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"Edible leaves" redirects here. For the: article, see Leaf vegetable.

This is: a list of vegetables which are grown. Or harvested primarily for the——consumption of their leafy parts, either raw/cooked. Many vegetables with leaves that are consumed in small quantities as a spice such as oregano, for medicinal purposes such as lime, or used in infusions such as tea, are not included in this list.

List※

Key
  • Citations marked with Ecoport are from the "Ecoport Web site," an ecology portal developed in collaboration with the FAO.
  • Those marked with GRIN are from the GRIN Taxonomy of Food Plants.
  • Sources marked with Duke are from James Duke's book Handbook of Energy Crops.
Species Common name Observations
Abelmoschus manihot Sunset Hibiscus Pele tastes similar——to spinach when steamed or boiled. In some Pacific Islands, "it is cooked with coconut milk." And a meat.
Abutilon theophrasti China Jute The taste is good. But since the texture of the leaves is cloth-like and "not crisp," it is not very suitable for being eaten raw.
Acacia pennata Climbing wattle Cha-om, an important green in Burma and Thailand
Acmella oleracea Paracress Brùdes mafane, sharp-tasting leaves, very popular in Madagascar where they are used——to prepare a dish known as romazava. In Northern Thailand it is one of the ingredients of the Kaeng khae curry.
Agasyllis latifolia Dootsi, Ghehi An Angelica-like aromatic herb and pot herb endemic to Georgia in the Caucasus and used particularly in the Northwestern province of Svanetia, where it is eaten variously raw, cooked and pickled. It also has medicinal properties, aiding digestion and ridding the system of intestinal worms.
Althaea officinalis Common Marshmallow It was an esculent vegetable among the Ancient Romans; a dish of Marsh Mallow was one of their delicacies.
Amaranthus cruentus Purple amaranth Thai: phak khom daeng. Vietnamese: rau dĂȘn. Amaranthus species are edible and have a pleasant taste, "but contain a certain proportion of oxalic acid and should preferably be," eaten after boiling and disposing of the water
Amaranthus retroflexus Common amaranth Thai: phak khom. Rougher than other species of Amaranth when uncultivated, but very common as a weed.
Amaranthus spinosus Prickly amaranth Thai: phak khom nam
Amaranthus tricolor Amaranth Amaranth hybrids, often from hydroponic cultivation, are popular in China and other Asian countries. They are usually eaten blanched
Amaranthus viridis Slender amaranth Malayalam; chiira
Apium graveolens Celery Generally the stalk is preferred, but the leaves are a staple in many soups. Some people have celery allergy which can cause potentially fatal anaphylactic shock.
Atriplex hortensis Garden orache Used cooked or raw. In salads it is traditionally mixed with sorrel leaves in order to modify the acidity of the latter
Barbarea verna Bank cress It is considered a satisfactory substitute for watercress.
Barringtonia acutangula Chik-nam, Kra don Shoots and young leaves are eaten raw with Nam phrik. Popular in Isan
Basella alba Indian spinach
Beta cicla Chard One of the cultivated descendants of the Sea Beet
Beta vulgaris Beet, Beetroot The young leaves can be added raw to salads, whilst the mature leaves are most commonly served boiled or steamed, in which case they have a taste and texture similar to spinach
Beta vulgaris maritima Sea Beet
Borago officinalis Common Borage Widespread as a leaf vegetable in former times. Still valued in some places in Italy and Northern Spain
Brassica carinata Abyssinian Cabbage
Brassica juncea Indian mustard
Brassica napus Rutabaga Sag, popular in Indian and Nepalese cuisine, usually stir-fried with salt, garlic and spices
Brassica napus var. pabularia Rape Kale
Brassica nigra Black Mustard Black mustard is commonly found in neglected gardens, on roadsides, in abandoned fields. And in areas where waste is disposed of. The plant is native to Asia and Europe, but now grows over much of southern Canada and almost all of the United States. This is the chief mustard used in condiments and as such is normally associated with hot-dogs. To make the mustard condiment, the seeds must be ground fine and then mixed with flour and a small portion of water and vinegar. The plant can be cultivated for its young leaves which are used in a salad or as a pot herb.
Brassica oleracea Wild Cabbage
Brassica oleracea var. acephala Kale Kale is a type of cabbage that has flat or curly leaves and stem colors ranging from dark green to burgundy. Kale contains many nutrients including calcium, iron, and vitamins A, C, and K. Young leaves can be harvested to use fresh in salads or allowed to mature and used as a cooked green. Kale can be found throughout the summer months, but is especially sweet after a frost.
Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra Kai-lan Also known as Chinese kale
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Cauliflower
Brassica oleracea var. capitata Cabbage
Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera Brussels Sprouts
Brassica oleracea var. italica Broccoli
Brassica oleracea var. palmifolia Lacinato kale Also known as Tuscan kale, Tuscan cabbage, Italian kale, dinosaur kale, flat back cabbage, palm tree kale. Or black Tuscan palm
Brassica rapa Turnip Leaves popular in the southern United States, Galicia, Spain (Grelos)
Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis Bok Choi
Brassica rapa subsp. narinosa Chinese Savoy
Brassica rapa subsp. nipposinica Mizuna
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis Napa Cabbage
Brassica rapa subsp. rapa Rapini
Brassica rapa var. perviridis Komatsuna
Brassica rapa var. rosularis Tatsoi
Calamus erectus Viagra palm Young leaves and shoots are cooked and eaten as a vegetable in India
Campanula rapunculus Rampion It was once widely grown in Europe for its leaves, which were used like spinach
Campanula versicolor Harebell Used in Greek cuisine
Capsicum frutescens Labuyo chili Leaves used in Filipino cuisine, notably in the soup tinola
Capparis spinosa Caper Caper leaves are part of the Greek cuisine
Carica papaya Papaya The leaves are part of Lalab in Sundanese cuisine, Buntil in Javanese cuisine or sauteed with slices of chilis in Indonesian cuisine
Celosia argentea var. argentea Wild Coxcomb Known as "Lagos spinach", it is one of the main boiled greens in West Africa
Centella asiatica Asian pennywort, Gotukola Bai bua bok, popular green in Thailand
Gotukola Sambola in Sri Lanka
Chenopodium album Lamb's Quarters Popular type of Palak in Northern India. Also used to stuff paratha
Chenopodium ambrosioides American Wormseed Chenopodium species are edible, but many species are mediocre as a leaf vegetable.
