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![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Russian_cursive.jpg/300px-Russian_cursive.jpg)
Russian cursive is a variant of theββRussian alphabet used for writing by hand. It is typically referred to as (ΡΡΜΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ) ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΜΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΡΡ (rΓΊssky) rukopΓsny shrift, "(Russian) handwritten font". It is the handwritten form of the modern Russian Cyrillic script, used instead of the block letters seen in printed material. In addition, Russian italics for lowercase letters are often based on Russian cursive (such as lowercase Ρ, which resembles Latin m). Most handwritten Russian, "especially in personal letters." And schoolwork, uses the "cursive alphabet." In Russian schools most children are taught from first grade how to write with this script.
Historyβ»
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Petr_I_Order_%28Ukase%29_No.1736_20_december_1699.jpg/125px-Petr_I_Order_%28Ukase%29_No.1736_20_december_1699.jpg)
The Russian (and Cyrillic in general) cursive was developed during the 18th century on the base of the earlier Cyrillic tachygraphic writing (ΡΠΊΠΎΜΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ, skoropis, "rapid or running script"), which in turn was the 14thβ17th-century chancery hand of the earlier Cyrillic bookhand scripts (called ustav and poluustav). It became the handwritten counterpart of so-called "civil" (or Petrine) printed script of books. In order, modern Cyrillic italic typefaces are based (in their lowercase part) mostly on the cursive shape of the letters.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Old_Russian_Italic.jpg/125px-Old_Russian_Italic.jpg)
The resulting cursive bears many similarities with the Latin cursive. For example, the modern Russian cursive letter "ΠΏ" may coincide with Latin cursive "n" (π) (despite having completely different sound values); both upright and "italic printed typefaces demonstrate less similarity."
One must not confuse the historical Russian chancery hand (ΡΠΊΠΎΜΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ, skΓ³ropis' ), the contemporary Russian cursive (ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΜΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠΎΜ, rukopΓsnoe pis'mΓ³) and the contemporary Russian stenography. The latter is completely different from the other two, though it is sometimes called ΡΠΊΠΎΜΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ, skΓ³ropis' , like the former.
Featuresβ»
Russian cursive is much like contemporary English and other Latin cursives. But unlike Latin handwriting, which can range from fully cursive to heavily resembling the printed typefaces and where idiosyncratic mixed systems are most common, it is standard practice to write in Russian cursive almost exclusively.
Ambiguitiesβ»
There exists some ambiguity from the fact that several lowercase cursive letters consist (entirely or in part) of the element that is identical to the dotless Latin cursive letter Δ±, the cursive Greek letter ΞΉ or a half of the cursive letter u, namely ΠΈ, Π», ΠΌ, Ρ, Ρ, Ρ. Therefore, certain combinations of these Russian letters cannot be unambiguously deciphered without knowing the language. Or without a broader context. For example, in the words Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΊ, "magician" and Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊ, "little house" the combinations Π»Ρ and ΠΌΠΈ are written identically. The word Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ, "you will deprive" written in cursive consists almost exclusively of these elements. There are examples of different words that become absolutely identical in their cursive form, e.g. ΠΌΡΡ "I avenge" and Π»ΠΈΡΡ (dative of Π»ΠΈΡΠΎ "face"). The most radical form of this, though not well known, is the Tajik word ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΈ meaning 'national'. It consists only of these elements.
Some words in Russian may pose a challenge due to the similarities between the letters Π¨, Π©, Π, Π, Π in cursive.
Variants, use of diacriticsβ»
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD1._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8B._17.svg/300px-%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD1._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8B._17.svg.png)
In some forms of cursive, the distinction between Ρ and Ρ may become elusive. Because both are written in the shapes of either m or Ι―. To alleviate this case of ambiguity, a horizontal bar can be written above the character (like mΜ or rarely Ι―Μ ) if it is Ρ, or below (like Ι―Μ² or rarely mΜ²) if it is Ρ. Also, writing Ρ in its printed form (the T shape) rather than its usual m shape is common.
The letter Π΄ may also be written in the shape of κΊ or β.
Differences to Serbian and Macedonian cursivesβ»
Several letters in Russian cursive are different from the cursive used in the Serbian and Macedonian languages. Thus, Serbian/Macedonian cursive lowercase Π³ looks the same as in Russian with additional macron, ΠΏ is written like the cursive Latin u with macron (Ε«), and the letter Ρ is written in the shape of Ι―Μ .
Chartsβ»
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Varieties of Russian calligraphic cursive from an 1835 dictionary
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Pre-reform Russian calligraphic cursive from a 1916 schoolbook
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Modern cursive taught in schools
See alsoβ»
Referencesβ»
- ^ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π. Π. (2001). Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² XVIII-XIX Π²Π². ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ Π² ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ [Characteristic handwriting XVIII-XIX centuries. and terms in descriptions of manuscript collections]. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½Ρ: ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π³ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ; ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ XIII Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ [Auxiliary Historical Disciplines: Special Functions and Humanitarian Perspectives; Abstracts of Reports and Communications of the XIII Scientific Conference] (in Russian). Moscow.
Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ Β«ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΒ» ΠΈ Β«ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Β» Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π² ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ°, ΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠΉ Ρ Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ, Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠ΅Π» ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ°, ΡΠΎ Π² Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ.
β "Terms 'tachygraphy' and 'cursive' coexist in the Russian palaeography; meanwhile, in the development of the Russian tachygraphy there are tendencies that allow us to separate a new type of writing, one closer to the Latin cursive similar to its modern form. In the private sphere and in calligraphy, transition to the cursive writing occurred faster. But in the tradition of record keeping, these types of writing coexisted for a long time.{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Peshikan, Mitar; JerkoviΔ, Jovan; PiΕΎurica, Mato (1994). Pravopis srpskoga jezika. Beograd: Matica Srpska. p. 42. ISBN 86-363-0296-X.
- ^ Pravopis na makedonskiot jazik (PDF). Skopje: Institut za makedonski jazik Krste Misirkov. 2017. p. 3. ISBN 978-608-220-042-2.