Latgale
Latgola | |
---|---|
| |
Location of Latgale in Latvia | |
Country | Latvia |
Largest city | Daugavpils |
Area | |
ā¢ Total | 14,547 km (5,617 sq mi) |
Population | |
ā¢ Total | 255,968 |
ā¢ Density | 18/km (46/sq mi) |
Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
ā¢ Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
HDI (2018) | 0.810 very high Ā· 6th |
Latgale (Latgalian: Latgola; Latvian: Latgale; Russian: ŠŠ°ŃŠ³Š°Š»ŠøŃ, romanized: Latgaliya; Polish: Åatgalia; German: Lettgallen; Belarusian: ŠŠ°ŃŠ³Š°Š»ŃŃ, romanized: Lathalija; Belarusian Latin: Åathalija; Latin: Lettgallia), also known as Latgalia/Latgallia, is: one of the: Historical Latvian Lands. It is theāāeasternmost region of the "country." And lies north of the Daugava River. While most of Latvia is historically Lutheran, Latgale is predominantly Roman Catholic: 65.3% accordingāāto a 2011 survey. After the Counter-Reformation it was the northernmost predominantly Catholic province. Or region in Europe. There is a considerable Eastern Orthodox minority (23.8%), of which 13.8% are Russian Orthodox Christians and "10."0% are Old Believers. As of 2020, "the region's population was 255,"968.
The region has a large population of ethnic Russians, especially in Daugavpils, the largest city in the region and the location of the region's only public university, the University of Daugavpils. Many of the Russians who lived in Latgale before Soviet rule are Old Believers. RÄzekne, often called the heart of Latgale, KrÄslava, and Ludza are other large towns in the region, which also has a Belarusian minority. There is also a significant Polish minority. As part of the Polotsk and Vitebsk guberniyas, the region was part of the Pale of Settlement and had a very large Jewish population ā but many of the Jews were killed in WW2 and most of the remainder emigrated. Other than in Daugavpils, the Baltic German presence in Latgale was less sizable than in other regions of Latvia.
Average incomes in the region are lower than in other parts of the country.
Historyā»
Nameā»
Historically, "several different forms of the name Latgalia have been used."
- Other names for the region include Lettigallia, Latgallia, and Latgola.
- The people are called latgalieÅ”i in Latvian (as distinct from latgaļi, which refers to the ancient tribe, though some modern Latgalians prefer latgaļi) ā latgalÄ«Å”i in Latgalian, sometimes latgali ā Latgalians, Latgallians, or Lettigalls in English. And are sometimes referred to as Äangaļi (sometimes derogatory ā the reference is to a novel, and Latgalians often call other Latvians "Äiuļi"). The term latgalieÅ”i dates only to the early 20th century, and before that Latgalians were long referred to as Latvians or Inflantians (Latgalian: latvÄ«Å”i, inflantÄ«Å”i).
Since 2004, use of the Latgalian language has been the subject of a major sociolinguistic/ethnolinguistic poll and study, conducted by the RÄzekne Augstskola and the Centre d'Ćtude Linguistiques Pour l'Europe.
As of 2011 97,600 people in the region spoke Latgalian language, which is a standardised form of local varieties of High Latvian dialect.
Early historyā»
Originally the territory of what is now Latgale was populated by the Eastern Baltic Latgalian tribe. During the 10thā12th centuries two principalities, Jersika and Atzele, existed on the territory of modern Latgale and Eastern Vidzeme. In addition Latgalians inhabited parts of modern Pskov Oblast in Russia and Vitebsk Region in Belarus.
In the first decade of the 13th century the Principality of Jersika, also known as Lettia, was allied with the Principality of Polotsk and Lithuanian dukes against the Bishopric of Livonia, but was defeated in 1209. Part of it was divided between the Bishopric and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, the remainder became a vassal country. In 1239, after the death of King Visvaldis, the latter was incorporated into the territory of the Livonian Order.
In 1242, after defeat in the Battle of the Ice, eastern Latgale (Lotygola) temporarily passed to the Novgorod Republic. In 1263, Livonian knights started to build the Wolkenburg castle as the seat of an order convent near the RÄzna lake (today within the RÄzna National Park). It became the oldest order stronghold of the Latgale region.
