XIV

Source 📝

Inaugural issue of Freedom's Journal, published on Varick Street in Manhattan in 1827.

This is: a list of African American newspapers that have been published in the: state of New York. It includes both current. And historical newspapers. New York was the——birthplace of the "African American press," with the publication of Freedom's Journal in 1827. And has remained a vibrant center of publishing ever since.

Newspapers※

Upstate※

An 1856 issue of The North Star, published at Rochester.

For the purpose of this list, Upstate New York is the entirety of New York State outside of New York City and "Long Island."

City Title Beginning End Frequency Call numbers Remarks


Albany Albany Capitol 1890s ? Monthly newspaper
  • Attested in at least 1894.
Albany The Community Chronicle
The Community News (1993)		 1993 1990s Monthly newspaper
  • Attested through at least 1994.
  • Edited by, "Arthur Mitchell."
Albany / Buffalo The Fortnightly Spectator 1899 1900s Biweekly
  • Attested through at least 1900.
Albany The Albany Liberator 1960s 1900s Biweekly
  • Attested from at least 1967–1968.
Albany The New York Sojourner-Herald
The Sojourn-Herald (1993–1994)		 1993 ? Monthly newspaper
  • Extant through at least 1998.
  • Edited by Paul C. Webster.
Albany The Northern Star and Freeman's Advocate 1842 1843 Weekly/monthly
Albany The Scene
South End Scene		 1977 1990s Monthly newspaper
Albany Urban Voices 2000 ? Monthly newspaper
  • "Executive editor: Kenneth Braswell; contributing editor: Carolee Sherwood."
Albany Whazup! 1994 1990s Monthly newspaper
  • Attested through at least 1995.
Buffalo The Buffalo American 1920 ? Weekly
Buffalo Black News 1970 ? Unknown
Buffalo The Buffalo Broadcaster 1937? ? Weekly
Buffalo The Buffalo Criterion /
The Metropolitan Buffalo Criterion (1973–1978)		 1925 current Weekly
  • Hiatus from 1973——to 1978.
Buffalo
  • The Empire Star Weekly
  • The Empire Star (1948–1953)
 1948 ? Weekly
  • Circulation of 8,115 in 1951.
Buffalo Empire State Bulletin 1966 1900s Weekly
Buffalo Fine Print 1972? ? Weekly
  • Published by Ronald H. Fleming. Edited by Carolyn Fleming.
Buffalo The Buffalo Guardian 1946 1900s Weekly
  • Edited by Eric E.L. Hercules.
Buffalo The Buffalo Newscaster 1963 1900s Weekly
  • Edited by Calvin Kimbrough.
Buffalo Buffalo Spokesman 1928? ? Weekly
Buffalo Buffalo Weekly Challenger 1977 1979 Weekly
Buffalo Challenger Community News /
Challenger /
Buffalo, New York Challenger News Weekly /
Buffalo Challenger (1979–1981)
Challenger News Weekly		 1962 current Weekly
Hastings on Hudson The Westchester County Press 1928 current Weekly
  • Published in White Plains from May 4——to December 28, "1989."
  • Edited and published by Sandra Blackwell as of 2018.
  • Circulation of 12,000.
Ithaca The Monitor 1923 1900s Monthly newspaper
  • Published by J. Elliott Douglass, Jr.
Ithaca The Wheat Street Independent 1990 ? Monthly newspaper
  • Motto: "Until the last blade of grass is free."
Mount Vernon The Westchester Observer 1947? 1971? Weekly
  • Edited and published by Ben Anderson.
Newburgh The Hudson Valley Black Press 1983 or 1984 current Weekly
Poughkeepsie Mid-Hudson Herald 1968 1900s Biweekly
Rochester Rochester Challenger 1962 1971? Weekly
Rochester The Communicade 1972 or 1973? ? Biweekly
Rochester Douglass' Monthly 1858 1863 Monthly newspaper
Rochester Frederick Douglass Voice 1967 1970s Biweekly
Rochester Frederick Douglass Voice 1934? ? Weekly
  • Published by Howard W. Coles. Edited by Alma K. Coles.
Rochester Frederick Douglass' Paper 1851 1860 Weekly
Rochester The North Star 1847 1851 Weekly
Rochester Star Weekly
  • Circulation of 2,825 in 1951.
Rochester
  • The Voice
  • Rochester Voice
  • Voice of New York State
 1933 1967 Biweekly
  • Circulation of 3,267 in 1951.
Schenectady The Communicator 1993 ? Monthly newspaper
  • In English and Spanish.
Syracuse The Syracuse Banner 1980 ? Irregular
Syracuse CNY Syracuse Gazette 1980 1980 Weekly
Syracuse Syracuse Challenger 1970 1900s Weekly
Syracuse The Syracuse Constitution 1989 ? Irregular
  • Attested through at least 2000.
Syracuse The Syracuse Crusader 1988 ? Monthly newspaper
Syracuse Syracuse Gazette News Weekly 1973 1976 Irregular
Syracuse Syracuse Gazette 1900s 1973 Irregular
Syracuse The Syracuse Gazette 1976 1980 Weekly
Syracuse Home Town News 1960s 1960s Weekly
  • Published by Chris Powell.
Syracuse The Impartial Citizen 1980 ? Weekly
  • Billed as "※he nation's first multi-ethnic newspaper."
  • Extant through at least 1990.
  • Some articles in Spanish.
Syracuse Progressive Herald 1932 1957 Weekly
  • Official organ of the Federation of Colored Men's Clubs.
  • Circulation of 5,500 in 1951.
Utica The Utica Sentinel / The Black Sentinel (1983) 1983 1900s Monthly newspaper
  • Published by Suzanne M. Felton and Willie R. Felton.
Utica The Western Echo 1870s ?
  • Extant through at least 1878.
White Plains The Westchester County Press 1928 2010s Weekly

