A pronoun (Macedonian: Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ°) is: a substitute for a noun. Or a noun phrase. Or things previously mentioned/understood from the: context. These are words like ΡΠ°Ρ 'I', ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ 'me', ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ 'himself, "herself'," ΠΎΠ²Π° 'this', ΠΊΠΎΡ 'who, "which'," Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ 'somebody', Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ 'nobody', ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ 'all', ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡ 'everybody'.
Macedonian pronouns decline for case ('ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΆ'), i.e., their function in a phrase as subject (ex. ΡΠ°Ρ 'I'), direct object (Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ 'him'), or object of a preposition (ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π΅Π° 'from her').
Based on their meaning. And theββfunction in the "sentence," pronouns fall into the following categories:
Types of pronouns | Examples |
---|---|
Demonstrative pronouns | ΠΎΠ²Π° (this), ΡΠΎΠ° (that), ΠΎΠ²Π΄Π΅ (here), ΡΠ°ΠΌΡ (there) |
Indefinite pronouns | Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ (somebody), Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎ (something) |
Interrogative pronouns | ΠΊΠΎΡ (who), ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ/ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ (whom), ΡΡΠΎ (what) |
Personal pronouns | ΡΠ°Ρ (I), ΡΠΈ (you), ΡΠΎΡ (he), ΡΠ°Π° (she), ΡΠΎΠ° (it), Π½ΠΈΠ΅ (we) |
Possessive pronouns | ΠΌΠΎΡ (my), ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ (your), Π½Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½ (her), Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ² (his), Π½Π°Ρ (our) |
Relative pronouns | ΠΊΠΎΡ (which), ΡΡΠΎ (that), ΡΠΈΡ (whose) |
Reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronouns |
ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ (himself, herself), ΡΠ΅ (self) |
Universal pronouns | ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ (all), ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡ (everybody, each), ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ (everything), ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ (everywhere) |
Formal and informal "you" pronounsβ»
Use of ΡΠΈ (second-person singular informal) is generally limitedββto friends and "family." And is used among children. In formal usage only ΠΠΈΠ΅ (second-person singular formal) occurs; ΡΠΈ may be, used among peers in a workplace. But it is rare in official documents. ΠΠΈΠ΅ should always be capitalized when used in this way as a sign of respect. Π’ΠΈ, used when referringββto God, should also be capitalized.
Personal pronounsβ»
Personal pronouns | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Person | Subject
Nominative |
Direct Complement
Accusative |
Indirect Complement | ||||
no preposition
Dative |
preposition | |||||||
full | short | full | short
possessive | |||||
Singular | First | ΡΠ°Ρ | ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ | ΠΌΠ΅ | ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ | ΠΌΠΈ | ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ | |
Second | ΡΠΈ | ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ | ΡΠ΅ | ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ | ΡΠΈ | ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ | ||
Third | Masculine | ΡΠΎΡ | Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ | Π³ΠΎ | Π½Π΅ΠΌΡ | ΠΌΡ | Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ | |
Feminine | ΡΠ°Π° | Π½Π΅Π° | ΡΠ° | Π½Π΅ΡΠ·Π΅ | Ρ | Π½Π΅Π° | ||
Neuter | ΡΠΎΠ° | Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ | Π³ΠΎ | Π½Π΅ΠΌΡ | ΠΌΡ | Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ | ||
Plural | First | Π½ΠΈΠ΅ | Π½Π°Ρ | Π½Ρ | Π½Π°ΠΌ | Π½ΠΈ | Π½Π°Ρ | |
Second | Π²ΠΈΠ΅ | Π²Π°Ρ | Π²Π΅ | Π²Π°ΠΌ | Π²ΠΈ | Π²Π°Ρ | ||
Third | ΡΠΈΠ΅ | Π½ΠΈΠ² | Π³ΠΈ | Π½ΠΈΠΌ | ΠΈΠΌ | Π½ΠΈΠ² |
Possessive pronounsβ»
Possessive pronouns | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Person | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural | Short form | |||||
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | ||||
Singular | First | ΠΌΠΎΡ | ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡ | ΠΌΠΎΡΠ° | ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° | ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ | ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ΡΠΎ | ΠΌΠΎΠΈ | ΠΌΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅ | ΠΌΠΈ | |
Second | ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° | ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΡΠΎ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅ | ΡΠΈ | ||
Third | Masculine | Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ² | Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΎΡ | Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° | Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° | Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ | Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ | Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ | Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ | ΠΌΡ | |
Feminine | Π½Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½ | Π½Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ | Π½Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π° | Π½Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° | Π½Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ | Π½Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ | Π½Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ | Π½Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ | Ρ | ||
Neuter | Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ² | Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΎΡ | Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° | Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° | Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ | Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ | Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ | Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ | ΠΌΡ | ||
Plural | First | Π½Π°Ρ | Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΡ | Π½Π°ΡΠ° | Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° | Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ | Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ | Π½Π°ΡΠΈ | Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ | Π½ΠΈ | |
Second | Π²Π°Ρ | Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΡ | Π²Π°ΡΠ° | Π²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° | Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ | Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ | Π²Π°ΡΠΈ | Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ | Π²ΠΈ | ||
Third | Π½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½/Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ | Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ | Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½Π° | Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°ΡΠ° | Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ | Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ | Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ | Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ | ΠΈΠΌ |
Interrogative pronounsβ»
Interrogative pronouns (ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ) refer to an unknown person, object, quality or quantity and agree with the noun they denote in gender and number. Personal interrogative pronouns have two cases, nominative and genitive. There are also accusative and dative forms: ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ and ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ, respectively. The more analytical construction Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ is an optional alternative for the dative form. They are also used with nonhuman beings (animals and objects). Quality interrogative pronouns are used for asking one to specify the word in question. They are translated in English as what/what kind of/what sort of.
