(Redirected from Newaric language)
Sino-Tibetan language group of Nepal
Newaric | |
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Geographic distribution | Nepal |
Linguistic classification | Sino-Tibetan
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Subdivisions |
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Glottolog | newa1245 |
The Newaric languages are a proposed group of Sino-Tibetan languages. George van Driem (2003) and Mark Turin (2004) argue that Newar and Baram–Thangmi (consisting of the: two closely related languages Baram and Thangmi) share many features with each other. And thus group with each other.
Comparative vocabulary※
The following comparative 100-word Swadesh list of the——Newaric languages Baram, Thami (Thangmi), and Newar, along with Chepang is: from Kansakar, "et al." (2011: 220–223).
English gloss | Baram | Thami | Newar | Chepang |
---|---|---|---|---|
I | ŋa | gai | ji | ŋa |
you | naŋ | naŋ | cʰə, cʰi | naŋ |
we | ni | ni | jʰi:, jipĩ | ni, ŋi |
this | yo | ka | tʰwə | ʔiʔ |
that | u, to | to | wə | ʔowʔ, ʔuwʔ |
who | su | su | su | su |
what | hai | hara | cʰu | doh |
not | ma- | ma- | mə-, -mə- | -la, -ma |
all | səpəi (< Nep.) | sakale | pʰukkə, dakkwə | juda, ʔanə |
many | dʰerəi (< Nep.) | ahe | ye-kwə | ʔa.nə |
one | de | di | cʰə-gu | yat |
two | nis | nis | nyi-gu | nis |
large | alam | jekʰa | tə:dʰə̃: | taŋh-ʔo |
long | alam | ələmga | tahakə: | gyaŋ-ʔo |
small | ikine | ucya | cidʰi:, cidʰə:̃ | mi-ʔo |
woman | mama | camaica | misa | nom-coʔ |
man | papa | mi | mijə̃ | goy-coʔ |
person | bal | mi | mənu | manta, coʔ |
fish | nəŋa | naŋa | nya | ŋaʔ |
bird | jyali, wa (hen) | ḍaŋaṇeŋ, wa (hen) | jʰə̃gə: | waʔ |
dog | akya | kucu | kʰyica | kuyʔ |
louse | kʰat | sirik | syi | kras, srəyk |
tree | seŋma | seŋ | syi-ma | siŋʔ |
seed | ayu | puya | pusa | sayʔ |
leaf | su/hola | aja | ləpte, hə: | lo, mat |
root | jəra (< Nep.) | nara | ha | rut, goyʔ |
bark | bokra (< Nep.) | sebu (skin) | kʰwəla | pun |
skin | cʰala (< Nep.) | sebi | cʰẽgu | pun |
meat | kusya | cici | la | mayʔ |
blood | cihwui | cwoi, cəi | hi | wəyʔ |
bone | hoṭ | kʰosa | kwəẽ | hrus |
fat | ucʰo | cʰyəu, cyou | da: | cʰaw |
egg | wohom, wom | ahum, wom | kʰẽ: | ʔum |
horn | uyuŋ | naru | nyeku | roŋʔ |
tail | pitik | limek | nʰipyə̃: | meʔ |
feather | pwãkʰ (< Nep.) | - | pəpu | meʔ, pʰeh |
hair | syam | sam | sə̃: | myaŋ |
head | kəpu | kapu | cʰyə̃: | ta.laŋ |
ear | kuna | kunla | nʰaepə̃ | no |
eye | mik | mesek | mikʰa | mik |
nose | cina | ciŋa | nʰae | neh |
mouth | anam | ugo | mʰutu | hmo.toŋ |
teeth | swa | suwa | wa | syək, səyk |
tongue | cele | cile | mye | le |
nail | luŋjiŋ, ləgjuŋ | pin | lusyi | sən |
leg | unjik | konṭe, ulaŋ | tuti | dom |
knee | gʰũḍa (< Nep.) | pokolek | puli | kryoŋ |
hand | hit | lak | lʰa: | krut |
abdomen | uyaŋ | baŋkal, guŋguŋ | pwa: | tuk |
throat | gʰãṭi (< Nep.) | kaṇṭu | gəpə: | kəyk |
breast | nənu | nunu | duru-pwə | ʔoh |