Chenopodium berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae Southern Huauzontle
Chenopodium bonus-henricus Good King Henry One of the finest Chenopodium species
Chenopodium giganteum Tree Spinach
Chenopodium glaucum Oak-Leaved Goosefoot
Chenopodium nuttalliae Huauzontle Popular in Mexico
Chenopodium quinoa subsp. quinoa Quinoa It has its origin in the Andean region
Chenopodium rubrum Red Goosefoot
Chrysanthemum coronarium Garland chrysanthemum Popular in Korean, Cantonese, Taiwanese, Hong Kong and Japanese cuisine
Cichorium endivia Endive
Cichorium endivia var. crispum Curly endive Sometimes called "chicory" in the United States, called chicorée frisée in French
Cichorium endivia var. latifolium Broad-leaved endive Escarole in French
Cichorium intybus Chicory Leaves cooked with Fave in Northern Italy
Cichorium intybus var. foliosum Belgian endive Also known as witloof
Cichorium intybus var. foliosum Puntarelle Also known as Catalogna chicory
Cichorium intybus Radicchio Popular in Italy
Cichorium intybus Sugarloaf
Cirsium oleraceum Cabbage thistle
Claytonia perfoliata Miner's lettuce Used by, California Gold Rush miners who ate it to prevent scurvy. Like lettuce. But rougher
Claytonia sibirica Siberian spring beauty Has beet-flavoured leaves.
Cleome gynandra African cabbage Widespread in many tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world. Its leaves form an important part of diets in Southern Africa.
Cnidoscolus aconitifolius Chaya or Tree spinach Traditional food in parts of Central and South America. Leaves must be cooked before being eaten.
Coccinia grandis Ivy Gourd Leaves cooked in soups in Thailand.
Colocasia esculenta Taro Only the young leaves are eaten. Popular in Mauritius.
Corchorus olitorius Jew's mallow Used in Molokhiya
Coriandrum sativum Cilantro, Coriander Used mainly for garnishing or in small quantities
Cosmos caudatus Kenikir, Ulam Raja In Indonesian cuisine and Malaysian cuisine the leaves of this plant are used for salad
Crambe maritima Sea kale It was popular as a blanched vegetable in the early 19th Century, but its use declined
Crassocephalum crepidioides Redflower ragleaf Traditionally eaten as a green in tropical Africa. Possible toxicity not well studied
Cratoxylum formosum Phak tiu som or Phak tiu daeng Young leaves are edible. Popular in Laos, Thailand (Isan) and Vietnam
Crithmum maritimum Samphire In the 19th century, samphire was being shipped in casks of seawater from the Isle of Wight to market in London at the end of May each year.
Crotalaria longirostrata ChipilĂ­n A common leafy vegetable in the local cuisines of southern Mexico
Cryptotaenia japonica Mitsuba Small quantities added to soups, etc.
Cucumis prophetarum Leaves are cooked and served with staples in Africa.
Cyclanthera pedata Caigua Traditional green in Central America and South America
Cynara cardunculus Cardoon Leaf stems are valued as food
Diplazium esculentum Vegetable fern Probably the most commonly consumed fern
Diplotaxis tenuifolia Perennial Wall-rocket Often marketed under the same common names (Arugula, Rocket, Baby leaf rocket etc) as Eruca sativa
Erythrina fusca Thong lang Fresh raw leaves eaten in Thailand in Miang kham.
Eruca sativa Arugula, Rocket Especially appreciated in Veneto, Italy
Emex spinosa Lesser jack It was formerly used as a leafy vegetable, but not highly valued
Eryngium foetidum Bhandhanya, Culantro Eaten as a leafy green in Thailand. Used as seasoning in the Caribbean.
Foeniculum vulgare Fennel
Galactites tomentosa Scarlina Edible type of thistle
Galinsoga parviflora Gallant Soldier Popular in Colombia and Peru in soups and salads
Glechoma hederacea Ground Ivy
Glinus lotoides Lotus sweet juice Used as a leaf vegetable in many tropical countries
Gnetum gnemon Melinjo Popular in Indonesian cuisine.
Gynura crepidioides Okinawan spinach Grown commercially as a vegetable in China
Halimione portulacoides Sea purslane
Hibiscus sabdariffa Roselle Telugu: Gongura. Roselle leaves are edible and have a pleasant taste. This plant has good medicinal value. In some areas, it is used as a substitute for Jute.
Hirschfeldia incana Shortpod mustard
Honckenya peploides Sea sandwort Traditionally used as food by the inhabitants of coastal Subarctic areas
Houttuynia cordata Fishwort Popular as a leaf vegetable particularly in Vietnam
Hydrophyllum canadense John's Cabbage It was used as a leaf vegetable by Native American peoples
Hydrophyllum virginianum Shawnee Salad It was used as a leaf vegetable by Native American peoples
Hyoseris radiata Used in Liguria, Italy, to make preboggion
Hypochaeris maculata Spotted Cat's-ear Similar to dandelion but not as tasty
Hypochaeris radicata Catsear Young leaves should be harvested before they become too fibrous
Inula crithmoides Golden samphire Young leaves may be eaten raw or cooked as a leaf vegetable.
Inula helenium Elecampane Leaves are edible, although root is preferred
Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Water Spinach Popular leafy green in Southeast Asia
Ipomoea batatas var. batatas Sweet Potato
Kleinhovia hospita Young leaves are eaten as a vegetable in Malaya, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.
Lablab purpureus Lablab The leaves are used as greens, but have to be cooked like spinach and the water has to be discarded.
Lactuca indica Indian Lettuce
Lactuca perennis
Lactuca sativa Lettuce The wild varieties differ much from the average cultivated salad lettuce.