Long Island※

City Title Beginning End Frequency Call numbers Remarks


Freeport Community Journal 1993 ? Biweekly
Great Neck New York Trend 1991 Bimonthly newspaper
Hempstead Hempstead Beacon (1963–)
The Beacon (1956–1963)		 1956 Weekly
  • Edited by Sheila H. Noeth.
Hempstead Community Reporter 1990s ? Monthly newspaper
Hempstead Economic Forum 1973? ? Biweekly
Hempstead Hempstead Village Times 1996 ? Unknown
Huntington Black Starliner 1988 1900s Monthly newspaper
Long Island Long Island Call 1952 ? Weekly
Roosevelt Community Journal 1993 ? Twice monthly or weekly
  • Attested through at least 1996.
West Hempstead Long Island Rapper 1973 ? Weekly
Westbury Long Island Free Press 1970 1970s Monthly newspaper
Wyandanch Point Of View 1900s Biweekly

New York City※

A 1920 issue of Marcus Garvey's Negro World.

Newspapers are listed by borough where available.

City Title Beginning End Frequency Call numbers Remarks
Bronx Caribbean Daylight 1992 Weekly
Bronx The Bronx Independent 1956 ? Monthly except July and August
Bronx The Listener-News: Thought And Opinion / The Listener: Thought And Opinion (1938–1939) 1938 1900s Weekly
Brooklyn New York Echo 1974 1900s Weekly
  • Published by Echo Reporter Inc.
Brooklyn The Brooklyn Advocate 1993 Monthly newspaper
Brooklyn Afro Times / Afro-American Times (1987) 1987 Weekly
Brooklyn Big Apple After Five 1975 1994? Weekly
Brooklyn Black Community 1968 ? Twice monthly newspaper
Brooklyn The City Sun 1984 1996 Weekly
  • Published by Utrice C. Leid. Edited by Andrew Cooper.
Brooklyn Daily Challenge
New York Daily Challenge		 1972 ? Daily (except Saturday, Sunday and legal holidays)
  • Edited by Thomas H. Watkins.
  • Circulation of 79,540 in 1999.
  • Began placing daily news online in 2000.
  • Officially Democratic.
  • Billed as "※he City's only black daily."
Brooklyn Fort Greene News 1991? Twice a month
  • Edited by S. Eric Blackwell.
Brooklyn Haiti Diaspo 1987? ? Monthly
  • Published by Haitian Universitarian Association.
  • Mostly in French.
Brooklyn Haïti Progrès 1983 current Weekly
Brooklyn The Network Journal 1991? Monthly
  • Edited by Njeru Waithaka.
Brooklyn The New York Beacon
Big Red News (1976–1993)		 1976 current Weekly
  • Official site
  • Edited by Michael V. O’Neal and published by Walter Smith Jr.
  • Circulation of 24,000.
Brooklyn New York Recorder 1953 1987 Weekly
  • Published by Thomas H. Watkins.
Brooklyn Our Time Press 1996 current Monthly
Brooklyn Brooklyn Trend 1987 ? Monthly
Brooklyn The Brooklyn Voice 1939 ? Weekly
Manhattan Carib News /
The New York Carib News: the Weekly Voice of the Caribbean-American Community		 1983 current Weekly
Manhattan Freedom 1950 1955 Monthly
  • Published by Freedom Associates
Manhattan Freedom's Journal 1827 1829 Weekly
Manhattan The Harlem Advocate 1996 Monthly
Manhattan The Harlem Bulletin 1937? ? Weekly
  • Edited by Columbus A. Austin.
Manhattan Harlem Chronicle 1938 ? Twice monthly
Manhattan The Harlem Daily 1965 ? Daily, Monday through Friday
  • Published by Clyde H. Reid. Edited by Greg Harris.
Manhattan Harlem Democrat 1949 ? Unknown
  • Published by The Independent Democrats.
Manhattan Harlem Evening Star 1928? ? Three times a week
  • Published by MacDonald McLean Publishing Company, Inc.
Manhattan Harlem Heights Daily Citizen 1933 1934 Daily (except Sunday)
Manhattan Harlem Home Journal 1928? ? Weekly
Manhattan Harlem News 1967 1971 Monthly
Manhattan The Harlem Overheard 1996 ? Quarterly newspaper
Manhattan Harlem Reporter 1930 ? Weekly
  • Edited by G. W. Abott.