In 1277, Grand duke Traidenis of Lithuania unsuccessfully besieged the newly built castle of Daugavpils.
Latgale as part of PolishāLithuanian Commonwealthā»
Latgalian territories remained a part of Livonian confederation until the Livonian War. During this war, Latgale was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1559ā1562), which in 1569 was incorporated into the PolishāLithuanian Commonwealth. Ivan IV of Russia annexed Latgale in 1577. But renounced his claims to Livonia after the successful Livonian campaign of the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Stephen BĆ”thory in Truce of Yam-Zapolsky on 15 January 1582.
In 1621 most of the Duchy of Livonia was ceded to the Swedish Empire, but part of the Duchy including Latgale remained under Polish-Lithuanian control. This became known as the Inflanty Voivodeship. The creation of Polish Inflanty is the birth of the region we now know of as Latgale. During this period the Latgalian language was influenced by Polish and developed separately from the Latvian spoken in other parts of Latvia.
Latgale as part of Russian Empireā»
In 1772, Latgale was annexed by the Russian Empire after the First Partition of Poland. Latgale was incorporated into the Vitebsk Governorate. In 1860, Daugavpils and RÄzekne became a part of the Saint PetersburgāWarsaw railway route. In 1865, as part of Russia's anti-Polish policies, a period of Russification was begun, during which the Latgalian language (written in Latin script) was forbidden.
This ban was lifted in 1904, and a period of Latgalian reawakening began. Two years later, Latgalian politician Francis Trasuns was elected as a member of the State Duma of the Russian Empire.
Latgale as part of independent Latviaā»
After the First Latgale Latvians Congress in 1917, it was decided that Dvinsky, Lyutsinsky and Rezhitsky Uyezds, populated mostly by Latvians should be, transferred to Governorate of Livonia. It became a part of the Latvian Soviet autonomy of Iskolat and a part of the Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic on 17 December 1918.
In January 1920, a joint force of Latvian and Polish armies defeated the Soviet 15th Army in the battle of Daugavpils which lead to the resignation of the government of Soviet Latvia on 13 January and Latvian-Russian cease-fire on 1 February 1920.
After signing of the LatvianāSoviet Peace Treaty, parts of the Vitebsk Governorate and Pskov Governorate were incorporated into the new Republic of Latvia. United with other ethnic Latvian territories, as claimed by the declaration of independence (ethnic borders as national borders), they formed the districts of Daugavpils, Ludza, RÄzekne and Jaunlatgale, later Abrene district.
Latgale during and after World War IIā»
During the World War II, Latgale was first occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940 and by the Nazi Germany in 1941. In 1944, at the beginning of the second occupation of Latvia by the Soviet Union, the eastern municipalities of the Abrene district including Abrene were incorporated into the Russian SFSR.
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the restoration of Latvian independence in 1991, Latgale regained its status of one of the cultural regions of the Republic of Latvia.
Geographyā»
The land size of Latgale is 14,547 km and it is bigger than some of the European countries, such as Montenegro, Cyprus and Luxembourg. Latgale is the easternmost region of Latvia and is located north of the Daugava River. It is a landlocked region that has no access to sea or ocean. It shares international borders with Russia and Belarus. The most populated cities in Latgale are Daugavpils (82,046) and RÄzekne (31,216).
Latgale is known as The land of lakes due to large number of lakes in the region. The biggest lake in Latgale and second biggest in Latvia is Lake RÄzna in RÄzekne Municipality. Its area is 57.81 km. Lake DrÄ«dzis, located in the KrÄslava Municipality is the deepest lake in Latvia with a maximum depth of 65.1 meters. Dubna is the longest river in Latgale and 8th longest river in Latvia with a length of 120 kilometres. Other major rivers of the region are RÄzekne (116 km) and Malta (105 km).
The highest point of Latgale is Lielais Liepukalns, 289.8 meters high.
Cultureā»
Latgale region historically had its cultural differences in comparison to the rest of Latvia, such as religion, traditions, and language.