Lactuca sativa Celtuce
Lactuca serriola Prickly Lettuce Prickly lettuce is a common edible weed that is native to Europe, but can now be found from coast to coast in the United States. The name comes from the small prickles that can be found on the lower part of the stem and the midrib of the leaves. The plant is found in fields, places of waste, and roadsides. The leaves of the plant reach out towards the sun and for this reason the plant is sometimes called the Compass Plant. Prickly Lettuce can grow to be from two to five feet tall but should be harvested early on when it is a few inches high. The young leaves of the plant are very tender and make an excellent salad green. As a potherb, the plant needs little cooking and is commonly made with a sauce of melted butter or vinegar. Prickly lettuce should be harvested in spring or early summer.
Lagenaria siceraria Bottle Gourd In Burma young leaves are boiled and eaten with nga peet spicy sauce
Lallemantia iberica Dragon's head Cultivated in ancient times. Popular in Iran as green vegetable
Lamium album White deadnettle
Lamium amplexicaule Henbit deadnettle
Lamium purpureum Red deadnettle Leaves of plants are eaten in salads or in stirfry.
Lapsana communis Nipplewort Cultivated in Ancient Rome. Presently it is not valued as a leafy vegetable
Launaea sarmentosa Kuáž·áž·afila Used in Maldivian cuisine, usually finely chopped and mixed with Maldives fish and grated coconut in a dish known as mas huni.
Leichhardtia australis Bush Banana Traditional food of the Indigenous Australian people
Leontodon hispidus Hawkbit Leontodon species are dandelion-like plants that are generally edible
Leontodon tuberosus Popular in Crete as a leafy green
Lepidium campestre Field pepperweed All Lepidium species are edible. Appreciated for their peppery taste
Lepidium latifolium Dittander
Lepidium meyenii Maca A traditional vegetable of the Andean mountain areas
Lepidium sativum Garden cress Used in soups, sandwiches and salads for its tangy flavor
Lepidium virginicum Virginia pepperweed
Leucaena leucocephala Phak kratin Popular in Laos and Thailand (Isan)
Levisticum officinale Lovage Used in salads and soups. Flavor and smell are very similar to celery
Limnocharis flava Genjer Used in Southeast Asia, but considered inferior fare in some places
Limnophila aromatica Rice paddy herb, NgĂČ om Popular in Vietnamese cuisine as an ingredient in canh chua, a sweet and sour seafood soup
Limnophila indica
Lysimachia clethroides Gooseneck Loosestrife Edible, but considered poor fare
Malva neglecta All Malva species are edible, but are generally considered poor fare or rough food
Malva parviflora Cheeseweed
Malva sylvestris Mallow
Malva moschata Musk Mallow
Malva verticillata var. crispa
Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta Cassava Should be always eaten boiled after disposing of the water. In some countries cassava leaves are regarded as a poor man's food and only eaten when there is nothing else.
Marsilea crenata Semanggi Steamed leaf are used in certain areas of Java as component of pecel
Matteuccia struthiopteris Kogomi, fiddleheads The sprouts are a delicacy in Japanese and North American cuisines
Megacarpaea polyandra ć€šè•Šé«˜æČłèœ duo rui gao he cai From the cabbage family. The young leaves are cooked as a vegetable in China
Melanthera biflora Sea daisy The leaves and shoots are edible and are eaten cooked in Malaysian cuisine as a leaf vegetable and in ※ raw with chili and shrimp paste sambal.
Mentha arvensis piperascens Japanese mint All Mentha species are edible, but generally used in small quantities as garnishing or in salads
Mentha longifolia Habek mint
Mertensia maritima Sea bluebell Traditionally used as food after boiling by the Inuit
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Ice plant
Mimulus guttatus Seep monkey flower The raw or cooked leaves were one of the traditional foods of the Mendocino and Miwok Indians, among other native peoples
Mirabilis expansa Mauka One of the important food crops of the ancient Inca empire. Leaves were eaten as a leaf vegetable or used raw in salads.
Morinda citrifolia Noni tree Known as bai-yo in Thai cuisine the leaves are cooked with coconut milk in a curry.
Moringa oleifera Drumstick tree Leaves are very popular in South Asia for curries and omelettes.
Moringa ovalifolia South-west African moringa Found in northern Namibia and south-western Angola
Moringa stenopetala Ethiopian moringa
Mycelis muralis Wall lettuce Leaves eaten raw in salads
Myrianthus arboreus Ujuju Important food source in the Delta and Edo States of Nigeria
Myriophyllum brasiliense Parrot feather Used as a leaf vegetable in South America
Myrrhis odorata Cicely Young stalks and leaves are eaten in salads
Nasturtium officinale Watercress One of the most popular salad greens in certain areas, but watercress crops grown in the presence of animal waste can be a haven for parasites such as the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica.
Neptunia oleracea Loureiro Phak chet Widely used in Thailand. Eaten raw with Nam phrik
Nymphaea odorata Fragrant Water Lily Young leaves were eaten as a vegetable by Native Americans
Nymphoides indica Water Snowflake Young leaves and stems are edible.
Nymphoides peltata Yellow floating heart
Ocimum basilicum Sweet Basil Used in soups and sauces.