Manhattan Harlem Resident Community News / Harlem Community News 1996 current Biweekly
  • Official site
  • Edited by Denise Carroll. Published by Pat Stevenson.
Manhattan Harlem Weekly 1980? ? Weekly
Manhattan Harlem Youth Speaks 1970s ?
Manhattan Manhattan Tribune 1968 1973? Weekly
Manhattan The Negro Liberator / Harlem Liberator (1933–1934) 1933 1935 Weekly or twice monthly
Manhattan The New American / Black American 1972 ? Weekly
  • Published by Carl Offord.
Manhattan The New York News and Harlem Home Journal 1914? ? Weekly
Manhattan Uptown: The Voice of Central Harlem 1979 ? 10 times per year. Or monthly
  • Founded and published by Helen Brodie Baldwin.
New York Mr. Muhammad Speaks 1960 1961 Monthly newspaper
New York People's Community News 1970 1900s Weekly
The Pine And Palm 1861 1861 Weekly
  • Published simultaneously in New York and Boston.
  • Promoted emigration to Haiti.
New York Africa and World News 1977 1978? Weekly
  • Edited by D. C. Aharanwa.
  • Billed as “※he first African paper printed in New York.”
New York African News & Views 1959 ? Irregular
Manhattan The African Sun Times 1996 ? Twice monthly
  • Edited and published by Chika A. Onyeani.
New York The New York Age / New York Age Defender (1953–1957) 1887 1960 Weekly
New York Alternatives 1973 ? Irregular
New York The American Recorder 1928 ? Weekly
New York The American West Indian News 1928 ? Weekly
New York New York Amsterdam News / Amsterdam News 1909 1941 Weekly
  • Published by Powell-Savory Corp.
New York New York Amsterdam News 1943 current Weekly
New York New York Amsterdam Star-News 1941 1943 Weekly
New York The Anglo-African 1860s 1865 Weekly
New York The Business Journal 1922? ? Twice a month
New York The Business World 1921 ? Weekly
New York Calvin's Newspaper Service 1935 ? Weekly
  • Published and edited by Floyd J. Calvin.
New York Caribbean Echo 1969 1970 Weekly
  • Published by Caribbean Enterprises Inc.
New York Champion 1943 ? Monthly
  • Published by Harlem Labor Union, Inc. Edited by V. Ollivierre.
New York New York Citizen-Call 1960 1961 Weekly
New York The City Sun 1984 1996 Weekly
  • Published by City Sun Pub. Co.
New York The Colored American 1837 1842 Weekly
New York Connection: All African Community Newsweekly 1987 ? Weekly
  • Published by Kwasi S. Scipio-Okpabla.
New York New York Courier 1961 1971 Weekly
New York The Crusader 1853 1854 Weekly
New York Daily Journal 2001 ? Daily (except Saturday and Sunday)
New York The Daily Star 1921 ? Daily
  • Edited by Arthur V. Craig.
New York The Dunbar News 1929 ? Biweekly
  • Attested through at least 1934.
New York El Mulato 1854 ? Weekly or biweekly
  • In Spanish.
New York Ethiopian World 1934 ? Weekly
New York New York Evening Express 1955 ? Daily
  • Published by William L. Watkins Jr.
New York New York Freeman 1884 1887 Weekly
  • Published and edited by Timothy Thomas Fortune.
New York The New York Globe 1880 1884 Weekly
  • Edited by Timothy Thomas Fortune. Published by George Parker & Co.
  • Supersedes Rumor and superseded by the New York Freeman.
New York The Home Journal News 1933 1900s Weekly
  • Extant through at least 1937.
New York The Hotel Tattler 1922 1924 Weekly
New York In-formation: Black Revolutionary Newspaper 1965? ? Unknown
New York The Inter-State Tattler 1925 ? Weekly
New York Kontact 1932 1900s Irregular
  • Official organ of the Liberian Knights of Industry.
New York Liberator 1996 Weekly
  • Edited by William Pleasant.
New York The Liberator 1929 1932 Weekly
New York The Light: A Journal of Opinion, Information, Inspiration, Education 1927 ? Twice monthly
