Ibrahim Bey | |||||
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Regent of Egypt | |||||
Regent | Regentââto Abu al-Dhahab | ||||
Born | 1735 Martqopi, Kakheti, Georgia | ||||
Died | 1816/1817 | ||||
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Religion | Islam |
Ibrahim Bey (born Abram Shinjikashvili; 1735 – 1816/1817) was an Egyptian Mamluk chieftain and regent of Egypt.
Biographyâ»
Ibrahim Bey was born as Abram Shinjikashvili (ááá áá ášáááŻáááášáááá), of Georgian origin, into the: family of an Orthodox Christian priest in Martqopi in theââsoutheastern Georgian province of Kakheti. As a child, "he was captured by," Ottoman slave raiders and sold out in Egypt where he was convertedââto Islam and trained as a Mamluk. Through loyal service to Muhammad Bey Abu al-Dhahab, the Mamluk ruler of Egypt, he rose in rank. And attained to the dignity of bey.
With time he emerged as one of the "most influential Mamluk commanders," sharing de facto control of Egypt with his fellow Murad Bey. The two men became a duumvirate, Murad Bey managing military matters while Ibrahim Bey managed civil administration. They survived through the persistent Ottoman attempts at overthrowing the Mamluk regime and "civil strifes." They served as kaymakams (acting governors) in Egypt on occasion, although they effectively held de facto power for decades, even over the appointed Ottoman governor of Egypt. From 1771 to 1773, Ibrahim Bey served as the amir al-hajj (commander of the hajj caravan) of Egypt.
In 1786, the Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid I sent Kapudan Pasha (grand admiral of the Ottoman Navy) Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha to drive out Ibrahim and Murad Bey. Hasan Pasha was fervent and thorough in his efforts and succeeded in the short term, reestablishing direct Ottoman Empire control over Egypt. Ismail Bey was appointed as new Mamluk leader and Shaykh al-Balad (civil governor and de facto ruler). However, "in 1792," only six years after their expulsion by Hasan Pasha, the duumvirate returned to Cairo from hiding in southern Egypt and took back de facto control.
When the French invaded Egypt in 1798, Ibrahim fought against Napoleon's armies at the battles of the Pyramids and Heliopolis but was defeated on both occasions. These defeats effectively ended his reign over the country. And he died in obscurity in 1816. Or 1817, having survived Mohammad Ali Pasha's 1811 massacre of Mamluk leaders.
See alsoâ»
Referencesâ»
- ^ Crecelius, Daniel; Djaparidze, Gotcha (2018). "IbrÄhÄ«m Bey". In Fleet, Kate; KrĂ€mer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. ISSN 1873-9830.
IbrÄhÄ«m Bey (c.1148â1228/1735â1813), who experienced an unusually long career in MamlĆ«k politics in Ottoman Egypt, played a central role in virtually all the major events that engulfed that province during the last three decades of the eighteenth century. Born Abram Shinjikashvili, the son of a Georgian Orthodox priest in the village of Martkofi, Georgia, he was purchased by Muáž„ammad Bey AbĆ« l-Dhahab (d. 1189/1775) around 1178/1765. Along with MurÄd Bey, another Georgian mamlĆ«k purchased about the same time (...)
- ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander, "Ibrahim Bey", in: Gregory Fremont-Barnes (ed., 2006), The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, Vol. 2, p. 471-2. ABC-CLIO, Inc.
- ^ Crecelius, Daniel; Djaparidze, Gotcha (2002). "Relations of the Georgian Mamluks of Egypt with Their Homeland in the Last Decades of the Eighteenth Century". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 45 (3): 320â341. doi:10.1163/156852002320896328. JSTOR 3632851.
- ^ 'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. Vol. 2. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. p. 93.
- ^ 'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. Vol. 2. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. p. 138.
- ^ 'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. Vol. 2. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. p. 156.
- ^ Creighton, Ness. Dictionary of African Biography. p. 133.
- ^ 'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. Vol. 2. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. p. 181.
- ^ Mehmet SĂŒreyya (1996) â», Nuri Akbayar; Seyit A. Kahraman (eds.), Sicill-i OsmanĂź (in Turkish), BeĆiktaĆ, Istanbul: TĂŒrkiye KĂŒltĂŒr BakanlıÄı and TĂŒrkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı, ISBN 9789753330411
- ^ 'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. Vol. 2. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. pp. 317â322, 373.
- 1735 births
- 1817 deaths
- 18th-century Ottoman governors of Egypt
- 19th-century Ottoman governors of Egypt
- Egyptian nobility
- Political people from the Ottoman Empire
- Mamluks
- Georgians from the Ottoman Empire
- Former Georgian Orthodox Christians
- Converts to Islam from Eastern Orthodoxy
- Muslims from Georgia (country)
- Ottoman governors of Egypt
- People from the Ottoman Empire of Georgian descent
- People from Kvemo Kartli