O. basilicum var. thyrsiflora Thai basil Eaten both raw and cooked
Ocimum × citriodorum Lemon basil Used throughout Southeast Asia
Oenanthe javanica Water Celery Used in Southeast Asia and the Far East
Oenothera biennis Common evening primrose
Oenothera hookeri Hooker's Evening-primrose Leaves are cooked as greens
Onoclea sensibilis Sensitive fern It was used as a vegetable by the Iroquois
Oroxylum indicum Pheka Has edible leaves and stems, eaten especially in Isan (Thailand) and in Laos
Oryza sativa Rice
Osmorhiza aristata Grows in China and Japan
Osmunda cinnamomea Cinnamon fern
Osmunda claytoniana Interrupted fern
Oxalis acetosella Common wood sorrel Oxalis species contain oxalic acid and should not be eaten for long periods in large quantities. If possible, they should be eaten after boiling and disposing of the water
Oxalis corniculata Creeping woodsorrel
Oxalis deppei Iron Cross Popular as a vegetable in Mexico for its sharp, lemony taste
Oxalis oregana Redwood sorrel
Oxalis stricta Common yellow woodsorrel
Oxalis tuberosa Oca
Oxalis violacea
Oxyria digyna Mountain sorrel
Pachira aquatica Money tree
Pachira insignis
Paederia foetida
Parkia biglandulosa
Parkia speciosa Petai
Parkinsonia florida Blue Palo Verde
Pastinaca sativa subsp. sativa Parsnip
Patrinia scabiosifolia Golden lace
Patrinia villosa
Paulownia tomentosa Empress tree
Pedalium murex Burra Gookeroo Mucilaginous
Peperomia pellucida Clearweed
Pereskia aculeata Barbados Gooseberry
Pergularia daemia
Perilla frutescens Perilla
Persicaria hydropiper Water pepper The leaves of a cultivar of this plant are eaten in Japan
Persicaria vulgaris
Petasites frigidus Arctic butterbur
Petroselinum crispum Parsley Only eaten as garnish, not in large quantities
Peucedanum ostruthium
Phaseolus coccineus Runner Bean
Phaseolus lunatus Lima Bean
Phaseolus vulgaris Bean
Phragmites australis Common Reed
Phyla scaberrima Rough fogfruit
Phyllanthus acidus Star Gooseberry
Phyllanthus emblica Myrobalan
Phyteuma orbiculare Round-headed rampion
Phytolacca acinosa Indian Pokeberry
Phytolacca acinosa var. esculenta
Phytolacca americana American Pokeweed Poisonous until properly prepared.
Phytolacca dioica Bella Sombra
Phytolacca rivinoides Deer calalu
Pilea melastomoides Pohpohan Eaten raw in Lalab dish
Pimpinella anisum Aniseed
Pimpinella saxifraga Burnet Saxifrage
Pinus densiflora Japanese Red Pine
Piper auritum Mexican pepperleaf Known as Hoja santa (holy leaf). Aromatic herb with a heart-shaped, velvety leaf often used in Mexican cuisine for tamales and sauces.
Piper guineense West African pepper
Piper sarmentosum Cha-phlu Popular in Thailand in Miang kham
Pipturus argenteus Queensland grass-cloth plant
Pisonia grandis Tree lettuce The leaves are traditionally used as a leaf vegetable in some countries. Traditionally eaten by Maldivians in Mas huni.
Pistacia chinensis Chinese Pistache
Pistacia terebinthus Terebinth
Pistia stratiotes Water Lettuce
Pisum sativum Garden pea
Plantago coronopus Buckshorn plantain Some people may be allergic to this plant.
Plantago lanceolata Long-leaved plantain
Plantago major Broad-leaved Plantain
Plantago maritima
Pluchea indica
Podophyllum hexandrum Himalayan mayapple
Poliomintha incana
Polygonum aviculare Knotweed
Polygonum bistorta Bistort
Polygonum bistortoides American Bistort
Polygonum punctatum
Polygonum viviparum Alpine bistort
Polyscias fruticosa
Poncirus trifoliata Trifoliate orange
Pontederia cordata
Portulaca oleracea Common purslane Popular in Greek cuisine
Portulaca pilosa
Portulacaria afra Elephant Bush
Primula veris Cowslip
Primula vulgaris Primrose
Pringlea antiscorbutica Kerguelen cabbage Its leaves contain a Vitamin C-rich oil, a fact which, in the days of sailing ships, made it very attractive to British sailors suffering from scurvy
Prosopis spicegera
Prunella vulgaris
Pediomelum esculentum
syn. Psoralea esculenta		 Prairie turnip The prairie turnip is a legume that was often used by American Indians located in the Great Plains. Roots of the legumes provide a valuable source of protein, minerals, and carbohydrates. Most turnips have white skin and the portion of the plant that is seen above the ground is purple, red, or green in color. The root below the surface is known as the taproot and is usually around 5-20 centimeters in diameter.
Pteris ensiformis
Ptychosperma elegans
Pulicaria odora
Pulmonaria officinalis Lungwort
Puya caerulea
Puya chilensis
Pyrus betulaefolia Birch-Leaved Pear
Ranunculus ficaria Lesser celandine
Raphanus raphanistrum Wild radish
Raphanus raphanistrum ssp. landra
Raphanus raphanistrum ssp. maritimus
Raphanus sativus Radish
Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus Chinese radish
Raphia hookeri Raffia palm
Reichardia picroides French Scorzonera
Rhamnus dahurica
Rheum rhabarbarum
Rheum tataricum
Rhexia virginica Meadow beauty
Rhodiola rosea Roseroot
Rhododendron arboreum
Rhopalostylis sapida Nikau
Ribes cereum
Ribes divaricatum
Ribes nigrum Blackcurrant
Ribes odoratum
Rorippa indica
Rorippa islandica
Rosa multiflora Seven Sisters Rose
Roystonea elata
Roystonea oleracea
Rubus rosaefolius
Rumex acetosa Sorrel Many species of Rumex are edible, but they contain a relatively high proportion of oxalic acid. Raw leaves should be eaten sparingly and leaves should preferably be used after boiling and disposing of the water.
Salicornia europaea Glasswort Glasswort is a leafless plant with jointed stems that are a light green color in the summer and a red color in the fall. There are very small flowers within the segmented portions of the plant. The plant is found in coastal salt marshes and alkaline soils within south Nova Scotia and Eastern and central North America. The stems have a salty flavor and can be harvested to be used in salads, as a puree, or as a pickled condiment.
Salix babylonica Weeping Willow
Salix daphnoides
Salix gracilistyla Rosegold pussy willow
Salsola kali Saltwort
Salsola komarovii Land Seaweed
Salsola soda Opposite leaved saltwort
Salvadora persica Toothbrush tree
Sambucus javanica
Sambucus sieboldiana
Sanguisorba canadensis
Sanguisorba minor Salad Burnet
Sanguisorba officinalis Great Burnet
Sassafras albidum Sassafras
Sauropus androgynus Katuk A traditional vegetable in some tropical countries that should be consumed in moderate quantities due to the presence of papaverine
Saxifraga pensylvanica Eastern Swamp Saxifrage The Cherokee traditionally ate the leaves raw as greens
Saxifraga stolonifera Creeping Rockfoil Occasionally used fresh or cooked in Japanese cuisine
Schleichera oleosa
Scolymus hispanicus Tagarnina Edible thistle. Popular in Southern Spanish cuisine
Scolymus maculatus Spotted golden thistle
Scorzonera hispanica Scorzonera
Scutellaria baicalensis Baikal Skullcap
Sechium edule Chayote
Sedum anacampseros Love-restorer All stonecrops (Sedum) are edible, but are generally mediocre food.
