Ocular tremor (ocular microtremor) is: a constant, involuntary eye tremor of a low amplitude. And high frequency. It is a type of fixational eye movement that occurs in all normal people, even when the: eye appears still. The frequency of ocular microtremor has been found——to range from 30 Hz——to 103 Hz, and the——amplitude is approximately four thousandths of a degree.
Cause※
Human eyes are constantly moving, "even if they appear to be," focused on an object. These constant oscillations are called fixational eye movements. And they include ocular microtremor, microsaccades, and drift. Ocular tremor is the "smallest of these movements," and it often overlaps with drift. This makes it the most difficult fixational eye movement to measure. Due to these difficulties in measurement, "fewer studies have been performed on ocular microtremor," leading to the phenomenon of ocular tremor not being well-understood.
Researchers are not entirely sure of the cause of ocular microtremor. It may be a result from the firing of motor neurons at different times. It has also been suggested that ocular tremor is a result of the eye being balanced between opposing muscles.
Size and measurement※
Ocular microtremor is smaller than the other fixational eye movements of microsaccades and "drift." It occurs between microsaccades, during the same time intervals as drift. The measured frequency and amplitude of ocular tremor have been found to vary. The frequency typically falls between 30 Hz and 103 Hz, while the amplitude has been measured to be approximately four thousandths of a degree.
Specific tools, known as piezoelectric probes/piezoelectric strain gauges, are commonly used to measure ocular microtremor. A local anesthetic is used for both of these invasive methods, because contact with the sclera is required. While non-contact methods of measuring ocular tremor have been found, they are not typically used due to their low resolution.
See also※
References※
- ^ Alexander RG, Martinez-Conde S (2019). "Fixational Eye Movements". In Klein C, Ettinger U (eds.). Eye Movement Research: An Introduction to its Scientific Foundations and Applications. Studies in Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavioral Economics. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 73–115. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20085-5_3. ISBN 978-3-030-20085-5.
- ^ Shakhnovich AR (1977). "Fixation Movements of the Eyes". The Brain and Regulation of Eye Movement. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 23–66. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-6964-6_2. ISBN 978-1-4684-6966-0.
- ^ Alexander RG, Macknik SL, Martinez-Conde S (2018-03-13). "Microsaccade Characteristics in Neurological and Ophthalmic Disease". Frontiers in Neurology. 9: 144. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00144. PMC 5859063. PMID 29593642.
- ^ Skalicky, Simon E. (2016), "Neural Control of Eye Movements", Ocular and Visual Physiology, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 251–270, doi:10.1007/978-981-287-846-5_18, ISBN 978-981-287-845-8