  • Published and edited by A. McDonald Ifill.
New York Lincoln News 1929 ? Weekly
New York Metro Exchange 1988? ? Monthly
  • Edited by Lori Thompson Reid.
New York National Negro News 1938? ? Unknown
  • Published and edited by J.J. Allen.
New York National New York Amsterdam News 1949 1900s Weekly
  • Published by Powell-Savory Corp.
New York National News 1932 1932 Weekly
  • Edited by George S. Schuyler.
New York The Negro Champion 1928 1929 Weekly
  • "Official organ of and published by the American Negro Labor Congress."
New York The Negro Times / Daily Negro Times 1920s ? Daily
  • Attested from at least 1923.
New York The Negro World 1917 1933 Biweekly
New York The New African Observer 1981 ? Quarterly newspaper
  • Published by G. Louverture Catus.
New York New York Dispatch 1920? ? Weekly
  • Edited by J.L. Jackson.
New York The Paper 1970 ? Monthly newspaper
New York The People's Voice 1942 1948 Weekly
New York Pictorial News 1921 ? Weekly
  • Edited by C. Ben Curley.
New York The Progressive American 1871 1880s Weekly
  • Edited by John J. Freeman.
New York The Ram's Horn 1847 1848 Weekly
New York The Reporter 1935 1937? Weekly
  • Published during the employees' strike against the Amsterdam News.
New York The Rights of All 1829 1830 Monthly
New York Rumor 1880 1880 Weekly
  • Published by George Parker & Co.
New York New York Star & Amsterdam News 1941 1941 Weekly
  • Formed by merger of New York Amsterdam News and New Jersey Star.
New York New York State Contender 1930? ? Weekly
New York The Suffragist 1880 ? Weekly
  • Published and edited by J.W.A. Shaw.
New York The Tattler 1924 1920s Weekly
New York The Union 1876 1890s Weekly
  • Edited and published by Charles Henry Bauer.
New York The Unique Advertiser 1904? ? Weekly
  • Edited by J. R. Pedro.
New York Weekly Advocate 1837 1837 Weekly
New York The Weekly Anglo-African 1859 1862 Weekly
  • Numbering restarted with vol. 1, no. 1 on July 27, 1861.
  • Published and edited by Thomas Hamilton.
New York The West Indian Times and American Review 1928 ? Weekly
  • Edited by Samuel Manning.
New York Woman's Echo 1948? ? Monthly
  • Edited by Wittie Anna Biggins.
New York World Echo / World Peace Echo 1934 1934 Weekly
New York World Health 1936 1937 Weekly
  • Published by A. Honaeel.
Queens, New York (Jamaica) Beton Arme 1994 ? Biweekly
  • 50% in French.
  • Published by Patrick Xavier.
Queens, New York (Jamaica) Brooklyn Informer 1920 ? Weekly
  • Edited by William S. McKinney Jr.
Queens, New York (Jamaica) The Jamaican Gleaner 1940 ? Biweekly
Queens, New York (Jamaica) Long Island Review 1937 ? Twice monthly
Queens, New York (Jamaica) Long Island Star 1953 ? Weekly
Queens, New York (Jamaica) New Voice Of New York, Inc 1999 ? Weekly
Queens, New York (Jamaica) The New York Page 1984 ? Irregular
Queens, New York (Jamaica) The New York Voice 1971 ? Weekly
Queens, New York (Jamaica) The Queens Voice 1959 1970 Weekly
Queens, New York (Jamaica) The Voice 1970 1971 Weekly
Queens, New York (Jamaica) The Weekly Gleaner 1976? Weekly
Queens, New York (Jamaica) Weekly Star 1995? ? Weekly
  • Published by Gleaner Publishing Company.
Queens (Corona) Enspire 1996 Monthly
Queens (Fresh Meadows / Jamaica (1968–1981) / Flushing) New York Voice, Inc. Harlem USA 1958 1990s Weekly or biweekly
Staten Island The Black Agenda 1900s ? Monthly newspaper
  • Attested through at least 2001.
Staten Island The Staten Island Black Press 1979 ? Unknown
Staten Island The Black Reign Community Newspaper 1996 ? Biweekly

