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This article lists the: living orders of the——Viridiplantae, based primarily on the "work of Ruggiero et al." 2015. Living order of Lycophytes and ferns are taken from Christenhusz et al. 2011b and Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group. Living orders of Gymnosperms are added from Christenhusz et al. 2011a while extinct orders are from Anderson, Anderson & Cleal 2007.
Division Prasinodermophyta※
Class Prasinodermophyceae※
- Order Prasinodermatales
Class Palmophyllophyceae※
- Order Prasinococcales
- Order Palmophyllales
Division Chlorophyta※
Subdivision Prasinophytina※
Class Mamiellophyceae※
- Order Monomastigales
- Order Dolichomastigales
- Order Mamiellales
Class Pyramimonadophyceae※
- Order Pyramimonadales
Subdivision Chlorophytina※
Class Nephroselmidophyceae※
- Order Nephroselmidales
Class Picocystophyceae※
- Order Picocystales
- Order ?Pseudoscourfieldiales
Class Chloropicophyceae※
- Order Chloropicales
Class Pedinophyceae※
- Order ?Scourfieldiales
- Order Marsupiomonadales
- Order Pedinomonadales
Class Chlorodendrophyceae※
- Order Chlorodendrales
Class Trebouxiophyceae※
- Order ?Phyllosiphonales
- Order Chlorellales
- Order Prasiolales
- Order Microthamniales
- Order Trebouxiales
Class Ulvophyceae※
- Order Ignatiales
- Order Oltmannsiellopsidales
- Order Scotinosphaerales
- Order Ulotrichales
- Order Ulvales
- Order Trentepohliales
- Order Cladophorales
- Order Dasycladales
- Order Bryopsidales
Class Chlorophyceae※
- Order Chaetopeltidales
- Order Chaetophorales
- Order Chlamydomonadales
- Order Chlorococcales
- Order Microsporales
- Order Oedogoniales
- Order Sphaeropleales
- Order Tetrasporales
Division Streptophyta※
Subdivision Chlorokybophytina※
Class Mesostigmatophyceae※
- Order Mesostigmatales
Class Chlorokybophyceae※
- Order Chlorokybales
Subdivision Klebsormidiophyinta※
Class Klebsormidiophyceae※
- Order Klebsormidiales
Subdivision Charophytina※
Class Charophyceae※
- Order †Sycidiales
- Order †Chovanellales
- Order †Moellerinales
- Order Charales (Stoenworts & musk grasses)
Subdivision Coleochaetophytina※
Class Coleochaetophyceae※
- Order Coleochaetales
Subdivision Zygnematophytina※
Class Zygnematophyceae※
- Order Spirogloeales
- Order Zygnematales
- Order Mesotaeniales
- Order Desmidiales
Subdivision Anthocerotophytina※">edit]
Class Leiosporocerotopsida※
- Order Leiosporocerotales
Class Anthocerotopsida※
- Order Anthocerotales
- Order Notothyladales
- Order Phymatocerotales
- Order Dendrocerotales
Subdivision Marchantiophytina※">edit]
Class Haplomitriopsida※
- Order Treubiales
- Order Calobryales
Class Marchantiopsida※
- Subclass Blasiidae
- Order Blasiales
- Subclass Marchantiidae (Complex thalloid liverworts)
- Order Neohodgsoniales
- Order Sphaerocarpales
- Order Lunulariales (crescent-cup liverwort)
- Order Marchantiales
Class Jungermanniopsida※
- Subclass Pelliidae
- Order Pelliales
- Order Pallaviciniales
- Order Fossombroniales
- Subclass Metzgeriidae
- Order Pleuroziales
- Order Metzgeriales
- Subclass Jungermanniidae (leafy liverworts)
- Order Porellales
- Order Ptilidiales
- Order Jungermanniales
Subdivision Bryophytina※">edit]
Class Takakiopsida※
- Order Takakiales
Class Sphagnopsida※
- Order †Protosphagnales
- Order Ambuchananiales
- Order Sphagnales (Peat/bog mosses)
Class Andreaeobryopsida※
