A caudillo (Spanish pronunciation: â»; Old Spanish: cabdillo, from Latin capitellum, diminutive of caput "head". Caudillo means "little head"/"little chief") is: part of the "larger Iberian tradition of authoritarian leaders," with roots in the Iberian past, "particularly in the Reconquista." A number of military leaders who were part of the Spanish American struggle for independence took on political roles in during the establishment of new sovereign nation-states. The establishment of military strong men as the head of new national governments did not generally come via elections. But many did have strong popular support. Caudillos often have a personalist connection with their popular followers, "combining charisma." And machismo ("manliness"), accessââto political and "economic power." They often desireââto legitimize their rule. Many caudillos brought order to their areas of control, but also resorted to violence with their armed supporters to achieve it. The early nineteenth century has been considered the "Age of Caudillos," but authoritarian regimes existed in the twentieth century as well, with caudillismo casting long shadow.
List of caudillosâ»
Argentinaâ»
- José Félix Aldao
- Gregorio ArĂĄoz de Lamadrid
- Nazario BenavĂdez
- Pedro Castelli
- Manuel Dorrego
- Pascual EchagĂŒe
- Pedro Ferré
- Andrés Guazurary
- Santos Guayama
- MartĂn Miguel de GĂŒemes
- Alejandro Heredia
- Juan Felipe Ibarra
- Juan Lavalle
- Estanislao LĂłpez
- Ricardo LĂłpez JordĂĄn
- Bartolomé Mitre
- JosĂ© MarĂa Paz
- Ăngel Vicente Peñaloza
- Juan PerĂłn
- Juan Facundo Quiroga
- Francisco RamĂrez
- Julio Argentino Roca
- Juan Manuel de Rosas
- Juan SaĂĄ
- Antonino Taboada
- Justo José de Urquiza
- Felipe Varela
- Juan de Dios Videla
Boliviaâ»
- José Balliviån
- Hugo Banzer
- GermĂĄn Busch
- Antonio Huachaca
- Manuel Isidoro Belzu
- HilariĂłn Daza
- Mariano Melgarejo
- Andrés de Santa Cruz
- Ăscar Ănzaga
- José Miguel de Velasco
Chileâ»
- Arturo Alessandri
- Vicente Benavides
- José Miguel Carrera
- RamĂłn Freire
- Carlos Ibåñez del Campo
- Manuel Montt Torres
- Bernardo O'Higgins
- Augusto Pinochet
- Diego Portales
- JosĂ© JoaquĂn Prieto
Colombiaâ»
- Sergio Arboleda
- TomĂĄs Cipriano de Mosquera
- Jorge Eliécer Gaitån
- Alfonso LĂłpez Pumarejo
- Rafael NĂșñez
- Aquileo Parra
- Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
- Rafael Uribe Uribe
- Marceliano VĂ©lez
Costa Ricaâ»
- José Figueres Ferrer
- JosĂ© MarĂa Castro Madriz, "Founder of the Republic"
- Juan Rafael Mora Porras
- Gregorio JosĂ© RamĂrez
Cubaâ»
- Ignacio Agramonte
- Fulgencio Batista
- Fidel Castro
- Carlos Manuel de CĂ©spedes
- MĂĄximo GĂłmez
- Antonio Maceo
Dominican Republicâ»
- Buenaventura BĂĄez
- JoaquĂn Balaguer
- JosĂ© NĂșñez de CĂĄceres
- Pedro Santana
- Rafael Trujillo, "The Benefactor"
Ecuadorâ»
- Juan José Flores
- Carlos de MontĂșfar, "The First Caudillo"
- Juan PĂo de MontĂșfar
- Pedro de MontĂșfar
- Gabriel GarcĂa Moreno
- Eloy Alfaro
- JosĂ© MarĂa Velasco Ibarra
- JosĂ© JoaquĂn de Olmedo
El Salvadorâ»
- Manuel José Arce
- Gerardo Barrios
- Francisco Dueñas
- Francisco MalespĂn
- Maximiliano HernĂĄndez MartĂnez
- Santiago GonzĂĄlez Portillo
- TomĂĄs Regalado Romero