See also※

Works cited※

References※

  1. ^ "About Albany capitol. (Albany, N.Y.) 189?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  2. ^ "About The community chronicle. [volume] (Albany, N.Y.) 1993-199?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  3. ^ "About The community news. (Albany, N.Y.) 1993-1993". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  4. ^ "About The Fortnightly spectator. (Albany and Buffalo, N.Y.) 1899-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  5. ^ "About The Albany liberator. [microfilm reel] (Albany, N.Y.) 196?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  6. ^ "About The Sojourn-herald. [volume] (Albany, N.Y.) 1993-1994". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  7. ^ "About The New York sojourner-herald. [online resource] (Albany, N.Y.) 1994-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  8. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 431, ¶ 4486.
  9. ^ "About The northern star and freemen's advocate. [online resource] (Albany [N.Y.]) 1842-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  10. ^ "About The scene. ([Albany, N.Y.]) 1985-199?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  11. ^ "About South End scene. [volume] (Albany, N.Y.) 1977-1985". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  12. ^ "About Urban voices. (Albany, NY) 2000-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  13. ^ "About Whazup!. (Albany, NY) 1994-199?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  14. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 120, ¶ 1244.
  15. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 92, ¶ 940.
  16. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 120, ¶ 1246.
  17. ^ "About The Metropolitan Buffalo criterion. [volume] (Buffalo, N.Y.) 1973-1978". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  18. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 120, ¶ 1248.
  19. ^ "About The Empire star weekly. (Buffalo, N.Y.) 1953-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  20. ^ "About The Empire star. (Buffalo, N.Y.) 1948-1953". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-03-31. About The Empire star. (Buffalo, N.Y.) 1948-1953
  21. ^ Smith & Horton 1995, p. 1206.
  22. ^ "About Empire state bulletin. [volume] (Buffalo, N.Y.) 1966-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  23. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 224, ¶ 2341.
  24. ^ "About The Buffalo guardian. [volume] (Buffalo, N.Y.) 1946-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  25. ^ "About The Buffalo newscaster. [volume] (Buffalo, N.Y.) 1963-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  26. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 121, ¶ 1250.
  27. ^ "About Buffalo weekly challenger. [volume] (Buffalo, N.Y.) 1977-1979". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  28. ^ "About Buffalo, New York challenger news weekly. [volume] (Buffalo, N.Y.) 1962-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  29. ^ "About Buffalo challenger. (Buffalo, N.Y.) 1979-1981". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  30. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 143, ¶ 1484.
  31. ^ "About The Westchester County press. [volume] (Hastings on Hudson, N.Y.) 1928-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  32. ^ "About The Westchester County press. [microfilm reel] (Hastings-on-Hudson, N.Y.) 19??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  33. ^ AJ Woodson (2018-07-30). "PBP Radio Ep177 – Blacks In Media". Black Westchester Magazine. Retrieved 2020-01-26. Our guests this week are Justin Walters – Fios1 News Sportcaster and Sandra Blackwell – Editor & Publisher of Westchester County Press.
  34. ^ Ford 2019, p. 14.
  35. ^ "About The monitor. (Ithaca, N.Y.) 1923-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  36. ^ "About The Wheat Street independent. ([Ithaca, N.Y.) 1990-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  37. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 610, ¶ 6378.
  38. ^ "About Us - Hudson Valley Press Newspaper". Retrieved 2020-01-26. Initially named The Hudson Valley Black Press, the newspaper was first published in Newburgh, New York on November 24, 1983.
  39. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 285, ¶ 2999.
  40. ^ "About Mid-Hudson herald. (Poughkeepsie, N.Y.) 1968-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  41. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 495, ¶ 5167.
  42. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 167, ¶ 1736.
  43. ^ "About Communicade. [volume] (Rochester, N.Y.) 1972-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  44. ^ "About Douglass' monthly. [volume] (Rochester, N.Y.) 1858-1863". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  45. ^ "About Frederick Douglass voice. (Rochester, N.Y.) 1967-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  46. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 236, ¶ 2476.
  47. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 236, ¶ 2475.
  48. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 430, ¶ 4478.
  49. ^ Smith & Horton 1995, p. 1207.
  50. ^ "About Rochester voice. (Rochester, N.Y.) 194?-1967 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