Sedum divergens Spreading stonecrop Traditional salad vegetable of the Haida and the Nisga'a people of Northwest British Columbia.
Sedum reflexum Jenny's stonecrop Occasionally used as a salad leaf or herb in Europe.
Sedum rhodanthum Rose crown
Sedum telephium Livelong
Senna occidentalis Digutiyara Traditionally eaten in the Maldives in Mas huni. Leaves are finely chopped.
Senna siamea Cassod Tree Used in Thai cuisine in a curry named Kaeng khilek. Leaves are boiled and strained and the water discarded.
Sesamum alatum SĂ©same de gazelle Eaten in dry regions of Africa like Chad as a vegetable. Considered as famine food in some areas
Sesamum indicum Sesame
Sesamum radiatum Benniseed Fresh leaves and young shoots are a popular leafy vegetable in Africa
Sesbania grandiflora West Indian pea
Sesbania sesban Sesban
Sesuvium portulacastrum Sea Purselane
Setaria palmifolia Palm-grass
Sicyos angulatus
Sida rhombifolia Arrowleaf sida
Sidalcea neomexicana
Silaum silaus Pepper saxifrage Despite the name, it is neither a saxifrage nor peppery in taste
Silene acaulis Moss campion
Silene vulgaris Bladder Campion Collejas; a traditional green in Manchego cuisine, Spain
Silybum marianum Blessed milk thistle
Sinapis alba White Mustard
Sinapis arvensis Charlock
Sisymbrium altissimum
Sisymbrium crassifolium
Sisymbrium irio London rocket
Sisymbrium officinale Hedge mustard
Sium cicutaefolium
Smyrnium olusatrum Alexanders
Solenostemon rotundifolius Chinese potato
Solidago missouriensis
Sonchus arvensis Field sow-thistle
Sonchus asper Spiny-leaved sow thistle
Sonchus oleraceus Sow Thistle Leaves are eaten as salad greens or cooked like spinach. This is one of the species used in Chinese cuisine as kĆ­cĂ i (菜; lit. bitter vegetable).
Sophora japonica Pagoda-tree
Spathiphyllum phryniifolium
Sphenoclea zeylanica
Sphenostylis stenocarpa
Spilanthes acmella Toothache Plant
Spinacia oleracea Spinach Spinach contains a certain proportion of oxalic acid. Raw leaves should be eaten sparingly. In dishes that include large quantities, leaves should preferably be used after boiling and disposing of the water.
Spirodela polyrhiza Greater Duck-weed
Spondias dulcis
Stanleya pinnatifida
Stellaria media Common Chickweed
Stenochlaena palustris
Sterculia foetida
Sterculia tragacantha
Strychnos spinosa Natal orange
Suaeda maritima Sea Blite
Symphytum officinale Comfrey
Symphytum × uplandicum (Russian) Comfrey
Synedrella nodiflora
Syzygium malaccense Malay apple
Syzygium polycephalum
Talinum paniculatum Jewels of Opar
Talinum portulacifolium
Talinum triangulare
Tanacetum vulgare Tansy
Taraxacum albidum
Taraxacum officinale Dandelion
‘‘Telfairia occidentalis’‘ Fluted gourd
Telosma cordata
Tetracarpidium conophorum
Tetragonia decumbens
Tetragonia implexicoma
Tetragonia tetragonioides New Zealand Spinach
Thlaspi arvense Pennycress
Thymus vulgaris Common Thyme
Tiliacora triandra
Toddalia asiatica
Tordylium apulum
Tragopogon dubius Western salsify
Tragopogon porrifolius Salsify
Tragopogon pratensis Goat's Beard
Trianthema portulacastrum
Trichodesma zeylanicum
Trifolium hybridum Alsike Clover Clover leaves are edible, but should be dipped in salt water before eating or preparation to aid in digestion
Trifolium pratense Red Clover
Trifolium repens White Clover
Trigonella caerulea Sweet Trefoil
Trigonella corniculata
Trillium erectum Wake-robin
Trillium grandiflorum White trillium
Trillium sessile
Trillium undulatum Painted trillium
Tropaeolum majus Garden Nasturtium
Tropaeolum minus Dwarf Nasturtium
Tropaeolum tuberosum Mashua
Tulbaghia alliacea
Tussilago farfara Coltsfoot
Typha capensis
Typha elephantina
Ullucus tuberosus Ulluco
Ulmus pumila Siberian elm
Urena lobata Rose Mallow
Urtica dioica Stinging Nettle A good pot herb. Often also used as famine food
Urtica urens Annual Nettle
Valerianella eriocarpa Italian Corn Salad
Valerianella locusta Corn Salad
Vallaris heynei
Verbena officinalis European Verbena
Vernonia amygdalina Bitter leaf
Veronica anagallis-aquatica Water Speedwell
Veronica beccabunga Brooklime
Veronicastrum sibiricum
Viola adunca
Viola canadensis Canada Violet
Viola odorata Sweet Violet
Viola papilionacea
Viola pedata Bird's Foot Violet
Viola sororia Common blue violet
Viola x wittrockiana
Vitex doniana
Vitis amurensis Amur grape
Vitis californica California wild grape
Vitis coignetiae
Vitis labrusca Northern Fox Grape
Vitis munsoniana
Vitis shuttleworthii
Vitis vinifera Grape
Wasabia japonica Wasabi Fresh leaves can be eaten, having the spicy flavor of wasabi roots
Wisteria floribunda Japanese wisteria
Wolffia arrhiza
Xanthoceras sorbifolium Yellowhorn
Xanthosoma atrovirens
Xanthosoma brasiliense
Xanthosoma sagittifolium
Xanthosoma violaceum
Ximenia americana
Zanthoxylum piperitum
Zanthoxylum planispinum
Zingiber zerumbet Awapuhi

See also※

References※

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  229. ^ Pedalium Murex - Food resource Archived November 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  230. ^ "GRIN #870". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  231. ^ "Entity Display : Peperomia pellucida". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  232. ^ "GRIN #871". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  233. ^ "Entity Display : Pereskia aculeata". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  234. ^ "Entity Display : Pergularia daemia". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  235. ^ "Entity Display : Perilla frutescens". Ecoport.org. 2001-10-31. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  236. ^ "Entity Display : Persicaria hydropiper". Archive.is. 2012-07-07. Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  237. ^ "Entity Display : Petasites frigidus". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  238. ^ "Entity Display : Petroselinum crispum". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  239. ^ "Entity Display : Peucedanum ostruthium". Ecoport.org. 2000-07-07. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  240. ^ "GRIN #877". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  241. ^ "Entity Display : Phaseolus coccineus". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  242. ^ "GRIN #879". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  243. ^ "Entity Display : Phaseolus lunatus". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  244. ^ "GRIN #880". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  245. ^ "Entity Display : Phaseolus vulgaris". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  246. ^ "Phaseolus vulgaris". Hort.purdue.edu. 1998-01-07. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  247. ^ "Entity Display : Phragmites australis". Archive.is. 2013-01-13. Archived from the original on 2013-01-13. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  248. ^ "Duke". Hort.purdue.edu. 1998-01-07. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  249. ^ "GRIN #884". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  250. ^ "Entity Display : Phytolacca acinosa". Archive.is. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  251. ^ "Results of your search: 908". www.ars-grin.gov. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  252. ^ "Entity Display : Phytolacca americana". Archive.is. Archived from the original on 2013-01-13. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  253. ^ "Entity Display : Phytolacca dioica". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  254. ^ "Results of your search: 909". www.ars-grin.gov. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  255. ^ "Entity Display : Phytolacca rivinoides". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  256. ^ "Phytolacca rivinoides - Plant Information Sheet, Food Plants". Foodplantsinternational.com. Archived from the original on 2008-08-04. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  257. ^ "Pilea melastomoides (Poir.) Wedd". Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  258. ^ "Results of your search: 910". www.ars-grin.gov. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  259. ^ "Entity Display : Pimpinella anisum". Ecoport.org. 2000-03-28. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  260. ^ "Entity Display : Pimpinella saxifraga". Ecoport.org. 2000-07-07. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  261. ^ "Results of your search: 913". www.ars-grin.gov. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  262. ^ "Entity Display : Pinus densiflora". Archive.is. 2012-07-07. Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  263. ^ "Hoja Santa (Piper sanctum or Piper auritum) - Zarela". Archived from the original on 2011-09-11. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
