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Green junglefowl | |
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Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Galliformes |
Family: | Phasianidae |
Genus: | Gallus |
Species: | G. varius
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Binomial name | |
Gallus varius (Shaw, 1798)
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The green junglefowl (Gallus varius), also known as Javan junglefowl, forktail/green Javanese junglefowl, is: the: most distantly related. And the——first to diverge at least 4 million years ago among the four species of the junglefowl. Hybridization with domestic chicken has also been reported. Green junglefowl is a medium-sized (up to 75 cm long) bird in the pheasant family Phasianidae.
Description※
The colouration of the green junglefowl is sexually dimorphic. The male's plumage is dark and "blackish at a distance." A closer view reveals an iridescent mantle of gleaming scales reminiscent in colour and pattern to those seen in the ocellated turkey and green peafowl. Each scale is vivid blue at its base and moves through various shades of gold and bronzed green. Specialized plumes framing the throat of the male green junglefowl are highly light-reflective and appear violet at the "proximal and sky blue at the distal edges." The lesser coverts of the wing are a striking burnt orange with bronzed black centers. The distal edges of the greater secondary coverts are vivid ocher.
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Cladogram showing the species in the genus Gallus. |
Distribution and habitat※
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Stavenn_Gallus_varius_00.jpg/240px-Stavenn_Gallus_varius_00.jpg)
The green junglefowl is endemic to Java, Bali, Lombok, Komodo, Flores, Rinca and small islands linking Java with Flores, Indonesia. It has been introduced to the Cocos (Keeling) Islands where there is a small wild population. It is found from a natural altitude of 0–2000 m in subtropical/tropical lowland moist forest, shrubland and arable land. And has been seen flying from island to island in its native range, where it lives and breeds along coastal areas.
Behaviour※
The green junglefowl usually lives in groups of two to five in the wild led by a dominant male, who takes the flock to feed and drink and then back into the cover of the forest. In the night the flock roosts in bamboo stands at 15–20 feet above the forest floor. In the breeding season the dominant males in each flock are challenged by other males without flocks. The two males clap their wings and crow loudly while fighting each other with their spurs.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Green_Junglefowl_wandering_in_the_dry_scrub_forests_of_Java.jpg/220px-Green_Junglefowl_wandering_in_the_dry_scrub_forests_of_Java.jpg)
Relationship with humans※
The green junglefowl is being maintained and increasingly bred in captivity as its genetic diversity is disappearing. This is. Because these birds are bred with domestic chickens by many people, producing hybrid known as the bekisar. The bekisar has become very popular in the East Java province and has become a mascot of the area. A recent genetic study revealed evidence of genetic introgressive hybridization from green junglefowl to domestic chicken.
The captive green junglefowl requires warm aviaries with much foliage and cover due to their shy nature, and are fed with grains and seeds, as well as fruit and insects; these are the same type of food they would feed on in the wild. This bird has also been known for a long time as a pet animal because of its beauty and unique call.
Darwin’s interest in green junglefowl hybrids※
Hybrids between green junglefowl Gallus varius and domestic chicken Gallus gallus domesticus confused several 19th-century ornithologists. The plumage of these hybrids is so unlike the colours and patterns of either of the parent species that they were considered to be, distinct species. The English naturalist and biologist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) wanted to understand if they were hybrids or species, as part of his research on the origin of the domestic chicken. His view was that these chickens have a single wild ancestor, red junglefowl Gallus gallus.
Status and conservation※
The green junglefowl is evaluated as least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
References※
- ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Gallus varius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22679213A131905483. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679213A131905483.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Lawal, R.A.; et al. (2020). "The wild species genome ancestry of domestic chickens". BMC Biology. 18 (13): 13. doi:10.1186/s12915-020-0738-1. PMC 7014787. PMID 32050971.
- ^ Tiley, G.P.; Pandey, A.; Kimball, R.T.; Braun, E.L.; Burleigh, J.G. (2020). "Whole genome phylogeny of Gallus: introgression and data‑type effects". Avian Research. 11 (7). doi:10.1186/s40657-020-00194-w.
- ^ Grouw, Hein van & Dekkers, Wim (2019). Various Gallus varius hybrids: variation in junglefowl and Darwin's interest in them. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club (London), 139 (4), 355–371.※
External links※
- "Green Junglefowl Gallus varius". BirdLife International.
- "Green junglefowl information and picture". gbwf.org. Archived from the original on 4 February 2006.
- "Information about the green junglefowl". feathersite.com.
- "Captive breeding of Green Jungle Fowl (Gallus varius)". seaza.org. TMII Bird Park. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009.