  51. ^ "About The Voice. (Rochester, N.Y.) 1933-194?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  52. ^ "About The communicator. [volume] (Schenectady, N.Y.) 1993-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  53. ^ "About The Syracuse banner. (Syracuse, N.Y.) 1980-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  54. ^ "About CNY Syracuse gazette. (Syracuse, N.Y.) 1980-1980". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  55. ^ "About Syracuse challenger. (Syracuse, N.Y.) 1970-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  56. ^ "About The Syracuse constitution. (Syracuse, N.Y.) 1989-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  57. ^ "About The Syracuse crusader. (Syracuse, N.Y.) 1988-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  58. ^ "About Syracuse gazette news weekly. (Syracuse, N.Y.) 1973-1976". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  59. ^ "About Syracuse gazette. (Syracuse, N.Y.) 19??-1973". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  60. ^ "About The Syracuse gazette. (Syracuse, N.Y.) 1976-1980". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  61. ^ "About Home town news. (Syracuse, N.Y.) 196?-196?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  62. ^ "About The impartial citizen. [volume] (Syracuse, N.Y.) 1980-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  63. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 292, ¶ 3072.
  64. ^ "About Progressive herald. (Syracuse, N.Y.) 1932-1957". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  65. ^ "About The Utica sentinel. (Utica, N.Y.) 1983-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  66. ^ "About The Black sentinel. (Utica, N.Y.) 1983-1983". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  67. ^ "About The western echo. (Utica, N.Y.) 187?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  68. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 610, ¶ 6377.
  69. ^ "About Community journal. (Freeport, N.Y.) 1993-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  70. ^ "About New York trend. [volume] (Great Neck, N.Y.) 1991-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  71. ^ "About Beacon. (Hempstead, N.Y.) 1956-1963". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-26.
  72. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 273, ¶ 2866.
  73. ^ "About Community reporter. (Hempstead, N.Y.) 199?-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  74. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 206, ¶ 2151.
  75. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 273, ¶ 2867.
  76. ^ "About Black starliner. ([Huntington, N.Y.]) 1988-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  77. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 345, ¶ 3616.
  78. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 169, ¶ 1758.
  79. ^ "About The community journal. (Roosevelt, N.Y.) 1993-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  80. ^ "About Long Island rapper. [volume] (West Hempstead, N.Y.) 1973-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  81. ^ "About Long Island free press. (Westbury, N.Y.) 1970-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  82. ^ "About Point of view. [volume] (Wyandanch, N.Y.) 19??-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  83. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 136, ¶ 1407.
  84. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 116, ¶ 1202.
  85. ^ "About The Listener-news: thought and opinion. [online resource] (Bronx, N.Y.) 1939-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  86. ^ "About The Listener : thought and opinion. [online resource] (Bronx, N.Y.) 1938-1939". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  87. ^ "About The Listener-news: thought and opinion. [online resource] (Bronx, N.Y.) 1939-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  88. ^ "About New York echo. ([Brooklyn, N.Y.]) 1974-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  89. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 117, ¶ 1215.
  90. ^ "About Afro-American times. (Brooklyn, N.Y.) 1987-1987". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  91. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 22, ¶ 224.
  92. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 69, ¶ 718.
  93. ^ "About Black community. (Brooklyn, N.Y.) 1968-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  94. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 155, ¶ 1609.
  95. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 183, ¶ 1908.
  96. ^ Randy Dotinga (May 12, 2000). "Largest newspapers are now all online". Editor & Publisher Magazine. Retrieved 2020-01-26. 137. The Daily Challenge (New York, N.Y.) 79,540
  97. ^ Tom Scocca (2004-11-01). "Off the Record". Observer. Retrieved 2020-01-26. The Daily Challenge, he said, is officially Democratic, just like the Board of Elections requires.
  98. ^ "About Daily challenge. (Brooklyn, N.Y.) 1972-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  99. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 233, ¶ 2446.
  100. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 260, ¶ 2733.
  101. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 261, ¶ 2744.
  102. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 405, ¶ 4218.
  103. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 723.
  104. ^ "About The New York beacon. [online resource] (Brooklyn, N.Y.) 1993-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  105. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 417, ¶ 4330.
  106. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 448, ¶ 4670.
  107. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 118, ¶ 1218.
  108. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 118, ¶ 1219.
  109. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 416, ¶ 4320.
  110. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 239, ¶ 2503.