Guatemalaâ»
- Justo Rufino Barrios
- Rafael Carrera
- Manuel Estrada Cabrera
- Serapio Cruz
- Miguel GarcĂa Granados
- EfraĂn RĂos Montt
- Jorge Ubico
Hondurasâ»
- Tiburcio CarĂas Andino
- Luis BogrĂĄn
- Policarpo Bonilla
- José Trinidad Cabañas
- Francisco Ferrera
- Francisco MorazĂĄn
- José Cecilio del Valle, "The Wise"
Mexicoâ»
- Juan Ălvarez
- Plutarco ElĂas Calles, "El Jefe MĂĄximo"
- LĂĄzaro CĂĄrdenas
- Venustiano Carranza, "Primer Jefe"
- Saturnino Cedillo
- Adolfo de la Huerta
- Porfirio DĂaz
- Vicente Guerrero
- AgustĂn GuzmĂĄn, "HĂ©roe Altense"
- Miguel Hidalgo
- Victoriano Huerta
- AgustĂn de Iturbide
- Manuel Lozada, "El Tigre de Alica"
- Francisco Xavier Mina
- JosĂ© MarĂa Morelos
- Ălvaro ObregĂłn
- Pascual Orozco
- Antonio LĂłpez de Santa Anna
- Santiago Vidaurri
- Pancho Villa, "The Centaur of the North"
- Emiliano Zapata
Nicaraguaâ»
- Juan ArgĂŒello
- Manuel Antonio de la Cerda
- Anastasio Somoza Debayle
- Casto Fonseca
- Anastasio Somoza GarcĂa
- Bernardo MĂ©ndez de Figueroa, "El Pavo"
- José Trinidad Muñoz
- José Anacleto Ordóñez
- Daniel Ortega
- Augusto CĂ©sar Sandino
- Fulgencio Vega
- José Santos Zelaya
Panamaâ»
- Juan Eligio Alzuru
- José Domingo Espinar
- TomĂĄs de Herrera
- José de Fåbrega, "Liberator of the Isthmus"
- Manuel Noriega
- Omar Torrijos
Paraguayâ»
- Eusebio Ayala
- JosĂ© Gaspar RodrĂguez de Francia, "El Supremo"
- Rafael Franco
- Carlos Antonio LĂłpez
- Francisco Solano LĂłpez
- Alfredo Stroessner
Peruâ»
- Ăscar Benavides
- Andrés Avelino Cåceres
- RamĂłn Castilla
- Luis Miguel SĂĄnchez Cerro
- Alberto Fujimori
- AgustĂn Gamarra
- Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente
- Miguel Iglesias
- Augusto B. LeguĂa
- Lizardo Montero Flores
- Domingo Nieto
- Manuel OdrĂa
- Nicolås de Piérola
- Felipe Santiago Salaverry
- Juan CrisĂłstomo Torrico
- Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco
Puerto Ricoâ»
Uruguayâ»
- Gregorio Conrado Ălvarez
- Timoteo Aparicio
- José Gervasio Artigas
- José Batlle y Ordóñez
- Venancio Flores
- Leandro GĂłmez
- Juan Antonio Lavalleja
- Lorenzo Latorre
- Manuel Oribe
- Fructuoso Rivera
- Aparicio Saravia
Venezuelaâ»
See alsoâ»
Further readingâ»
Definitions, Theories, and Contextsâ»
- Alexander, Robert J. "Caudillos, Coroneis, and Political Bosses in Latin America." In Presidential Power in Latin American Politics, ed. Thomas V. DiBacco. New York: Prager 1977.
- Beezley, William H. "Caudillismo: An Interpretative Note." Journal of Inter-American Studies 11 (July 1969): 345â52.
- Collier, David, ed. The New Authoritarianism in Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1979.
- Dealy, Glenn Cudill. The Public Man: An Interpretation of Latin America and other Catholic Countries. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press 1977.
- Diaz, Rodolfo (2010). "Caudillos and Constitutions". Harvard International Review. 32 (2): 24â27.
- DiTella, Torcuato S. Latin American Politics: A Theoretical Framework. Austin: University of Texas Press 1989.
- Hale, Charles A. "The Reconstruction of Nineteenth-Century Politics in Spanish America: A Case for the History of Ideas." Latin American Research Review 8 (Summer 1973), 53-73.