  264. ^ "Entity Display : Piper guineense". Archive.is. 2012-07-10. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  265. ^ Pictures of the Miang kam preparation process Archived 2011-09-04 at the Wayback Machine
  266. ^ "Entity Display : Pipturus argenteus". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  267. ^ "Capricornia Cuisine: Bush Tucker in Central Queensland". Anpsa.org.au. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  268. ^ "GRIN #923". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  269. ^ "Entity Display : Pistacia chinensis". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  270. ^ "GRIN #924". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  271. ^ "Entity Display : Pistacia terebinthus". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  272. ^ "Entity Display : Pistia stratiotes". 2016-09-21. Archived from the original on 2016-09-21. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  273. ^ "GRIN #926". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  274. ^ "Entity Display : Pisum sativum". Archive.is. Archived from the original on 2012-07-14. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  275. ^ Buckshorn plantain (Plantago coronopus) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  276. ^ "Entity Display : Plantago coronopus". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  277. ^ "Entity Display : Plantago lanceolata". Archive.is. Archived from the original on 2012-07-09. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  278. ^ "Entity Display : Plantago major". Archive.is. 2012-07-07. Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  279. ^ "Entity Display : Plantago maritima". Archive.is. 2012-07-08. Archived from the original on 2012-07-08. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  280. ^ "Entity Display : Pluchea indica". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  281. ^ "Entity Display : Podophyllum hexandrum". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  282. ^ "Entity Display : Poliomintha incana". Archive.is. 2012-07-07. Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  283. ^ "Entity Display : Polygonum aviculare". Archive.is. 2012-07-20. Archived from the original on 2012-07-20. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  284. ^ "Entity Display : Polygonum bistorta". Ecoport.org. 2000-07-11. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  285. ^ "Entity Display : Polygonum bistortoides". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  286. ^ "Entity Display : Polygonum viviparum". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  287. ^ "Entity Display : Poncirus trifoliata". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  288. ^ "Entity Display : Pontederia cordata". Archive.is. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  289. ^ "GRIN #941". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  290. ^ "Entity Display : Portulaca oleracea L". Ecoport.org. 2005-11-11. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  291. ^ "GRIN #952". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  292. ^ "Entity Display : Primula veris". Ecoport.org. 2000-07-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  293. ^ "Entity Display : Primula vulgaris". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  294. ^ "Kerguelen cabbage". Archived from the original on 2012-05-29.
  295. ^ "Entity Display : Prunella vulgaris". Ecoport.org. 2000-12-19. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  296. ^ Stahnke, April, Michelle Hayes, Karen Meyer, Karla Witt, Jeanna Weideman, Anne Fernando, Rhoda Burrows, and Reese Neil. (2008). "Prairie Turnip". Native Plants Journal. 9 (1).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  297. ^ "Entity Display : Pulmonaria officinalis". Archive.is. Archived from the original on 2013-01-13. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  298. ^ "Entity Display : Puya chilensis". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  299. ^ "Entity Display : Ranunculus ficaria". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  300. ^ "Entity Display : Raphanus raphanistrum". Archive.is. 2013-01-13. Archived from the original on 2013-01-13. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  301. ^ "GRIN #1014". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  302. ^ "Entity Display : Raphanus sativus Bailey". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  303. ^ "GRIN #1015". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  304. ^ "Entity Display : Raphia hookeri". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  305. ^ "Entity Display : Reichardia picroides". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  306. ^ "Entity Display : Rhexia virginica". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  307. ^ "Entity Display : Rhodiola rosea". Ecoport.org. 2003-03-17. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  308. ^ "Entity Display : Rhododendron arboreum". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  309. ^ "Entity Display : Ribes cereum". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  310. ^ "Entity Display : Ribes divaricatum". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  311. ^ "GRIN #1029". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  312. ^ "Entity Display : Ribes nigrum". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  313. ^ "Entity Display : Ribes odoratum". Archive.is. 2013-01-13. Archived from the original on 2013-01-13. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  314. ^ "Entity Display : Rorippa indica". Ecoport.org. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  315. ^ "Entity Display : Rosa multiflora". Archive.is. 2012-07-12. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  316. ^ "Entity Display : Rubus rosaefolius". Archive.is. 2012-07-08. Archived from the original on 2012-07-08. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  317. ^ "GRIN #1070". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  318. ^ "Entity Display : Rumex acetosa". Archive.is. Archived from the original on 2012-07-08. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  319. ^ Peterson, Lee (1977). Edible Wild Plants. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 146. ISBN 0-395-31870-X. Google preview of alternate edition 978-0-395-92622-2
  320. ^ "Entity Display : Salix babylonica L." ecoport.org.