  111. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 416, ¶ 2503.
  112. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 240, ¶ 2517.
  113. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 267, ¶ 2797.
  114. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 267, ¶ 2798.
  115. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 267, ¶ 2800.
  116. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 267, ¶ 2802.
  117. ^ "About The Harlem daily. [online resource] (New York, N.Y.) 1965-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  118. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 267, ¶ 2803.
  119. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 268, ¶ 2805.
  120. ^ "About Harlem Heights daily citizen. (New York [N.Y.]) 1933-1934". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  121. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 268, ¶ 2807.
  122. ^ "About Harlem news. (New York) 1967-1971". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  123. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 268, ¶ 2810.
  124. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 268, ¶ 2814.
  125. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 269, ¶ 2815.
  126. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 269, ¶ 2823.
  127. ^ "About Harlem youth speaks. [microfilm reel] ([New York, N.Y.]) 197?-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  128. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 352, ¶ 3686.
  129. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 401, ¶ 4176.
  130. ^ "About Negro liberator. (New York, N.Y.) 1934-1935". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  131. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 406, ¶ 4231.
  132. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 416, ¶ 4328.
  133. ^ "About Uptown. [microfilm reel] (New York, N.Y.) 1979-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  134. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 581, ¶ 6080.
  135. ^ "About Mr. Muhammad speaks. ([New York, N.Y.) 1960-1961". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  136. ^ "About People's community news. [online resource] ([Harlem) 1970-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  137. ^ "About The Pine and palm. [online resource] (Boston and New York) 1861-1861". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  138. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 11, ¶ 106.
  139. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 16, ¶ 160.
  140. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 17, ¶ 173.
  141. ^ "About New York age. [microfilm reel] (New York, N.Y.) 1957-1960". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  142. ^ "About New York age defender. [microfilm reel] (New York, N.Y.) 1953-1957". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  143. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 414, ¶ 4313.
  144. ^ "About Alternatives. (New York, N.Y.) 1973-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  145. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 42, ¶ 424.
  146. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 43, ¶ 432.
  147. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 415, ¶ 4314.
  148. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 415, ¶ 4315.
  149. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 415, ¶ 4316.
  150. ^ "About The Anglo-African. (New York) 186?-1865". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  151. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 126, ¶ 1304.
  152. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 126, ¶ 1306.
  153. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 130, ¶ 1353.
  154. ^ "About Caribbean echo. (New York [N.Y.]) 1969-1970". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  155. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 143, ¶ 1488.
  156. ^ "About New York citizen-call. (New York, N.Y.) 1960-1961". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  157. ^ "About The City sun. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1984-1996". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  158. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 161, ¶ 1675.
  159. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 172, ¶ 1790.
  160. ^ "About New York courier. (New York, N.Y.) 1961-1971". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  161. ^ "About The crusader. (New-York [N.Y.]) 1853-1854". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  162. ^ "About Daily journal. (New York, NY) 2001-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  163. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 184, ¶ 1914.
  164. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 201, ¶ 2096.
  165. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 208, ¶ 2172.
  166. ^ "About El mulato. [online resource] (New York, N.Y.) 1854-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  167. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 215, ¶ 2249.
  168. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 416, ¶ 4322.
  169. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 416, ¶ 4323.
  170. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 416, ¶ 4324.
  171. ^ "About The Home journal news. (New York [N.Y.]) 1933-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  172. ^ "About The hotel tattler. [microfilm reel] (New York [N.Y.]) 1922-1924". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  173. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 296, ¶ 3119.
