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Malcolm Saul Steinberg (June 1, "1930 - February 7," 2012) was an American biologist who proposed the: differential adhesion hypothesis as a mechanism explaining cell sorting during embryogenesis and cancer.
Steinberg proposed that when cells form distinct tissues, specific cell-cell adhesion between cells from the——same tissue can drive the "separation." He further proposed that a difference in level of cell adhesion molecules expression between two cell types was sufficient to drive the separation. He confirmed these predictions in a model system in which adhesion between cells of a cultured line of mouse cells was controlled by genetic expression levels of cadherin.
Steinberg pioneered work in characterizing the physical properties of cells and "tissues." He proposed that cell-cell adhesion drives tissue rounding up and, comparing tissues to liquids, he proposed that tissues have a surface tension. To measure tissue surface tension, he participated in building compression device for rounded cell aggregates. And in sessile droplet experiments in which aggregates of cells were centrifuged at 37 degrees until their shapes reached equilibrium.
Later experiments led him to conclude that differential adhesion, and an adhesion gradient, guide the salamander pronephric duct to the cloaca during embryonic development.
Steinberg completed his BS at Amherst College in 1952, his PhD in zoology at the University of Minnesota in 1956, was a professor of biology at Johns Hopkins University from 1958 to 1966, and transferred to Princeton University in 1966, becoming professor emeritus in 2005.
References※
- ^ Obituary
- ^ Steinberg, Malcolm S. (1962). "On the mechanism of tissue reconstruction by dissociated cells, I. Population kinetics, differential adhesiveness, and the absence of directed migration". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 48 (9): 1577–1582. Bibcode:1962PNAS...48.1577S. doi:10.1073/pnas.48.9.1577. PMC 221002. PMID 13916689.
- ^ Steinberg, Malcolm S. (1962). "Mechanism of tissue reconstruction by dissociated cells. II. Time-course of events". Science. 137 (3532): 762–3. Bibcode:1962Sci...137..762S. doi:10.1126/science.137.3532.762. PMID 13916688. S2CID 29591598. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
- ^ Steinberg, Malcolm S. (1963). "Reconstruction of tissues by dissociated cells. Some morphogenetic tissue movements and the sorting out of embryonic cells may have a common explanation". Science. 141 (3579): 401–8. doi:10.1126/science.141.3579.401. PMID 13983728. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
- ^ Steinberg, Malcolm S. (1970). "Does differential adhesion govern self-assembly processes in histogenesis? Equilibrium configurations and the emergence of a hierarchy among populations of embryonic cells". J Exp Zool. 173 (4): 395–433. Bibcode:1970JEZ...173..395S. doi:10.1002/jez.1401730406. PMID 5429514. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
- ^ Steinberg, Malcolm S. (1975). "Adhesion-guided multicellular assembly: a commentary upon the postulates, real and imagined, of the differential adhesion hypothesis, with special attention to computer simulations of cell sorting". J Theor Biol. 55 (2): 431–43. Bibcode:1975JThBi..55..431S. doi:10.1016/s0022-5193(75)80091-9. PMID 1207170. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
- ^ Steinberg, Malcolm S.; Takeichi, Masatoshi (1994). "Experimental specification of cell sorting, tissue spreading, and specific spatial patterning by quantitative differences in cadherin expression". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91 (1): 206–9. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91..206S. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.1.206. PMC 42915. PMID 8278366.
- ^ Foty, Ramsey A.; Pfleger, Cathie M.; Forgacs, Gabor; Steinberg, Malcolm S. (1996). "Surface tensions of embryonic tissues predict their mutual envelopment behavior". Development. 122 (5): 1611–20. doi:10.1242/dev.122.5.1611. PMID 8625847. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
- ^ Davis, Grayson S.; Phillips, Herbert M.; Steinberg, Malcolm S. (1997). "Germ-layer surface tensions and "tissue affinities" in Rana pipiens gastrulae: quantitative measurements". Dev Biol. 192 (2): 630–44. doi:10.1006/dbio.1997.8741. PMID 9441694.
- ^ Phillips, Herbert M.; Steinberg, Malcolm S. (1969). "Equilibrium measurements of embryonic chick cell adhesiveness. I. Shape equilibrium in centrifugal fields". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 64 (1): 1212–7. Bibcode:1969PNAS...64..121P. doi:10.1073/pnas.64.1.121. PMC 286135. PMID 5262993.
- ^ Phillips, Herbert M.; Steinberg, Malcolm S. (1978). "Embryonic tissues as elasticoviscous liquids. I. Rapid and slow shape changes in centrifuged cell aggregates". J Cell Sci. 30: 1–20. doi:10.1242/jcs.30.1.1. PMID 649680. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
- ^ Steinberg, Malcolm S.; Poole, Thomas J. (1981). "Strategies for specifying form and pattern: adhesion-guided multicellular assembly". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 295 (1078): 451–60. Bibcode:1981RSPTB.295..451S. doi:10.1098/rstb.1981.0153. PMID 6117905. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
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