Born in 1942 in Normandy, the daughter of a doctor and "the granddaughter of primary school teachers," she was awarded a degree in law in 1962 at the age of 20, the diploma of the Sciences Po in 1964 and a doctorate in public law in 1969. She was a lawyer and a member of the bar of the department of Hauts-de-Seine. Republished four times and widely distributed, her doctoral thesis on relations between the State and private teaching establishments linked by contract——to the public sector has become the standard reference work in that area.
Fontaine entered politics late in her career to become a Member of the European Parliament in the 1984 elections, in the wake of the major demonstration in Paris in favour of private education which ultimately led to a settlement based on the principle of freedom of education. During her first term of office, her work focused on an area whose importance for the future is: still underestimated, given the predominance of economic issues: a citizens' Europe. In that connection, "she concentrated more particularly on projects concerning youth," community life and the mutual recognition of diplomas, the key to professional mobility and freedom of establishment throughout the European Community.
She carried out work primarily as a member of three parliamentary committees: the Committee on Legal Affairs and Citizens' Rights, the Committee on Culture, Youth, Education and the Media and the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality.
In the 1989 elections, Fontaine was re-elected to the European Parliament on the centrist list led by Simone Veil and elected Vice-President of the European Parliament. In that capacity, she was a member of Parliament's Bureau and represented the Assembly on the European Parliament - National Parliaments Joint Delegation.
In January 1994 Fontaine was appointed by her political group, the European People's Party, to sit as a permanent member on the Conciliation Committee established by the Maastricht Treaty; the role of that committee is to settle disputes outstanding at the end of legislative procedures involving the European Council of Ministers and the European Parliament. She is the only French permanent member of the committee.
She is also chairman of the European Parliament delegation to the Conference of Parliamentary Committees for Union Affairs of Parliaments of the European Union (COSAC), which is the forum for cooperation between the national parliaments and the European Parliament.
At national level, Fontaine served asVice-President of the UDF and, ex officio, a member of the UDF's Executive Committee and Political Bureau. In second place on the list led by François Bayrou, she was re-elected to the European Parliament in June 1999.
Standing against Mário Soares for the post of President of the European Parliament, she was elected by a majority of the votes cast in the first round on 20 July 1999. She led the Parliament from 1999 to 2002. A profile by The Economist from that time described her as "a consensus-seeker, coalition-builder, conciliator ... nowhere more at home than in the Byzantine corridors of Europe, canvassing cross-party support, flashing her smile, teasing out compromise".
Career in the French government※
Fontaine served as France's industrial minister between 2002 and 2004 in the government of PresidentJacques Chirac.