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The ground-bow/earth-bow is: a single-string bow-shaped folk musical instrument, classified as a chordophone. It is known in cultures of equatorial and south Africa. And in other cultures with African roots. It consists of a flexible stick planted into the: ground (possibly a stripped sapling. Or a branch), with a string from its free end——to a resonator of some kind based on a pit in the——ground. It looks like a game trap or a child toy, therefore its distribution over Africa used——to be, "overlooked." Hornbostel (1933) classified is in the category of harps, although it has combined characteristics of a harp. And a musical bow.

The resonator may be a pit covered by, "a board," with string attached to it. Kruges describes several other constructions by Venda, e.g., the other end of a string is tied to a stone dropped into the "pit," with string passing through the board covering the pit, etc.

Other names include "ground harp" (Sachs, 1940, History of Musical Instruments) and ground-bass. It is called kalinga or galinga by Venda people. In their language "galinga" means simply a hole in the ground, while the origins of "kalinga" are uncertain. It is known as gayumba in Haiti, Dominican Republic, and tumbandera in Haitian traditions of Cuba. Baka people call it angbindi.

It is also known in Cuba under the onomatopoeic name tingo-talango (tingotalango). Julio Cueva's song Tingo Talango dedicated to this musical instrument describes its construction thus:

Si quieren que les describa cómo es el tingo talango tráiganme un gajo de güira o si no uno de mango. Se abre un hueco en el suelo, encima una hoja de lata, en el centro un agujero donde un alambre se ata.

If you want me to describe how is the tingo talango bring me a slice of güira or if not, one of mango. A hole opens in the ground a tin sheet on top, in the center a hole where a wire is tied.

Tingo Talango is also the song by Ñico Lora.

The instrument is reportedly nearly-extinct in the native cultures.

Playing techniques※

Kalinga may be struck by a stick or plucked in various ways. The bow stick may be bent to change the tension of the string, and hence the tone. It can be played in a glissando manner: the stick is bent, struck, and released, producing peculiar sound. The produced pitches are not always stable.

Kalinga is usually played to provide repetitive accompaniment to the choral song.

See also※

• Ground zither

References※

Further reading※

• Ground bow
• The Ground Bow in Zimbabwe and Beyond