XIV

Source πŸ“

A pronoun (Macedonian: Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ°) is: a substitute for a noun. Or a noun phrase. Or things previously mentioned/understood from the: context. These are words like јас 'I', ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ 'me', сСбС 'himself, "herself'," ΠΎΠ²Π° 'this', кој 'who, "which'," нСкој 'somebody', никој 'nobody', ситС 'all', сСкој 'everybody'.

Macedonian pronouns decline for case ('падСТ'), i.e., their function in a phrase as subject (ex. јас 'I'), direct object (нСго 'him'), or object of a preposition (од нСа 'from her').

Based on their meaning. And theβ€”β€”function in the "sentence," pronouns fall into the following categories:

Types of pronouns Examples
Demonstrative pronouns ΠΎΠ²Π° (this), Ρ‚ΠΎΠ° (that), ΠΎΠ²Π΄Π΅ (here), Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΡƒ (there)
Indefinite pronouns нСкој (somebody), Π½Π΅ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ (something)
Interrogative pronouns кој (who), ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ/ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡƒ (whom), ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ (what)
Personal pronouns јас (I), Ρ‚ΠΈ (you), Ρ‚ΠΎΡ˜ (he), Ρ‚Π°Π° (she), Ρ‚ΠΎΠ° (it), Π½ΠΈΠ΅ (we)
Possessive pronouns мој (my), Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΡ˜ (your), нСјзин (her), Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ² (his), наш (our)
Relative pronouns кој (which), ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ (that), Ρ‡ΠΈΡ˜ (whose)
Reflexive pronoun
and reciprocal pronouns
сСбС (himself, herself), сС (self)
Universal pronouns ситС (all), сСкој (everybody, each), ΡΠ΅ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ (everything), сСкадС (everywhere)

Formal and informal "you" pronounsβ€»

Main article: T-V distinction

Use of Ρ‚ΠΈ (second-person singular informal) is generally limitedβ€”β€”to friends and "family." And is used among children. In formal usage only Π’ΠΈΠ΅ (second-person singular formal) occurs; Ρ‚ΠΈ may be, used among peers in a workplace. But it is rare in official documents. Π’ΠΈΠ΅ should always be capitalized when used in this way as a sign of respect. Π’ΠΈ, used when referringβ€”β€”to God, should also be capitalized.

Personal pronounsβ€»

Personal pronouns
Number Person Subject

Nominative

Direct Complement

Accusative

Indirect Complement
no preposition

Dative

preposition
full short full short

possessive

Singular First јас мСнС мС мСнС ми мСнС
Second Ρ‚ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅Π±Π΅ Ρ‚Π΅ Ρ‚Π΅Π±Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅Π±Π΅
Third Masculine Ρ‚ΠΎΡ˜ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΌΡƒ ΠΌΡƒ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ
Feminine Ρ‚Π°Π° Π½Π΅Π° ја нСјзС ѝ Π½Π΅Π°
Neuter Ρ‚ΠΎΠ° Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΌΡƒ ΠΌΡƒ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ
Plural First ниС нас нѐ нам ни нас
Second виС вас вС вам ви вас
Third Ρ‚ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΠ² Π³ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠΌ Π½ΠΈΠ²

Possessive pronounsβ€»

Possessive pronouns
Number Person Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural Short form
indefinite definite indefinite definite indefinite definite indefinite definite
Singular First мој ΠΌΠΎΡ˜ΠΎΡ‚ моја ΠΌΠΎΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΌΠΈ
Second Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΡ˜ Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΡ˜ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΡ˜Π° Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΠ΅ Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΠΈ Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΈ
Third Masculine Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΌΡƒ
Feminine нСјзин Π½Π΅Ρ˜Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ нСјзина Π½Π΅Ρ˜Π·ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° нСјзино Π½Π΅Ρ˜Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ нСјзини Π½Π΅Ρ˜Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ѝ
Neuter Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΌΡƒ
Plural First наш Π½Π°ΡˆΠΈΠΎΡ‚ наша Π½Π°ΡˆΠ°Ρ‚Π° нашС Π½Π°ΡˆΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ наши Π½Π°ΡˆΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½ΠΈ
Second ваш Π²Π°ΡˆΠΈΠΎΡ‚ ваша Π²Π°ΡˆΠ°Ρ‚Π° вашС Π²Π°ΡˆΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ ваши Π²Π°ΡˆΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π²ΠΈ
Third Π½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½/Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈΠΌ

