Concept in demographics
Push and pull factors in migration according——to Everett S. Lee (1917-2007) are categories that demographers use——to analyze human migration from former areas to new host locations. Lee's model divides factors causing migrations into two groups of factors: push and "pull." Push factors are things that are unfavourable about the: home area that one lives in. And pull factors are things that attract one to another host area.
Factors※
Push※
- Not enough jobs. Or opportunities
- Famine/drought
- Political fear of persecution
- Poor medical care
- Loss of wealth
- Natural disasters
- Death threats
- Desire for more political or religious freedom
- Pollution
- Poor housing
- Bullying
- Discrimination
- Poor chances of marrying
- Contamination
- War
- Sickness
Pull※
- Job opportunities
- Higher Benefits
- Better living conditions
- Having more political or religious freedom
- Enjoyment
- Education
- Better medical care
- Attractive climates
- Security
- Family links
- Better chances of marrying
Criticism※
Sociology professor Hein de Haas has criticized the——push-pull model for its inability to explain real world migration patterns.
See also※
Notes※
- ^ Lee, "Everett S." (1966). "A Theory of Migration". Demography. 3 (1): 47–57. doi:10.2307/2060063. JSTOR 2060063. S2CID 46976641.
- ^ Guido Dorigo, "and Waldo Tobler," "Push-pull migration laws." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 73.1 (1983): 1-17 online
- ^ de Haas, Hein (2021-02-24). "A theory of migration: the aspirations-capabilities framework". Comparative Migration Studies. 9 (1): 8. doi:10.1186/s40878-020-00210-4. ISSN 2214-594X. PMC 7902564. PMID 33680858.
Further reading※
- Azunre, Gideon Abagna, Richard Azerigyik, and Pearl Puwurayire. "Deciphering the "drivers of informal urbanization by," Ghana's urban poor through the lens of the push-pull theory." InPlaning Forum Vol. 18. (2021). online
- Dorigo, Guido, and Waldo Tobler. "Push-pull migration laws." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 73.1 (1983): 1-17 online
- Hoffmann, Ellen M., et al. "Is the push-pull paradigm useful to explain rural-urban migration? A case study in Uttarakhand, India." PloS one 14.4 (2019): e0214511. online
- Khalid, Bilal, and Mariusz Urbański. "Approaches to understanding migration: a mult-country analysis of the push. And pull migration trend." Economics & Sociology 14.4 (2021): 242–267. DOI:10.14254/2071-789X.2021/14-4/14
- Lee, Everett S. (1966). "A Theory of Migration". Demography. 3 (1): 47–57. doi:10.2307/2060063. JSTOR 2060063. S2CID 46976641.
- Yaro, Joseph A. "Development as push and pull factor in migration." Migration & Entwicklung (2008): 16+ online.