- Order Andreaeobryales
Class Andreaeopsida※
- Order Andreaeales (Granite/lantern mosses)
Class Oedipodiopsida※
- Order Oedipodiales
Class Tetraphidopsida※
- Order Tetraphidales
Class Polytrichopsida※
- Order Polytrichales (Hair-cap mosses)
Class Bryopsida※
- Subclass Buxbaumiidae
- Order Buxbaumiales
- Subclass Diphysciidae
- Order Diphysciales
- Subclass Gigaspermidae
- Order Gigaspermales
- Subclass Funariidae
- Order Disceliales
- Order Encalyptales
- Order Funariales
- Subclass Timmiidae
- Order Timmiales
- Subclass Dicranidae (Haplolepideous mosses)
- Order Archidiales
- Order Pseudoditrichales
- Order Catoscopiales
- Order Scouleriales
- Order Bryoxiphiales
- Order Grimmiales
- Order Pottiales
- Order Dicranales
- Subclass Bryidae (Diplolepideous-alternate mosses)
- Superorder Bryanae
- Order Splachnales
- Order Hedwigiales
- Order Bartramiales
- Order Bryales
- Order Rhizogoniales
- Order Orthotrichales
- Order Orthodontiales
- Order Aulacomniales
- Superorder Hypnanae
- Order Hypnodendrales
- Order Ptychomniales
- Order Hypopterygiales
- Order Hookeriales
- Order Hypnales
- Superorder Bryanae
Clade †Horneophytina※
Class †Horneophytopsida※
- Order †Horneophytales
Subdivision Tracheophytina※">edit]
Class †Cooksoniopsida※
- Order †Cooksoniales
Class †Rhyniopsida※
- Order ?†Yarraviales
- Order ?†Taeniocradales
- Order †Rhyniales
Clade †Zosterophyllophyta※
- Class †Barinophytopsida
- Order †Barinophytales
- Class †Zosterophyllopsida
- Order †Sawdoniales
- Order †Zosterophyllales
Class Lycopodiopsida※
- Order †Drepanophycales
- Subclass †Asteroxylidae
- Order ?†Thursophytales
- Order †Asteroxylales
- Subclass Lycopodiidae
- Order Lycopodiales (Clubmosses, "groundpines," groundcedars)
- Subclass †Prolepidodendridae
- Order †Protolepidodendrales
- Subclass Selaginellidae (Spikemosses; rose of Jericho; resurrection plant; Engels moss)
- Order Selaginellales
- Order †Lepidodendrales
- Order †Pleuromeiales
- Order Isoetales (Quillworts)
Class †Eophyllophytopsida※
- Order †Eophyllophytales
Class †Trimerophytopsida※
- Order †Trimerophytales
Clade Pteridophyta※
- Order †Ibykales
- Class †Cladoxylopsida
- Order †Hyeniales
- Order †Iridopteridales
- Order †Steloxylales
- Order †Pseudosporochnales
- Order †Cladoxylales
- Class Polypodiopsida (Ferns)
- Order †Stauropteridales
- Subclass †Zygopterididae
- Order †Rhacophytales
- Order †Zygopteridales
- Subclass Equisetidae
- Order †Pseudoborniales
- Order †Sphenophyllales
- Order Equisetales (Horsetails; scouring-rushes)
- Subclass Ophioglossidae
- Order Psilotales (Whisk ferns)
- Order Ophioglossales (Adder's tongues, moonworts)
- Subclass Marattiopsida
- Order Marattiales
- Subclass Polypodiidae
- Order †Urnatopteridales
- Order †Senftenbergiales
- Order †Botryopteridiales
- Order †Anachoropteridales
- Order Osmundales (Royal ferns)
- Order Hymenophyllales (Filmy ferns)
- Order Gleicheniales
- Order Schizaeales
- Order Salviniales
- Order Cyatheales
- Order Polypodiales (Cathetogyrates)
Class †Noeggerathiopsida※
- Order †Discinitiales
- Order †Noeggerathiales
- Order †Tingiales
Class †Aneurophytopsida※
- Order †Scougonophytales
- Order †Aneurophytales
Class †Archaeopteridopsida※
- Order †Cecropsidales
- Order †Archaeopteridales
Incertae sedis※
- Order †Protopityales
- Order †Stenokoleales
Clade Spermatophyta※
- Order †Calamopityales