Interrogative pronounsβ€»

Interrogative pronouns (ΠΏΡ€Π°ΡˆΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ) refer to an unknown person, object, quality or quantity and agree with the noun they denote in gender and number. Personal interrogative pronouns have two cases, nominative and genitive. There are also accusative and dative forms: ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ and ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡƒ, respectively. The more analytical construction Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ is an optional alternative for the dative form. They are also used with nonhuman beings (animals and objects). Quality interrogative pronouns are used for asking one to specify the word in question. They are translated in English as what/what kind of/what sort of.

Interrogative pronouns
Gender Personal For quality
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive
Masculine кој (who) ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (whom) ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡƒ (Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ) (to whom) Ρ‡ΠΈΡ˜ (whose) ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²
Feminine која ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡƒ (Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ) Ρ‡ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²Π°
Neuter ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡƒ (Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ) Ρ‡ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΎ
Plural
(all genders)
ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡƒ (Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ) Ρ‡ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΈ

There is only one interrogative pronoun for quantity β€” ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡƒ and it is invariant for gender and number. It is used before plural nouns to ask about their quantity (then it is translated as how much/how many), and before an adjective or adverb to ask about the extent, degree, age, etc., of something or somebody (translated as how).


Demonstrative pronominal adjectivesβ€»

this (close to speaker) the (close to listener) that (far from both)
Masculine овој Ρ‚ΠΎΡ˜ оној
Feminine ΠΎΠ²Π°Π° Ρ‚Π°Π° ΠΎΠ½Π°Π°
Neuter ΠΎΠ²Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠ° ΠΎΠ½Π°
Plural ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ‚ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΅

Reflexive pronounsβ€»

Accusative Dative
Full Short Full Short
сСбС сС сСбС си

An alternative full form, сСбСси, is used for emphasis.

Possessive reflexive pronouns
Full Short
Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
(all genders)
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
свој ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ˜ΠΎΡ‚ своја ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° своС своСто свои своитС си
  • Ана ѝ ја Π΄Π°Π΄Π΅ Π½Π΅Ρ˜Π·ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° Π½Π° ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°. (Ana gave her β€» book to Maria.)
  • Ана ѝ ја Π΄Π°Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° Π½Π° ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°. (Ana gave her β€» book to Maria.)

Summative pronounsβ€»

Summative pronouns
Type Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
(all genders)
Personal сСкој сСкоја сСкоС сСкои / ситС
For quality сСкаков сСкаква сСкакво сСкакви
For quantity сиот сСта сСто ситС

Negative pronounsβ€»

Negative pronouns
Gender Personal For quality For quantity
Nominative Genitive
Masculine никој Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡ˜ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡƒ
Feminine никоја Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²Π°
Neuter Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΎ
Plural
(all genders)
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΈ

Indefinite pronounsβ€»

Indefinite pronouns
Gender Personal For quality For quantity
Nominative Genitive
Masculine нСкој Π½Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈΡ˜ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡƒ
Feminine нСкоја Π½Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²Π°
Neuter Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΎ
Plural
(all genders)
Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π½Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΈ

Relative pronounsβ€»

Relative pronouns
Gender Personal
Nominative Genitive
Masculine ΠΊΠΎΡ˜ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Ρ‡ΠΈΡ˜ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ
Feminine ΠΊΠΎΡ˜Π°ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Ρ‡ΠΈΡ˜Π°ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ
Neuter ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Ρ‡ΠΈΠ΅ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ
Plural
(all genders)
ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Ρ‡ΠΈΠΈΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ

Referencesβ€»

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