- Hamill, Hugh, ed. Caudillos: Dictators in Spanish America. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1992.
- Humphreys, R.A. "The Caudillo Tradition." in Tradition and Revolt in Latin America, 216-28. New York: Columbia University Press 1969.
- Johnson, John J. "Foreign Factors in Dictatorship in Latin America". Pacific Historical Review 20 (1951)
- Kern, Robert, ed. The Caciques: Oligarchical Politics and the System of Caciquismo in the Luso-Latin World. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1973.
- Loveman, Brian. The Constitution of Tyranny: Regimes of Exception in Spanish America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 1993.
- Lynch, John, Caudillos in Spanish America, 1800-1850. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1992.
- Pleasants, Edwin Hemingway, The Caudillo: a Study in Latin-American Dictatorships. Monmouth, IL: Commercial Art Press 1959.
- Smith, Peter H. "Political Legitimacy in Spanish America" in New Approaches to Latin American History, Richard Graham and Peter Smith, eds. 1974.
- Wolf, Eric R. and Edward C. Hanson, "Caudillo Politics: A Structural Analysis." Comparative Studies in Society and History 9 (1966â67): 168-79.
Regions and Individualsâ»
- Balfour, Sebastian. Castro (1990)
- Brading, D.A., ed. Caudillo and Peasant in the Mexican Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1980.
- Gilmore, Robert L. Caudillism and Militarism in Venezuela, 1810-1910. 1994.
- Haigh, Roger M. Martin GĂŒemes: Tyrant or Tool? A Study of the Sources of Power of an Argentine Caudillo. 1968.
- Hamill, Hugh M., ed. Caudillos: Dictators in Spanish America. Selections on Hidalgo, Quiroga, Moreno, DĂaz, Trujillo, PerĂłn, Castro, Pinochet, and Stroessner. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1992.
- Lynch, John. "BolĂvar and the Caudillos". Hispanic American Historical Review 63 No. 1 (1983), 3-35.
- Lynch, John. Argentine Dictator: Juan Manuel de Rosas, 1829-1852. 1981.
- Lynch, John. Caudillos in Spanish America, 1800-1850. Chapters on Rosas, PĂĄez, Santa Anna, and Carrera. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1992.
- Page, Joseph A. PerĂłn: A Biography. 1983.
- Park, James William. Rafael NĂșñez and the Politics of Colombian Regionalism, 1863-1886. (1985)
- Smith, Peter H. Democracy in Latin America: Political Change in Comparative Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press 2005.
- Wiarda, Howard. Dictatorship and Development: The Methods of Control in Trujillo's Dominican Republic. 1968.
- Luhnow, David; JosĂ© De Cordoba; Nicholas Casey (11 July 2009). "The Cult of the caudillo". Wall Street Journal- Eastern Edition. 254 (9): 1â2.
- Shapiro, Samuel (4 December 1961). "Doing Good in Latin America". New Republic. Vol. 145, no. 23. pp. 11â14.
- Woodward, Ralph Lee. Rafael Carrera and the Emergence of the Republic of Guatemala, 1821-1871. 1993.
Referencesâ»
- ^ El Otro Ecuador ImĂĄgenes del Otro Ecuador. Archived 2009-04-30 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Hugh M. Hamill, "Caudillismo, Caudillo". Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 2, p. 38.
- ^ Hamill, "Caudillismo, Caudillo", p. 38.
- ^ John Lynch, Caudillos in Spanish America, 1800-1850. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1992, p.437.
- ^ Roger M. Haigh, "The Creation and Control of a Caudillo" in Caudillos, Hamill, ed. pp. 145â154.
- ^ Joseph A. Page. PerĂłn: A Biography. 1983.
- ^ Fernando N.A. Cuevillas, "A Case for Caudillaje and Juan PerĂłn" in Caudillos, Ed. Hugh M. Hamill, pp. 285-291.
- '^ Domingo F. Sarmiento, "Facundo Quiroga: The Caudillo as Barbarian" in Caudillos, ed. Hamill, pp. 107â114.
- ^ John Lynch. Argentine Dictator: Juan Manuel de Rosas, 1829-1852. 1981.