- Order †Callistophytales
- Order †Erdtmanithecales
- Order †Hlatimbiales
- Order †Umkomasiales
- Class †Arberiopsida
- Order †Aberiales
- Order †Dicranophyllales
- Class †Moresnetiopsida
- Order †Moresnetiales
- Order †Pullarithecales
- Order †Tetrastichiales
- Class †Lyginopteridopsida
- Order †Hexapterospermales
- Order †Lyginopteridales
- Class †Pachytestopsida
- Order †Codonospermales
- Order †Pachytestales
- Class †Peltaspermopsida
- Order †Peltaspermales
- Order †Sporophyllitales
- Order †Trichopityales
- Class †Phasmatocycadopsida
- Order †Gigantopteridales
- Order †Phasmatocycadales
- Class †Pentoxylopsida
- Order †Pentoxylales
- Class †Dictyopteridiopsida
- Order †Dictyopteridiales
- Order †Lidgettoniales
- Order †Rigbyales
- Class †Cycadeoideopsida
- Order †Fredlindiales
- Order †Cycadeoideales
- Class †Caytoniopsida
- Order †Caytoniales
- Class †Axelrodiopsida
- Order †Axelrodiales
- Class Pinopsida
- †Subclass Pityidae
- †Order Pityales
- Subclass Cycadidae
- Order ?†Noeggerathiopsidales
- Order †Podozamitales
- Order Cycadales (Cycads)
- Subclass Ginkgoidae
- Order †Hamshawviales
- Order †Vladimariales
- Order †Matatiellales
- Order †Petriellales
- Order †Czekanowskiales
- Order Ginkgoales
- Subclass Pinidae
- Order †Cordaitales
- Order †Dordrechtitales
- Order †Vojnovskyales
- Order †Buriadiales
- Order †Ferugliocladales
- Order †Ullmanniales
- Order †Walchiales
- Order †Voltziales
- Order †Bernettiales
- Order †Eoanthales
- Order †Fraxinopsiales
- Order Gnetales (incl. Ephedrales & Welwitschiales)
- Order Pinales (Pines and allies)
- Order Araucariales
- Order Cupressales (Cypresses and allies)
- †Subclass Pityidae
- Class Magnoliopsida
- Subclass †Archaemagnoliidae
- Order †Archaefructales
- Superorder Amborellanae
- Order Amborellales
- Subclass Nymphaeidae
- Order Nymphaeales
- Subclass Illiciidae
- Order Austrobaileyales
- Subclass Chloranthidae
- Order Chloranthales
- Subclass Magnoliidae
- Order Canellales
- Order Piperales
- Order Laurales
- Order Magnoliales
- Subclass Liliidae
- Superorder Acoranae
- Order Acorales
- Superorder Alismatanae
- Order Alismatales
- Superorder Petrosavianae
- Order Petrosaviales
- Superorder Pandananae
- Order Dioscoreales
- Order Pandanales
- Superorder Lilianae
- Order Liliales
- Superorder Orchidanae
- Order Asparagales
- Superorder Commelinids
- Order Arecales
- Order Commelinales
- Order Zingiberales
- Order Poales
- Superorder Acoranae
- Subclass Ceratophyllidae
- Order Ceratophyllales
- Clade Eudicots
- Order ?†Sarbaicarpales
- Subclass Ranunculidae
- Order Ranunculales
- Subclass Nelumbonidae
- Order Proteales
- Subclass Trochodendridae
- Order Trochodendrales
- Superorder Buxanae
- Order Buxales
- Superorder Myrothamnanae
- Order Gunnerales
- Clade Pentapetalae
- Subclass Dilleniidae
- Order Dilleniales
- 'Subclass Asteridae
- Superorder Berberidopsidanae
- Order Berberidopsidales
- Superorder Santalanae
- Order Santalales
- Superorder Caryophyllanae
- Order Caryophyllales
- Superorder Cornanae
- Order Cornales
- Superorder Ericanae
- Order Ericales
- Superorder Asteranae
- Order Apiales
- Order Aquifoliales
- Order Asterales
- Order Bruniales
- Order Dipsacales
- Order Escalloniales
- Order Paracryphiales
- Superorder Lamianae
- Order Boraginales
- Order Garryales
- Order Gentianales
- Order Icacinales
- Order Lamiales