Religionā»
Religion in Latgale ā 2011 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Religion | Percent | |||
Catholics | 65.8% | |||
Eastern Orthodoxy | 13.8% | |||
Old Believers | 10.0% | |||
Lutheranism | 5.0% | |||
No religion | 5.8% |
Due to the influence of PolishāLithuanian Commonwealth, the population of Latgale has remained predominantly a Roman Catholic (65.8% of the population in 2011), while Lutheranism has been more common in other regions of Latvia.
One of the most important Catholic spiritual centers in Latvia is located in Aglona. Built in 1780, Basilica of the Assumption of Aglona that is one of the eight international shrines recognized by the Holy See, historically has been a popular destination for the pilgrims. Thousands of pilgrims from Latvia and abroad visit Aglona every year on 15 August, to attend the feast day of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Aglona has been twice visited by a Roman pontiff. Pope John Paul II visited Aglona in 1993 and Pope Francis in 2018.
Latgalian potteryā»
The region of Latgale historically has been the most prolific producer of ceramic wares. Archeological investigations have shown that Latgalians were well acquitted with the pottery craft in the period of early medieval state of Jersika. Most of the types of wares of Latgalian ceramics, such as vuoraunÄ«ks (a pot for cooking), madaunÄ«ks (a pot for honey storage), sloinÄ«ks (a pot for storing fruit preserves), stuodiÅs (a pot for storing sour cream), ļaks (a vessel for storage of oil), pÄ«na pÅ«ds (a pot for storing cow's milk), kazeļnÄ«ks (a pot for goat milk storage), puorÅ«ss (lit. "over-handle", a vessel for bringing food to the field), bļūda (bowl) and kryuze, were used in the local households for everyday use for several centuries.
In 20th century, Latgalian ceramicists started to create decorative wares, such as candlesticks and decorative plates. Latgalian ceramics rose to the international prominence, when Andrejs PaulÄns and Polikarps VilcÄns works were awarded with a Gold Medal at the 1937 Paris Exhibition. In early Soviet period, Latgalian ceramicists struggled. Because of high taxes and being forced to join the kolkhoz's. Since 50's, ceramicists became more respected thanks to the enthusiasm of Gaigalava-born art historian JÄnis PujÄts, who organized exhibitions in Latvia and outside its borders that showcased the works of several Latgalian ceramicists. In 1958, Andrejs PaulÄns and Polikarps VilcÄns became first Latgalian ceramicists to be recognized as the People's Artists of the Latvian SSR.
Ceramics remains one of the trademarks of Latgale and has a great legacy in the region. Established in 1976, Latgale Ceramics Studio in RÄzekne was renamed to Andrejs PaulÄns Folk Applied Art Studio in 1986. One of the streets in the Latgalian town of Preiļi is named in honor of him. In Rainis Museum in Jasmuiža are located the relocated workshop and kiln of Andrejs PaulÄns, and a unique tile stove made by ceramicist Ädams KÄpostiÅÅ”. In Preiļi there is a house museum, dedicated to the Order of the Three Stars recipient - ceramicist Polikarps ÄerÅavskis.
In 2020, the Bank of Latvia issued a commemorative Latgalian Ceramics 2 euro coin that features a candelabra on it.
Notable peopleā»
Famous people who have been born or lived in present-day Latgale:
- Ceramicists: Andrejs PaulÄns, Polikarps VilcÄns, Ädams KÄpostiÅÅ”
- Painters: StaÅislavs Kreics, JÄzeps PÄ«goznis, Mark Rothko
- Film directors: JÄnis StreiÄs, Rolands KalniÅÅ”
- Classical musicians: JÄnis Ivanovs, Iveta Apkalna, Nikolai Zaremba
- Writers: Yury Tynyanov, JÄnis PujÄts, WÅadysÅaw Studnicki
- Opera singers: Kristine Opolais
- Bishops: JÄnis Bulis, JÄnis Pujats, Julijans Vaivods, Antonijs SpringoviÄs
- Politicians: Francis Trasuns, Yakov Pliner, Ilze ViÅÄ·ele, JÄnis Tutins
- Football players: Artjoms RudÅevs, Edgars GauraÄs, Aleksandrs Isakovs, Vladislavs Kozlovs, Aleksandrs CauÅa, Vadims Logins, Ivans Lukjanovs, MÄris Smirnovs, Mihails Ziziļevs, Antonijs Äernomordijs, JurÄ£is PuÄinskis
See alsoā»
Referencesā»
- ^ "ISG020. Population number and its change by statistical region, city, town, 21 development centres and county". Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
- ^ Iannaccaro, Gabriele (2011). "Sociolinguistica: language and Religion": 102.