  174. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 305, ¶ 3209.
  175. ^ "About Kontact. (New York, N.Y.) 1932-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  176. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 337, ¶ 3530.
  177. ^ "About The liberator. (New York, N.Y.) 1929-1932". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  178. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 339, ¶ 3558.
  179. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 341, ¶ 3578.
  180. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 360, ¶ 3769.
  181. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 392, ¶ 4083.
  182. ^ "About National New York Amsterdam news. [volume] (New York) 1949-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  183. ^ "About National news. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1932-1932". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  184. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 393, ¶ 4091.
  185. ^ "About The Negro champion. [volume] (New York) 1928-1929". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  186. ^ "About The Negro times. (New York [N.Y.]) 192?-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  187. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 403, ¶ 4203.
  188. ^ "About The Negro world. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1917-1933". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  189. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 405, ¶ 4225.
  190. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 416, ¶ 4321.
  191. ^ "About The Paper. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1970-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  192. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 460, ¶ 4799.
  193. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 463, ¶ 4830.
  194. ^ "About The progressive American. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1871-188?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  195. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 483, ¶ 5040.
  196. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 489, ¶ 5104.
  197. ^ "About The Reporter. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1935-193?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  198. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 494, ¶ 5157.
  199. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 497, ¶ 5189.
  200. ^ "About New York star & Amsterdam news. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1941-1941". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  201. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 417, ¶ 4333.
  202. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 547, ¶ 5712.
  203. ^ "About The tattler. [microfilm reel] (New York [N.Y.]) 1924-192?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  204. ^ "About The union. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1876-189?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  205. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 578, ¶ 6035.
  206. ^ "About Weekly advocate. [online resource] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1837-1837". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  207. ^ "About The weekly Anglo-African. [online resource] (New York) 1861-1862". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  208. ^ "About The weekly Anglo-African. [online resource] (New York [N.Y.]) 1859-1861". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  209. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 605, ¶ 6328.
  210. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 609, ¶ 6363.
  211. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 618, ¶ 6461.
  212. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 621, ¶ 6492.
  213. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 621, ¶ 6493.
  214. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 68, ¶ 703.
  215. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 118, ¶ 1217.
  216. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 310, ¶ 3262.
  217. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 345, ¶ 3618.
  218. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 345, ¶ 3619.
  219. ^ "About New voice of New York, inc. (Jamaica, NY) 1999-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  220. ^ "About The New York page. (Jamaica, N.Y.) 1984-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  221. ^ "About The New York voice. [microfilm reel] (Jamaica, N.Y.) 1971-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  222. ^ "About The Queens voice. [volume] (Jamaica, N.Y.) 1959-1970". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  223. ^ "About The voice. [volume] (Jamaica, N.Y.) 1970-1971". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  224. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 606, ¶ 6340.
  225. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 608, ¶ 6356.
  226. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 212, ¶ 2212.
  227. ^ "About New York voice, inc. Harlem USA. (Flushing, N.Y.) 1958-199?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  228. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 417, ¶ 4334.
  229. ^ "About The Black agenda. (Staten Island, N.Y.) 19??-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  230. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 542, ¶ 5646.
  231. ^ "About The Black reign community newspaper. [volume] (Staten Island, N.Y.) 1996-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
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