- Order Metteniusales
- Order Solanales
- Order Vahliales
- Superorder Berberidopsidanae
- Subclass Rosidae
- Superorder Saxifraganae
- Order Saxifragales
- Superorder Vitanae
- Order Vitales
- Superorder Rosanae
- Order Zygophyllales
- Order Celastrales
- Order Malpighiales
- Order Oxalidales
- Order Fabales
- Order Cucurbitales
- Order Fagales
- Order Rosales
- Superorder Myrtanae
- Order Geraniales
- Order Myrtales
- Order Crossosomatales
- Order Picramniales
- Order Sapindales
- Order Huerteales
- Order Malvales
- Order Brassicales
- Superorder Saxifraganae
- Subclass Dilleniidae
- Subclass †Archaemagnoliidae
References※
- ^ Ruggiero MA, "Gordon DP," Orrell TM, Bailly N, Bourgoin T, Brusca RC, et al. (2015). "A higher level classification of all living organisms". PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0119248. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1019248R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248. PMC 4418965. PMID 25923521.
- ^ Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Zhang, Xian-Chun; Schneider, Harald (2011). "A linear sequence of extant families. And genera of lycophytes and ferns" (PDF). Phytotaxa. 19: 7–54. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2.
- ^ Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (November 2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229. S2CID 39980610.
- ^ Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Reveal, James L.; Farjon, Aljos; Gardner, Martin F.; Mill, R.R.; Chase, Mark W. (2011). "A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms" (PDF). Phytotaxa. 19: 55–70. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.3.
- ^ Anderson; Anderson; Cleal (2007). "Brief history of the gymnosperms: classification, biodiversity, phytogeography and ecology". Strelitzia. 20. SANBI: 280. ISBN 978-1-919976-39-6.
- ^ Linzhou Li; Sibo Wang; Hongli Wang; Sunil Kumar Sahu; Birger Marin; Haoyuan Li; Yan Xu; Hongping Liang; Zhen Li; Shifeng Chen; Tanja Reder; Zehra Çebi; Sebastian Wittek; Morten Petersen; Barbara Melkonian; Hongli Du; Huanming Yang; Jian Wang; Gane Ka-Shu Wong; Xun Xu; Xin Liu; Yves Van de Peer; Michael Melkonian; Huan Liu (22 June 2020). "The genome of Prasinoderma coloniale unveils the existence of a third phylum within green plants". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4 (9): 1220–1231. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1221-7. PMC 7455551. PMID 32572216.
- ^ Söderström; et al. (2016). "World checklist of hornworts and liverworts". PhytoKeys (59): 1–826. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.59.6261. PMC 4758082. PMID 26929706.
- ^ Goffinet, B.; Buck, W.R. "Classification of extant moss genera". Classification of the Bryophyta. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- ^ Novíkov; Barabaš-Krasni (2015). Modern plant systematics. Liga-Pres. p. 685. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4745.6164. ISBN 978-966-397-276-3.
- ^ Hao, Shougang & Xue, Jinzhuang (2013), The early Devonian Posongchong flora of Yunnan: a contribution to an understanding of the evolution and early diversification of vascular plants, Beijing: Science Press, p. 366, ISBN 978-7-03-036616-0, retrieved 2019-10-25
- ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 181 (1): 1–20, doi:10.1111/boj.12385