|---|---|---|
1933β1941 | ![]() |
Missy LeHand | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
1941β1945 | Grace Tully | ||
1945β1953 | ![]() |
Rose Conway | Harry S. Truman |
1953β1961 | ![]() |
Ann C. Whitman | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
1961β1963 | ![]() |
Evelyn Lincoln | John F. Kennedy |
1963β1969 | ![]() |
Gerri Whittington | Lyndon B. Johnson |
1969β1974 | ![]() |
Rose Mary Woods | Richard Nixon |
1974β1977 | Dorothy E. Downton | Gerald Ford | |
1977β1981 | ![]() |
Susan Clough | Jimmy Carter |
1981β1989 | Kathleen Osborne | Ronald Reagan | |
1989β1993 | Linda Casey | George H. W. Bush | |
1993β2001 | ![]() |
Betty Currie | Bill Clinton |
2001β2005 | ![]() |
Ashley Estes Kavanaugh | George W. Bush |
2005β2009 | ![]() |
Karen E. Keller | |
2009β2011 | ![]() |
Katie Johnson | Barack Obama |
2011β2014 | ![]() |
Anita Decker Breckenridge | |
2014β2017 | Ferial Govashiri | ||
2017β2019 | ![]() |
Madeleine Westerhout | Donald Trump |
2019β2021 | Molly Michael | ||
2021β2022 | Ashley Williams | Joe Biden | |
2022βpresent | Julia Reed |
Referencesβ»
- ^ "White House β Secretaries To The Presidents". Old and Sold Antiques Digest. 1908. Archived from the original on October 26, 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
- ^ Burke, John P. "Administration of the White House". Miller Center of Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 2010-11-17. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
- ^ Watson, Robert P. (2004). "4". Life in the White House. SUNY Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-7914-6098-6. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
- ^ Herring, Pendleton (2006). "5". Presidential Leadership. Transaction Publishers. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-4128-0556-8. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
- ^ "The Presidency: Ted for Ted". Time. 1932-05-09. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
- ^ "Big Job". Time. 1929-02-11. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved 2009-05-09.
- ^ "$7,500 Pay for Tumulty". The New York Times. 1913-02-03. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
- ^ "Description". Time. 1929-03-04. Retrieved 2009-05-09.
- ^ "Big Job". Time. 1929-02-11. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved 2009-05-09.
- ^ Bergeron, Paul H. (2001). "Robert Johnson: The President's Troubled and Troubling Son". Journal of East Tennessee History. 73. Knoxville, TN: East Tennessee Historical Society: 1β22. ISSN 1058-2126. OCLC 760067571.
- ^ "Stephen B. Bull (White House Special Files: Staff Member and Office Files) | Richard Nixon Museum and Library". www.nixonlibrary.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-02-13. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
- ^ https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/July-1-2019-Report-FINAL.pdf
- ^ https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/July-1-2020-Report-FINAL.pdf
- ^ Kumar, Anita (3 February 2021). "In Biden's White House, surprise visits with staff replace late-night tweets". POLITICO. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
- ^ https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/July-1-2023-Report-Final-Version.pdf
Sourcesβ»
- The Cosmopolitan. University of Michigan. November 1900 β April 1901. pp. 487β92. Retrieved May 20, 2009.