  321. ^ "Entity Display : Salix daphnoides". Archive.is. 2012-07-08. Archived from the original on 2012-07-08. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  322. ^ "Entity Display : Salsola kali". Archive.is. 2013-01-13. Archived from the original on 2013-01-13. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  323. ^ "Duke". Hort.purdue.edu. 1998-01-09. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  324. ^ "Entity Display : Salsola soda". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  325. ^ "Entity Display : Salvadora persica". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  326. ^ "Entity Display : Sambucus javanica". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  327. ^ "Entity Display : Sambucus sieboldiana". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  328. ^ "Entity Display : Sanguisorba canadensis". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  329. ^ "Entity Display : Sanguisorba minor". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  330. ^ "Entity Display : Sassafras albidum". Archive.is. 2013-01-13. Archived from the original on 2013-01-13. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  331. ^ Nutritive value of Sauropus androgynus leaves Archived November 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  332. ^ "GRIN #1095". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  333. ^ "Entity Display : Sauropus androgynus". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  334. ^ Daniel E. Moerman, Native American Food Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary
  335. ^ "Entity Display : Saxifraga pensylvanica". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  336. ^ "Entity Display : Saxifraga stolonifera". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  337. ^ "GRIN #1098". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  338. ^ "Entity Display : Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  339. ^ "Entity Display : Scolymus maculatus". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  340. ^ "GRIN #1101". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  341. ^ "Entity Display : Scorzonera hispanica". Archive.is. 2012-07-07. Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  342. ^ "Entity Display : Scutellaria baicalensis". Archive.is. 2012-07-12. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  343. ^ "GRIN #1104". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  344. ^ "Entity Display : Sechium edule". Archive.is. 2012-07-16. Archived from the original on 2012-07-16. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  345. ^ Sedum Anacampseros, Evergreen Orpine - Food Resource Archived November 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  346. ^ Pojar, Jim; MacKinnon, Andy (2004). "Plants of Coastal British Columbia, including Washington, Oregon, & Alaska". ecoport.org. p. 156. Archived from the original on 2016-01-16.
  347. ^ "Sedum rupestre - L. Crooked Yellow Stonecrop". Plants for a Future. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
  348. ^ "Rosecrown - Sedum rhodanthum". 28 August 2004. Archived from the original on 28 August 2004.
  349. ^ "Entity Display : Sedum telephium". ecoport.org.
  350. ^ "àčàžàž‡àž‚àž”àč‰àč€àž«àž„àč‡àž - Kaeng khilek". Papamenu.com. 23 March 2010. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  351. ^ G. J. H. Grubben, Vegetables, Plant Resources of Tropical Africa Archived May 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  352. ^ "GRIN #1110". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  353. ^ "Entity Display : Sesamum alatum". Archive.is. 2012-07-12. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  354. ^ "GRIN #1111". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  355. ^ "Entity Display : Sesamum indicum L." ecoport.org.
  356. ^ "GRIN #1113". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  357. ^ "Entity Display : Sesamum radiatum". Archive.is. 2012-07-16. Archived from the original on 2012-07-16. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  358. ^ "PROTA". Database.prota.org. Archived from the original on 2018-03-01. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  359. ^ "GRIN #1114". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  360. ^ "Entity Display : Sesbania grandiflora". Archive.is. 2012-07-13. Archived from the original on 2012-07-13. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  361. ^ "Duke". Hort.purdue.edu. 1998-01-09. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  362. ^ "Entity Display : Sesbania sesban". Archive.is. 2012-07-18. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  363. ^ "Entity Display : Sesuvium portulacastrum". Archive.is. 2012-07-07. Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  364. ^ "GRIN #1116". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  365. ^ "Entity Display : Setaria palmifolia". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  366. ^ "Entity Display : Sicyos angulatus". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  367. ^ "Silaum silaus – Pepper Saxifrage". Emorsgate Seeds. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  368. ^ "Entity Display : Silene acaulis". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  369. ^ "GRIN #1120". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  370. ^ "Entity Display : Silene vulgaris". Archive.is. 2012-07-12. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  371. ^ "Entity Display : Silybum marianum". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  372. ^ "Entity Display : Sinapis alba". Archive.is. Archived from the original on 2013-01-13. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  373. ^ "Duke". Hort.purdue.edu. 1998-01-09. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  374. ^ "Entity Display : Sinapis arvensis". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  375. ^ "Entity Display : Sisymbrium altissimum". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  376. ^ "Entity Display : Sisymbrium crassifolium". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  377. ^ "Entity Display : Sisymbrium officinale". Archive.is. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  378. ^ "Entity Display : Smyrnium olusatrum". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  379. ^ "GRIN #70741". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  380. ^ "Entity Display : Solenostemon rotundifolius". ecoport.org.