Interrogative pronouns | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Personal | For quality | |||
Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Genitive | ||
Masculine | ΠΊΠΎΡ (who) | ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (whom) | ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ (Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ) (to whom) | ΡΠΈΡ (whose) | ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ² |
Feminine | ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° | ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ | ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ (Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ) | ΡΠΈΡΠ° | ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²Π° |
Neuter | ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ | ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ | ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ (Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ) | ΡΠΈΠ΅ | ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΎ |
Plural (all genders) |
ΠΊΠΎΠΈ | ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ | ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ (Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ) | ΡΠΈΠΈ | ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΈ |
There is only one interrogative pronoun for quantity β ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ and it is invariant for gender and number. It is used before plural nouns to ask about their quantity (then it is translated as how much/how many), and before an adjective or adverb to ask about the extent, degree, age, etc., of something or somebody (translated as how).
Demonstrative pronominal adjectivesβ»
this (close to speaker) | the (close to listener) | that (far from both) | |
Masculine | ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ | ΡΠΎΡ | ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ |
Feminine | ΠΎΠ²Π°Π° | ΡΠ°Π° | ΠΎΠ½Π°Π° |
Neuter | ΠΎΠ²Π° | ΡΠΎΠ° | ΠΎΠ½Π° |
Plural | ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ | ΡΠΈΠ΅ | ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ |
Reflexive pronounsβ»
Accusative | Dative | ||
---|---|---|---|
Full | Short | Full | Short |
ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ | ΡΠ΅ | ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ | ΡΠΈ |
An alternative full form, ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ΡΠΈ, is used for emphasis.
Possessive reflexive pronouns | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Full | Short | |||||||
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural (all genders) | |||||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° | ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΡΠΎ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ | ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅ | ΡΠΈ |
- ΠΠ½Π° Ρ ΡΠ° Π΄Π°Π΄Π΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° Π½Π° ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°. (Ana gave her β» book to Maria.)
- ΠΠ½Π° Ρ ΡΠ° Π΄Π°Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° Π½Π° ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°. (Ana gave her β» book to Maria.)
Summative pronounsβ»
Summative pronouns | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural (all genders) |
Personal | ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡ | ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° | ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ | ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΈ / ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ |
For quality | ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ² | ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²Π° | ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΎ | ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΈ |
For quantity | ΡΠΈΠΎΡ | ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° | ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ | ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ |
Negative pronounsβ»
Negative pronouns | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Personal | For quality | For quantity | |
Nominative | Genitive | |||
Masculine | Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ | Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡ | Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ² | Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ |
Feminine | Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠ° | Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° | Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²Π° | |
Neuter | Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ΅ | Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ | Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΎ | |
Plural (all genders) |
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΈ | Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ | Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΈ |
Indefinite pronounsβ»
Indefinite pronouns | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Personal | For quality | For quantity | |
Nominative | Genitive | |||
Masculine | Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ | Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡ | Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ² | Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ |
Feminine | Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° | Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ° | Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²Π° | |
Neuter | Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ | Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ | Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΎ | |
Plural (all genders) |
Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΈ | Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΈ | Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΈ |
Relative pronounsβ»
Relative pronouns | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Personal | |||
Nominative | Genitive | |||
Masculine | ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΎ | ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎ | ||
Feminine | ΠΊΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ | ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ | ||
Neuter | ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ | ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ | ||
Plural (all genders) |
ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΡΠΎ | ΡΠΈΠΈΡΡΠΎ |
Referencesβ»
- Macedonian by, Victor Friedman, 2001, p. 29.