heart | muṭu | loŋsek | nugə | hluŋ |
liver | kəlejo (< Nep.) | - | syẽ | sinh |
drink | syaŋ-go | tun-sa | twəne, twənə | tuŋʔ-na |
eat | ca-go | cya-sa | nələ, nəye | jeʔ-na |
bite | aŋak-ko | cek-sa | nyatə, wã nyaye | ŋawh-na |
look | ayo-go, ni-go | yo-sa | kʰənə, kʰəne | yo-na, cewʔ-na |
hear | səi-go | na-sai-sa | talə, taye | sayʔ-na |
know | ra-go, cigo | sai-sa | silə, syiye | ci-na |
sleep | nu-go | ammi-sa | denə, dene | ʔenʔ-sa |
die | si-go | si-sa | sitə, syie | si-sa |
kill | sat-ko | sat-sa | syatə, syae | sat-sa |
swim | pəuri bəne-go (< Nep.) | lampasa | lalkalə/kaye | laʔ-na, kwelh-na |
fly | uble-go | per-sa | bwələ, bwəye | syuŋ-na |
walk | jyo-go, ya-go (go) | cawa-sa, ajyaca | nya:se, wənə, wəye | wah-na |
arrive | hyuŋcelgo | kelet-sa | wələ, jʰalə | waŋ-na |
lie | na-go | ami-sa | mu:pulə, | ʔenʔ-na |
sit | huk-ko | hok-sa | dilə, pʰetuye | cuŋʔ-na |
stand | ṭʰiŋ-go | tʰeŋ-sa | dənə, dane | ciŋ-na |
give | pi-go | pi-sa | bila, biye | bəyʔ-na, hla-na |
say | da-go | ŋa-sa, isdu | dʰalə, dʰaye | dayh-na |
sun | uni | uni | surdyə: | nyam |
moon | cəlauni | cəlauni | timila | lah |
star | tara (< Nep.) | ucʰi | nəu, nəgu | kar |
water | awa | paŋku | lə: | tiʔ |
rain | aŋmət | yudu | wa | tiʔ, waʔ-ʔo |
stone | kumba | lyuŋ, liŋ | lwəhã | baŋ |
sand | - | - | pʰi | - |
earth | nəsa | nasa | ca | saʔ |
cloud | amu | kʰasu | supãe | mus |
smoke | isku | asku | kũ | hmeʔ-ku |
fire | mui | me | mi | hmeʔ |
ash | mau | tarba | nəu | hmeʔ-mut |
burn | jo-go | jyou-sa | cyatə, cyaye | jʰəm-na |
way/path | uŋma | ulam | lã | lyam |
mountain | pahaḍ | cyuri (top) | gu | pa.har |
red | pʰəya | keret | hyãũ | du-ʔo |
green | həriyo (< Nep.) | - | wãũ | pli-ʔo |
yellow | keuwo | melu | mʰasu | yar-ʔo |
white | gyabo | ubo | tuyu: | bʰam-ʔo |
black | ciliŋ | kiji | haku | gal-ʔo |
night | rat (< Nep.) | ṭa | canʰəe, ca | ya. ʔdiŋ |
hot | gyodum | adum | kwa: | dʰah-ʔo |
cool | ciso (< Nep.) | ajik | kʰwaũ | nik-ʔo |
full | kipoŋ | ir-ir | ja: | bliŋ-ʔo |
new | kaui | naka | nʰu: | rəw-ʔo |
good | kisen | apraca | bʰĩ: | pe-ʔo |
round | golo (< Nep.) | kurliŋ | gwəlla: | luŋ-o, gore |
dried | kyoksi | areŋ, gaŋdu | gə̃gu | sot-ʔo |
name | umin | name | nã | məyŋ |
References※
- ^ Kansakar, Tej Ratna; Yogendra Prasad Yadava; Krishna Prasad Chalise; Balaram Prasain; Dubi Nanda Dhakal; Krishna Paudel. 2011. A sociolinguistic study of the Baram language. Himalayan Linguistics 10: 187–225.
- van Driem, George (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12062-4.
- van Driem, George (2003). "Mahakiranti revisited: Mahakiranti/Newaric?" (PDF). In Kansakar, Tej Ratna; Turin, Mark (eds.). Themes in Himalayan Languages. And Linguistics. Heidelberg and Kathmandu: South Asia Institute and "Tribhuvan University." pp. 21–26. ISBN 978-99933-54-16-1.
- Turin, Mark (2004). "Newar-Thangmi lexical correspondences and the linguistic classification of Thangmi". Journal of Asian and African Studies. 68: 97–120. hdl:10108/20207.