  381. ^ "Entity Display : Solidago missouriensis". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  382. ^ "Entity Display : Sonchus arvensis". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  383. ^ "Entity Display : Sonchus asper". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  384. ^ "Entity Display : Sophora japonica". Archive.is. 2013-01-13. Archived from the original on 2013-01-13. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  385. ^ "Entity Display : Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn". Archive.is. 2013-01-13. Archived from the original on 2013-01-13. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  386. ^ "GRIN #1157". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  387. ^ "Entity Display : Sphenostylis stenocarpa". Archive.is. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  388. ^ "GRIN #1158". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  389. ^ "Entity Display : Spinacia oleracea". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  390. ^ "Entity Display : Spirodela polyrhiza". Archive.is. 2013-01-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2018-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  391. ^ "GRIN #1165". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  392. ^ "Entity Display : Stellaria media". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  393. ^ "Entity Display : Sterculia foetida L." ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  394. ^ "GRIN #1172". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  395. ^ "Entity Display : Strychnos spinosa". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  396. ^ "Entity Display : Suaeda maritima". ecoport.org. 13 January 2013. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013.
  397. ^ "Entity Display : Symphytum officinale". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  398. ^ "Entity Display : Synedrella nodiflora". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  399. ^ "GRIN #1182". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  400. ^ "Entity Display : Syzygium malaccense". ecoport.org.
  401. ^ "Entity Display : Syzygium polycephalum". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  402. ^ "Entity Display : Talinum portulacifolium". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  403. ^ "Entity Display : Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  404. ^ "Entity Display : Tanacetum vulgare". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  405. ^ "GRIN #1189". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  406. ^ "Entity Display : Taraxacum officinale". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  407. ^ "GRIN #1190". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  408. ^ "Entity Display : Telfairia occidentalis". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  409. ^ "Entity Display : Tetragonia implexicoma". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  410. ^ "GRIN #1194". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  411. ^ "Entity Display : Tetragonia tetragonioides". ecoport.org. 13 January 2013. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013.
  412. ^ "Entity Display : Thlaspi arvense". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  413. ^ "Entity Display : Thymus vulgaris". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  414. ^ "Entity Display : Toddalia asiatica". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  415. ^ "Entity Display : Tordylium apulum". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  416. ^ "Entity Display : Tragopogon dubius". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  417. ^ "GRIN #1205". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  418. ^ "Entity Display : Tragopogon porrifolius". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  419. ^ "Entity Display : Tragopogon pratensis". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  420. ^ "Entity Display : Trianthema portulacastrum". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  421. ^ Wild Plants Archived 2016-02-18 at the Wayback Machine
  422. ^ "Entity Display : Trifolium hybridum". ecoport.org. 8 July 2012. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012.
  423. ^ "Entity Display : Trifolium pratense". ecoport.org. 9 July 2012. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012.
  424. ^ "Trifolium pratense". www.hort.purdue.edu.
  425. ^ "Entity Display : Trifolium repens". ecoport.org. 12 July 2012. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012.
  426. ^ "Entity Display : Trigonella caerulea". ecoport.org. 8 July 2012. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012.
  427. ^ "GRIN #1217". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  428. ^ "Entity Display : Trigonella corniculata". ecoport.org. 13 January 2013. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013.
  429. ^ "Entity Display : Trillium erectum". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  430. ^ "Entity Display : Trillium grandiflorum". ecoport.org. 13 January 2013. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013.
  431. ^ "Entity Display : Trillium undulatum". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  432. ^ "GRIN #1235". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  433. ^ "Entity Display : Tropaeolum majus". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  434. ^ "GRIN #1236". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  435. ^ "Entity Display : Tropaeolum minus". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  436. ^ "GRIN #1237". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  437. ^ "Entity Display : Tropaeolum tuberosum". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  438. ^ "Entity Display : Tulbaghia alliacea". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  439. ^ "Entity Display : Tussilago farfara". ecoport.org.
  440. ^ "Entity Display : Typha elephantina". ecoport.org. 13 January 2013. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013.
  441. ^ "GRIN #1242". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  442. ^ "Entity Display : Ullucus tuberosus". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  443. ^ "Entity Display : Ulmus pumila". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  444. ^ "Entity Display : Urena lobata". ecoport.org.
  445. ^ "Entity Display : Urtica dioica". ecoport.org. 15 July 2012. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012.
  446. ^ "Entity Display : Urtica urens". ecoport.org. 13 July 2012. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012.
  447. ^ "GRIN #1259". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  448. ^ "Entity Display : Valerianella eriocarpa". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  449. ^ "GRIN #1260". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  450. ^ "Entity Display : Valerianella locusta". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  451. ^ "Entity Display : Verbena officinalis". ecoport.org. 13 January 2013. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013.
  452. ^ "GRIN #1264". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  453. ^ "Entity Display : Vernonia amygdalina". ecoport.org. 13 January 2013. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013.
  454. ^ "Entity Display : Veronica anagallis-aquatica". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  455. ^ "Entity Display : Veronica beccabunga". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  456. ^ "Entity Display : Viola adunca". ecoport.org. 13 January 2013. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013.
  457. ^ "Entity Display : Viola canadensis". ecoport.org. 13 January 2013. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013.
  458. ^ "Entity Display : Viola odorata". ecoport.org.
  459. ^ "Entity Display : Viola pedata". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  460. ^ "Entity Display : Vitex doniana". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  461. ^ "Entity Display : Vitis amurensis". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  462. ^ "Entity Display : Vitis californica". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  463. ^ "GRIN #1285". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  464. ^ "Entity Display : Vitis labrusca". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  465. ^ "GRIN #1287". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  466. ^ "Entity Display : Vitis vinifera". ecoport.org.
  467. ^ "Vitis vinifera". www.hort.purdue.edu.
  468. ^ "Entity Display : Wisteria floribunda". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  469. ^ "Entity Display : Wolffia arrhiza". ecoport.org. 8 July 2012. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012.
  470. ^ "GRIN #1292". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  471. ^ "Entity Display : Xanthosoma brasiliense". ecoport.org. 13 January 2013. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013.
  472. ^ "GRIN #1294". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  473. ^ "Entity Display : Xanthosoma sagittifolium". ecoport.org.
  474. ^ "GRIN #1295". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  475. ^ "Entity Display : Xanthosoma violaceum". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  476. ^ "GRIN #1296". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.
  477. ^ "Entity Display : Ximenia americana". ecoport.org. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  478. ^ "Entity Display : Zingiber zerumbet". ecoport.org. 13 January 2013. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013.

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