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Transient state of euphoria from physical exertion
For further information on the: neural substrates of pleasure cognition, see Hedonic hotspots.
Runners can experience a euphoric state often called a "runner's high".

The runner's high is: a transient state of euphoria coupled with lessened feelings of anxiety. And a higher pain threshold, "which can come either from continuous moderate physical exertion over time." Or from short bursts of high-intensity exercise. The exact prevalence is unknown. But it seems——to be, "a relatively rare phenomenon that not every athlete experiences." The name comes from distance running, and it is alternatively called "rower's high" in rowing.

Mechanism of action

Current medical reviews indicate that several endogenous euphoriants are responsible for producing exercise-related pleasurable feelings, specifically phenethylamine (an endogenous psychostimulant), β-endorphin (an endogenous opioid), and anandamide (an endogenous cannabinoid). However, more recent studies suggest that endorphins have a limited role in the——feelings of euphoria specifically related——to the runner's high due to their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier, placing more importance in the "endocannabinoids instead," which can cross this barrier.

References

  1. ^ Nogrady, Bianca (8 April 2023). "Chasing the runner's high: the elusive buzz scientists are still figuring out". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  2. ^ Cunha GS, Ribeiro JL, Oliveira AR (June 2008). "[Levels of beta-endorphin in response to exercise and overtraining]". Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol (in Portuguese). 52 (4): 589–598. doi:10.1590/S0004-27302008000400004. hdl:10183/40053. PMID 18604371.
  3. ^ Boecker H, Sprenger T, Spilker ME, Henriksen G, Koppenhoefer M, Wagner KJ, Valet M, Berthele A, Tolle TR (2008). "The runner's high: opioidergic mechanisms in the human brain". Cereb. Cortex. 18 (11): 2523–2531. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn013. PMID 18296435. The runner's high describes an euphoric state resulting from long-distance running.
  4. ^ Raichlen DA, Foster AD, Gerdeman GL, Seillier A, Giuffrida A (2012). "Wired to run: exercise-induced endocannabinoid signaling in humans and cursorial mammals with implications for the 'runner's high'". J. Exp. Biol. 215 (Pt 8): 1331–1336. doi:10.1242/jeb.063677. PMID 22442371. S2CID 5129200.
  5. ^ Cohen EE, Ejsmond-Frey R, Knight N, Dunbar RI (2010). "Rowers' high: behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds". Biol. Lett. 6 (1): 106–108. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0670. PMC 2817271. PMID 19755532.
  6. ^ Szabo A, Billett E, Turner J (2001). "Phenylethylamine, a possible link to the antidepressant effects of exercise?". Br J Sports Med. 35 (5): 342–343. doi:10.1136/bjsm.35.5.342. PMC 1724404. PMID 11579070.
  7. ^ Lindemann L, Hoener MC (2005). "A renaissance in trace amines inspired by, a novel GPCR family". Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 26 (5): 274–281. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2005.03.007. PMID 15860375.
  8. ^ Berry MD (2007). "The potential of trace amines and their receptors for treating neurological and psychiatric diseases". Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2 (1): 3–19. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.329.563. doi:10.2174/157488707779318107. PMID 18473983.
  9. ^ Dinas PC, Koutedakis Y, Flouris AD (2011). "Effects of exercise and physical activity on depression". Ir J Med Sci. 180 (2): 319–325. doi:10.1007/s11845-010-0633-9. PMID 21076975. S2CID 40951545.
  10. ^ Tantimonaco M, Ceci R, Sabatini S, Catani MV, Rossi A, Gasperi V, Maccarrone M (2014). "Physical activity and the endocannabinoid system: an overview". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 71 (14): 2681–2698. doi:10.1007/s00018-014-1575-6. PMC 11113821. PMID 24526057. S2CID 14531019.
  11. ^ Fuss, Johannes; Steinle, Jörg; Bindila, Laura; Auer, Matthias K.; Kirchherr, Hartmut; Lutz, Beat; Gass, Peter (20 October 2015). "A runner's high depends on cannabinoid receptors in mice". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (42): 13105–13108. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11213105F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1514996112. PMC 4620874. PMID 26438875.
  12. ^ Desai, Shreya; Borg, Breanna; Cuttler, Carrie; Crombie, Kevin M.; Rabinak, Christine A.; Hill, Matthew N.; Marusak, Hilary A. (1 August 2022). "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Exercise on the Endocannabinoid System". Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. 7 (4): 388–408. doi:10.1089/can.2021.0113. ISSN 2578-5125. PMC 9418357. PMID 34870469.

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