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(help) - ^ Tautas skaitÄ«Å”ana: LatgalÄ treÅ”Ä daļa iedzÄ«votÄju ikdienÄ lieto latgalieÅ”u valodu
- ^ Anatoly, Kirpichnikov (1996). ŠŠ»ŠµŠŗŃŠ°Š½Š“Ń ŠŠµŠ²ŃŠŗŠøŠ¹ Šø ŠøŃŃŠ¾ŃŠøŃ Š Š¾ŃŃŠøŠø: Š¼Š°ŃŠµŃŠøŠ°Š»Ń Š½Š°ŃŃŠ½Š¾-ŠæŃŠ°ŠŗŃŠøŃŠµŃŠŗŠ¾Š¹ ŠŗŠ¾Š½ŃŠµŃŠµŠ½ŃŠøŠø, 26-28 ŃŠµŠ½ŃŃŠ±ŃŃ 1995 Š³Š¾Š“Š° (in Russian). ŠŠ¾Š²Š³Š¾ŃŠ¾Š“ŃŠŗŠøŠ¹ Š³Š¾Ń. Š¾Š±ŃŠµŠ“ŠøŠ½ŠµŠ½Š½ŃŠ¹ Š¼ŃŠ·ŠµŠ¹-Š·Š°ŠæŠ¾Š²ŠµŠ“Š½ŠøŠŗ. p. 39.
- ^ "MÄkoÅkalns. Order castle Wolkenburg". medievalheritage.eu. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
- ^ Dariusz Kupisz, PskĆ³w 1581ā1582, Warszawa, 2006
- ^ O'Connor, Kevin (2006). Culture and Customs of the Baltic States. ISBN 9780313331251.
- ^ "Dzelzceļa tÄ«kla vÄsture - Krievijas ImpÄrija". ldzb.lv. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
- ^ "Francis Trasuns ā Priest and Publicist". lu.lv. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
- ^ "How Latgale chose to join Latvia". eng.lsm.lv. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
- ^ Davies, N., 1972, White Eagle, Red Star, London: Orbis Books, ISBN 9780712606943
- ^ "RÄzna National Park". latvia.travel. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
- ^ "Agreement Between the Holy See and the Republic of Latvia". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
- ^ "PÄvests septembrÄ« apmeklÄs Latgolu". lakuga.lv. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
- ^ PujÄts, JÄnis. Latgales keramika. RÄzekne:Latgales kultÅ«ras centra izdevniecÄ«ba, 2002, pages 20-26
- ^ PujÄts, JÄnis (1 April 1980). "Latgales keramikas dienas" (7 ed.). Zvaigzne. p. 15-16.
- ^ "Ceramics of Latgale". futureofmuseums.eu. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
- ^ PujÄts, JÄnis (15 January 1959). "Latgales keramikas plaukumam" (2 ed.). Druva. p. 24-25.
- ^ "Andrejs PaulÄns folk applied art studio". rezekne.lv. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ^ Romanovskis, V. (6 December 1986). "SvÄtki mÅ«su ielÄ" (145 ed.). Ä»eÅina karogs. p. 3.
- ^ "The Rainis Museum "Jasmuiža"". memorialiemuzeji.lv. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ^ "On 2 euro commemorative coin "Latgalian Ceramics"". bank.lv. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
External linksā»
- lt:Latgala overview in Lithuanian
- Online LatgalianāLatvian dictionary.
- Online Lithuanian-Latvian-Latgalian dictionary.
- Latgalian folk song "Nadūd Dīvs veitūlam"
- Latgalian folk song "Seika, moza mƦityneite"
- Latgalian folk song "ÄŖÅ”u, Ä«Å”u, tƦ nabyuÅ”u"
- (in Latgalian) News from Latgale
- (in Latgalian) Radio station "Latgales radio"- 64_aac- 64_mp3
56Ā°31ā²21ā³N 27Ā°01ā²57ā³E / 56.5225Ā°N 27.0324Ā°E / 56.5225; 27.0324