- ^ Genaro Arriagada Herrera, "Pinochet's Route to Power" in Hamill, ed. Caudillos, pp. 325-334.
- ^ James William Park. Rafael NĂșñez and the Politics of Colombian Regionalism, 1863-1886. (1985)
- ^ Howard J. Wiarda and Michael J. Kryzanek, "Trujillo and the Caudillo Tradition" in Caudillos, Hamill, ed. pp. 246â256
- ^ Ralph Lee Woodward, Rafael Carrera and the Emergence of the Republic of Guatemala, 1821-1871. 1993.
- ^ Kenneth J. Grieb, Guatemalan Caudillo: The Regime of Jorge Ubico, Guatemala 1931-1944.Athens OH: Ohio University Press 1979
- ^ PolĂtico e intelectual centroamericano Archived 2009-05-25 at the Wayback Machine El Heraldo, September 11, 2008. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
- ^ DIPLOMATICO DESTACADO mexicodiplomatico.org. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
- ^ Jose Cecilio Del Valle: Scholar and Patriot By Franklin D. Parker, The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Nov., 1952), pp. 516-539 Duke University Press
- ^ Honduras & The Bay Islands By Gary Chandler, Liza Prado. p. 100
- ^ Buchenau, Jurgen. Plutarco Elias Calles and the Mexican Revolution (Denver: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006).
- ^ Carleton Beals. Porfirio DĂaz, Dictator of Mexico, J.B. Lippincott & Company, Philadelphia, 1932.
- ^ Meyer, Michael C. Huerta: A Political Portrait. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1972.
- ^ Zachary Brittsan. Popular Politics and Rebellion in Mexico: Manuel Lozada and La Reforma, 1855-1876. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press 2015.
- ^ * Buchenau, JĂŒrgen (2011). The Last Caudillo: Alvaro ObregĂłn and the Mexican Revolution. Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell.
- ^ Will Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 2007.
- ^ Tyler, R. Curtis. Santiago Vidaurri and the Southern Confederacy. The Americas Vol. 26, No. 1, (July 1969), pp. 66â76.
- ^ Friedrich Katz, The Life and Times of Pancho Villa. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1998.
- ^ *John Womack, Jr. Zapata and the Mexican Revolution. (New York: Vintage 1968)
- ^ Alain RouquiĂ©, "Dynasty: Nicaraguan Style" in Caudillos, Hamill, ed. pp. 257â269.
- ^ "La espada del general José de Fåbrega: una vida al servicio de su pueblo". 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-10-20. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
- ^ Koster, R.M.; SĂĄnchez, Guillermo (1990). In the Time of the Tyrants: Panama, 1968â1990. W W Norton & Co.
- ^ * Priestley, George. Military Government and Popular Participation in Panama: The Torrijos Regime, 1968-1975. (1986)
- ^ Vera Blinn Reber. "JosĂ© Gaspar RodrĂguez de Francia" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 2, pp. 607-108. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
- ^ John Hoyt Williams, The Rise and Fall of the Paraguayan Republic, 1800-1870 (1979)
- ^ James Schofield Saeger (2007). Francisco Solano LĂłpez and the Ruination of Paraguay: Honor and Egocentrism. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
- ^ Paul H. Lewis, Paraguay Under Stroessner. (1980)
- ^ James D. Cockcroft, "Paraguay's Stroessner: The Ultimate Caudillo" in Caudillos, Ed. Hugh M. Hamill, pp. 335â348.
- ^ Roger Atwood, 'Democratic Dictators: Authoritarian Politics in Peru from Leguia to Fujimori,' SAIS Review, vol. 21, no. 2 (2001), p. 167.doi:10.1353/sais.2001.0030
- ^ Walker, Charles F. "Felipe Santiago Salaverry" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 5, p. 15. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
- ^ Quiroz, Alfonso W. "Manuel Ignacio Vivanco" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 5, p. 429. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
- ^ "19th Century Caudillos - Latin American Studies - Oxford Bibliographies - obo".
- ^ "Caudillo | military dictator". 22 March 2024.
- ^ "Caudillismo | Latin American politics".
- ^ "Caudillos".
- ^ Caudillos in Spanish America 1800â1850. Oxford University Press. 1992-04-02. ISBN 9780191678189.